Cover not available
Article published In:
The terminological impact of pandemics: COVID-19 and beyond
Edited by Maria-Cornelia Wermuth and Paul Sambre
[Terminology 29:2] 2023
► pp. 180–223

Corpus-driven conceptual analysis of epidemic and coronavirus for the Humanitarian Encyclopedia

A case study

ORCID logo | University of Granada
ORCID logo | University of Granada

Terminological conceptual analysis can be applied to purposes beyond terminology work. This article presents a Frame-based Terminology approach adapted to analyse concepts and inform the content of entries in the Humanitarian Encyclopedia. It proposes a method for conceptual analysis by systematising the extraction of knowledge rich contexts (KRCs) around corpus querying tasks through semantic sketch grammars (SSGs) and macros with knowledge patterns (KPs). KRCs are curated manually, modelled into conceptual propositions, and combined with corpus metadata into unified datasets. The method was tested on epidemic and coronavirus and their results are presented. This study provides a preliminary model to operationalise the study of conceptual variation. It also identifies the areas of terminological conceptual analysis with the potential to be informed by other research methods towards creating a standalone methodology.

Keywords: conceptual analysis, conceptual variation, multidimensionality, lexical data, Frame-based Terminology
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Conceptual analysis
    • 2.1Non-terminological conceptual analysis
    • 2.2Nuopponen’s systematic conceptual analysis
    • 2.3Conceptual analysis in Frame-based Terminology
  • 3.Materials and methods
    • 3.1The HE Corpus
    • 3.2CORD-19
    • 3.3Sketch Engine
    • 3.4Semantic sketch grammar (SSG) and KPs macros
    • 3.5The Humanitarian Encyclopedia (HE) as a broader research framework
      • 3.5.1Initial steps: Goal delimitation, domain exposure, and compilation of material
      • 3.5.2Systematic KRC extraction
      • 3.5.3KRC decomposition and data consolidation
      • 3.5.2Inductive categorisation of MWT hyponyms and concepts in second argument position
  • 4.Results
    • 4.1Conceptual analysis of epidemic
      • 4.1.1Definitions of epidemic
      • 4.1.2A categorisation of epidemic: Hypernyms and hyponyms
      • 4.1.3Causes and consequences of epidemic
      • 4.1.5 epidemic can be managed
    • 4.2Conceptual analysis of coronavirus
      • 4.2.1 Genera of coronavirus definitions
      • 4.2.1 Differentiae of coronavirus definitions
      • 4.2.3MWT hyponyms of coronavirus
      • 4.2.2Meronyms of coronavirus
      • 4.2.4Seven types of human coronavirus
  • 5.Discussion
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 26 October 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/term.00069.cha
References (110)
Alarcón, Rodrigo, Gerardo Sierra, and Carme Bach
2008 ‘ECODE: A Pattern Based Approach for Definitional Knowledge Extraction’. In Proceedings of the 13th EURALEX International Congress, 923–28. Barcelona, Spain: Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. [URL]
Allen, William
2017 ‘Making Corpus Data Visible: Visualising Text with Research Intermediaries’. Corpora 12 (3): 459–82. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
American Red Cross
2010 ‘2009 Annual Report’.Google Scholar
Barberá Laínez, Yolanda
2005 ‘The Intersectoral Response to the Malaria Epidemic in Ethiopia in 2003: An Assessment’. Humanitarian Exchange, no. 31: 25–28.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Mariette
2016 ‘How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis’. NursingPlus Open 21 (January): 8–14. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Berenskoetter, Felix
2017 ‘Approaches to Concept Analysis’. Millennium 45 (2): 151–73. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Santiago Chambó
2021 ‘Multi-Word Term Variation: Prepositional and Adjectival Complex Nominals in Spanish’. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 34 (2): 402–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Juan Carlos Gil-Berrozpe
2018 ‘Semantic-Based Retrieval of Complex Nominals in Terminographic Resources’. In Proceedings of the XVIII EURALEX International Congress, 269–81. Ljubljana, Slovenia.Google Scholar
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Pilar León-Araúz
2018 ‘Towards the Inference of Semantic Relations in Complex Nominals: A Pilot Study’. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018). Miyazaki, Japan: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). [URL]
Cabrera Moreno, Irvin Yair, Mireya Tovar Vidal, José de Jesús Lavalle Martínez, and Meliza Contreras González
2019 ‘Algoritmo Basado En Reglas de Asociación Para La Extracción de Relaciones No Taxonómicas En Corpus de Dominio’. Research in Computing Science 148 (7): 277–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chambó, Santiago, and Pilar León-Araúz
2021 ‘Visualising Lexical Data for a Corpus-Driven Encyclopaedia’. In Proceedings of ELex 2021, 29–55. Brno, Czech Republic: Lexical Computing CZ s.r.o.Google Scholar
Chen, Bo, Shouguo Fang, James P. Tam, and Ding Xiang Liu
2009 ‘Formation of Stable Homodimer via the C-Terminal Alpha-Helical Domain of Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 9 Is Critical for Its Function in Viral Replication’. Virology 383 (2): 328–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cofie, Nicholas, Heather Braund, and Nancy Dalgarno
2022 ‘Eight Ways to Get a Grip on Intercoder Reliability Using Qualitative-Based Measures’. Canadian Medical Education Journal 13 (2): 73–76. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Davies, Heather A., and M. R. Macnaughton
1979 ‘Comparison of the Morphology of Three Coronaviruses’. Archives of Virology 59 (1): 25–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Bolla, Peter
2021 ‘The Evolution of Aesthetic Concepts 1700–1800’. In Beyond Autonomy in Eighteenth-Century British and German Aesthetics, edited by Karl Axelsson, Camilla Flodin, and Mattias Pirholt, 21–46. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
De Bolla, Peter, Jones Ewan, Paul Nulty, Gabriel Recchia, and John Regan
2019 ‘Distributional Concept Analysis: A Computational Model for History of Concepts’. Contributions to the History of Concepts 14 (1): 66–92. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Bolla, Peter, Ewan Jones, Paul Nulty, Gabriel Recchia, and John Regan
2020 ‘The Idea of Liberty, 1600–1800: A Distributional Concept Analysis’. Journal of the History of Ideas 81 (3): 381–406. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Delcambre, Lois M. L., Stephen W. Liddle, Oscar Pastor, and Veda C. Storey
2018 ‘A Reference Framework for Conceptual Modeling’. In Conceptual Modeling, edited by Juan C. Trujillo, Karen C. Davis, Xiaoyong Du, Zhanhuai Li, Tok Wang Ling, Guoliang Li, and Mong Li Lee, 27–42. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dorantes, Miguel Alejandro, Alejandro Pimentel, Gerardo Sierra, Gemma Bel-Enguix, and Claudio Molina
2017 ‘Extracción automática de definiciones analíticas y relaciones semánticas de hiponimia-hiperonimia con un sistema basado en patrones lingüísticos’. Linguamática 9 (2): 33–44. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Durán-Muñoz, Isabel
2016 ‘Producing Frame-Based Definitions: A Case Study’. Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 22 (2): 223–49. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eberwein, Wolf-Dieter, and Sabine Saurugger
2013 ‘The Professionalization of International Non-Governmental Organizations’. In Routledge Handbook of International Organization, edited by Bob Reinalda, 257–69. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge.Google Scholar
Egger, Clara, and Doris Schopper
2018 ‘What Are the Most Salient Concepts for Humanitarian Practice? Report on Concept Selection’. Geneva, Switzerland: Humanitarian Encyclopedia.Google Scholar
Espinosa-Anke, Luis, and Steven Schockaert
2018 ‘Syntactically Aware Neural Architectures for Definition Extraction’. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers), 378–85. New Orleans, Louisiana: Association for Computational Linguistics. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Faber, Pamela
2015 ‘Frames as a Framework for Terminology’. In Handbook of Terminology: Volume 1, edited by Hendrik J. Kockaert and Frieda Steurs, 14–33. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2022 ‘Chapter 16. Frame-Based Terminology’. In Theoretical Perspectives on Terminology: Explaining Terms, Concepts and Specialized Knowledge, edited by Pamela Faber and Marie-Claude L’Homme, 231:353–76. Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Faber, Pamela, and Melania Cabezas-García
2019 ‘Specialized Knowledge Representation: From Terms to Frames’. Research in Language 17 (2): 197–211. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Faber, Pamela, and Pilar León-Araúz
2019 ‘Frame-Based Terminology Applied to Military Science: Transforming a Glossary into a Knowledge Resource’. Lexicography 6 (2): 105–31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Faber, Pamela, Juan Antonio Prieto Velasco, and Pilar León-Araúz
2009 ‘Semantic Relations, Dynamicity, and Terminological Knowledge Bases’. Current Issues in Language Studies 1–231: 1.Google Scholar
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO
2017 The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017: Building Resilience for Peace and Security. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
Fernández-Martínez, Nicolás José, and Pamela Faber
2020 ‘Who Stole What from Whom?: A Corpus-Based, Cross-Linguistic Study of English and Spanish Verbs of Stealing’. Languages in Contrast 20 (1): 107–40. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fillmore, Charles J.
2008 ‘Chapter 10 Frame Semantics’. In Cognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings, edited by Dirk Geeraerts, 373–400. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Food Security Information Network
2017 ‘Global Report on Food Crises 2017’.Google Scholar
Garbern, Stephanie C., Laura G. Ebbeling, and Susan A. Bartels
2016 ‘A Systematic Review of Health Outcomes Among Disaster and Humanitarian Responders’. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31 (6): 635–42. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gavin, Michael, Collin Jennings, Lauren Kersey, and Brad Pasanek
2019 ‘Spaces of Meaning: Conceptual History, Vector Semantics, and Close Reading’. In Debates in the Digital Humanities 2019, edited by Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein, 243–67. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gil-Berrozpe, Juan Carlos
2020 ‘Attribute-Based Approach to Hyponymic Behavior in Botanical Terminology’. In TOTh 2019 – Terminology & Ontology: Theories and Applications, Terminologica, edited by C. Roche, 93–108. Chambéry, France: Éditions de l’Université de Savoie Mont Blanc.Google Scholar
Gil-Berrozpe, Juan Carlos, Pilar León-Araúz, and Pamela Faber
2019 ‘Ontological Knowledge Enhancement in EcoLexicon’. In Proceedings of the ELex 2019, 177–97. Sintra, Portugal: Lexical Computing. [URL]
Guarino, Nicola, Giancarlo Guizzardi, and John Mylopoulos
2020 ‘On the Philosophical Foundations of Conceptual Models’. In Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXXI, edited by Ajantha Dahanayake, Janne Huiskonen, Kiyoki, Yasuhi, Thalheim, Bernhard, Jaakkola, Hannu, and Yoshida, Naofumi, 3211:1–15. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press.Google Scholar
Guilhaumou, Jacques
2000 ‘De l’histoire Des Concepts à l’historire Linguistique Des Usages Conceptual’. Genèses, no. 381: 105–18.Google Scholar
Humanitarian Encyclopedia
2021a ‘Corpus’. Humanitarian Encyclopedia 2021 [URL]
2021b ‘Methodology’. Humanitarian Encyclopedia 2021 [URL]
Hupcey, Judith E., Janice M. Morse, Elizabeth R. Lenz, and Maritza Cerdas Tasón
1996 ‘Wilsonian Methods of Concept Analysis: A Critique’. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice 10 (3): 185–186,1881,194–200,202–210.Google Scholar
Hupcey, Judith E., and Janice Penrod
2005 ‘Concept Analysis: Examining the State of the Science’. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 19 (2): 197–208. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ifversen, Jan
2021 ‘Part 2: After the Big Bang: The Fusing of New Approaches’. Contributions to the History of Concepts 16 (2): v–xvii. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jin, Jian-Min, Peng Bai, Wei He, Fei Wu, Xiao-Fang Liu, De-Min Han, Shi Liu, and Jin-Kui Yang
2020 ‘Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality’. Frontiers in Public Health 81. [URL]. DOI logo
Kantner, Cathleen, and Maximilian Overbeck
2020 ‘Exploring Soft Concepts with Hard Corpus-Analytic Methods’. In Reflektierte Algorithmische Textanalyse, edited by Niels Reiter, Axel Pichler, and Jonas Kuhn, 169–90. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kilgarriff, Adam, Vít Baisa, Jan Bušta, Miloš Jakubíček, Vojtěch Kovář, Jan Michelfeit, Pavel Rychlý, and Vít Suchomel
2014 ‘The Sketch Engine: Ten Years On’. Lexicography 1 (1): 7–36. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kovář, Vojtěch, Monika Močiariková, and Pavel Rychlý
2016 ‘Finding Definitions in Large Corpora with Sketch Engine’. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’16), 391–94. Portorož, Slovenia: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). [URL]
Kumar, Priyanshu, Aadarsh Singh, Pramod Kumar, and Chiranjeev Kumar
2020 ‘An Explainable Machine Learning Approach for Definition Extraction’. In, edited by Arup Bhattacharjee, Samir Kr. Borgohain, Badal Soni, Gyanendra Verma, and Xiao-Zhi Gao, 12411:145–55. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Singapore: Springer Singapore. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kyngäs, Helvi
2020 ‘Inductive Content Analysis’. In The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research, edited by Helvi Kyngäs, Kristina Mikkonen, and Maria Kääriäinen, 13–21. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kyngäs, Helvi, and Pirjo Kaakinen
2020 ‘Deductive Content Analysis’. In The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research, edited by Helvi Kyngäs, Kristina Mikkonen, and Maria Kääriäinen, 23–30. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lan, Jun, Jiwan Ge, Jinfang Yu, Sisi Shan, Huan Zhou, Shilong Fan, Qi Zhang, et al.
2020 ‘Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to the ACE2 Receptor’. Nature 581 (7807): 215–20. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Le Naëlou, Anne
2004 ‘ONG : les pièges de la professionnalisation’. Revue Tiers Monde 180 (4): 727–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
León-Araúz, Pilar
2017 ‘Term and Concept Variation in Specialized Knowledge Dynamics’. In Multiple Perspectives on Terminological Variation, edited by Patrick Drouin, Aline Francoeur, John Humbley, and Aurélie Picton. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2019 ‘Multi-Word Term Extraction with Word Sketches’. Unpublished work.Google Scholar
León-Araúz, Pilar, and Pamela Faber
2010 ‘Natural and Contextual Constraints for Domain-Specific Relations’. In Proceedings of the Workshop Semantic Relations. Theory and Applications, 12–17. La Valetta, Malta.Google Scholar
León-Araúz, Pilar, Pamela Faber, and Silvia Montero Martínez
2012 ‘Specialized Language Semantics’. In A Cognitive Linguistics View of Terminology and Specialized Language, edited by Pamela Faber, 95–175. Boston, United States: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
León-Araúz, Pilar, and Arianne Reimerink
2019 ‘High-Density Knowledge Rich Contexts’. Argentinian Journal of Applied Linguistics (1): 109–30.Google Scholar
León-Araúz, Pilar, Arianne Reimerink, and Pamela Faber
2019 ‘EcoLexicon and By-Products: Integrating and Reusing Terminological Resources’. Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 25 (2): 222–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
León-Araúz, Pilar, and Antonio San Martín
2018 ‘The EcoLexicon Semantic Sketch Grammar: From Knowledge Patterns to Word Sketches’. In Proceedings of the LREC 2018 Workshop, edited by I. Kernenman and S. Krek. Miyazaki, Japan: Globalex.Google Scholar
León-Araúz, Pilar, Antonio San Martín, and Pamela Faber
2016 ‘Pattern-Based Word Sketches for the Extraction of Semantic Relations’. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016), 73–82. Osaka, Japan: The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee. [URL]
Liberian Red Cross
2015 ‘2014 Annual Report’.Google Scholar
Lindgren, Simon
2016 ‘Introducing Connected Concept Analysis: A Network Approach to Big Text Datasets’. Text & Talk 36 (3): 341–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Marshman, Elizabeth
2022 ‘Chapter 13. Knowledge Patterns in Corpora’. In Theoretical Perspectives on Terminology: Explaining Terms, Concepts and Specialized Knowledge, edited by Pamela Faber and Marie-Claude L’Homme, 231:291–310. Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Ingrid
2001 ‘Extracting Knowledge-Rich Contexts for Terminography’. In Recent Advances in Computational Terminology, edited by Didier Bourigault, Christian Jacquemin, and Marie-Claude L’Homme, 279–302. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2022 ‘Chapter 5. Concept Management for Terminology: A Knowledge Engineering Approach’. In Theoretical Perspectives on Terminology: Explaining Terms, Concepts and Specialized Knowledge, edited by Pamela Faber and Marie-Claude L’Homme, 231:111–26. Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Ingrid, and Kristen Mackintosh
1996 ‘Refining the Terminographer’s Concept-Analysis Methods: How Can Phraseology Help?’ Terminology 3 (1): 1–26. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Millet, Jean Kaoru, and Gary R. Whittaker
2018 ‘Physiological and Molecular Triggers for SARS-CoV Membrane Fusion and Entry into Host Cells’. Virology 5171 (April): 3–8. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Montero-Martínez, Silvia, and Míriam Castro-Buendía
2017 ‘Clasificación Semántica de Colocaciones Verbales Para La Adquisición y Codificación de Conocimiento Experto: El Caso de Los Riesgos Naturales’. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 30 (1): 240–72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mopkins, Dawn
2022 ‘Workplace Psychological Distress: A Concept Analysis’. Workplace Health & Safety 70 (10): 436–44. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nuopponen, Anita
2010a ‘Methods of Concept Analysis-a Comparative Study Part 1 of 3’. LSP Journal 1 (1).Google Scholar
2010b ‘Methods of Concept Analysis – towards Systematic Concept Analysis (Part 2 of 3)’. LSP Journal 1 (2).Google Scholar
2011 ‘Methods of Concept Analysis-Tools for Systematic Concept Analysis Part 3 of 3’. LSP Journal 2 (1).Google Scholar
2018 ‘23. Terminological Concept Systems’. In 23. Terminological Concept Systems, 453–68. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2022 ‘Chapter 3. Conceptual Relations: From the General Theory of Terminology to Knowledge Bases’. In Theoretical Perspectives on Terminology: Explaining Terms, Concepts and Specialized Knowledge, edited by Pamela Faber and Marie-Claude L’Homme, 231:63–86. Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Oxford, John S., and Bo Öberg
eds. 1985 ‘Chapter 9 Infections Caused by Rubella, Reoviridae, Retro, Norwalk and Ronaviruses’. In Perspectives in Medical Virology, 11:405–44. Conquest of Viral Diseases. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peng, Xian, Xin Xu, Yuqing Li, Lei Cheng, Xuedong Zhou, and Biao Ren
2020 ‘Transmission Routes of 2019-NCoV and Controls in Dental Practice’. International Journal of Oral Science 12 (1): 1–6. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Penrod, Janice, and Judith E. Hupcey
2005 ‘Enhancing Methodological Clarity: Principle-Based Concept Analysis’. Journal of Advanced Nursing 50 (4): 403–9. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pillaiyar, Thanigaimalai, Manoj Manickam, Vigneshwaran Namasivayam, Yoshio Hayashi, and Sang-Hun Jung
2016 ‘An Overview of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL Protease Inhibitors: Peptidomimetics and Small Molecule Chemotherapy’. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 59 (14): 6595–6628. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pollak, Senja, Anze Vavpetic, Janez Kranjc, N. Lavrač, and Špela Vintar
2012 ‘NLP Workflow for On-Line Definition Extraction from English and Slovene Text Corpora’. In Proceedings of KONVENS 2012. Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
Prior, Lindsay, Meirion R. Evans, and Hayley Prout
2011 ‘Talking about Colds and Flu: The Lay Diagnosis of Two Common Illnesses among Older British People’. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 73 (6): 922–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Punuru, Janardhana, and Jianhua Chen
2012a ‘Discovering Semantic Relations Using Prepositional Phrases’. In Foundations of Intelligent Systems, edited by Li Chen, Alexander Felfernig, Jiming Liu, and Zbigniew W. Raś, 149–54. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012b ‘Learning Non-Taxonomical Semantic Relations from Domain Texts’. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems 38 (1): 191–207. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Qi, Furong, Shen Qian, Shuye Zhang, and Zheng Zhang
2020 ‘Single Cell RNA Sequencing of 13 Human Tissues Identify Cell Types and Receptors of Human Coronaviruses’. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 526 (1): 135–40. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Risjord, Mark
2009 ‘Rethinking Concept Analysis’. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65 (3): 684–91. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, Beth L., Cynthia S. Jacelon, and Kathleen A. Knafl
2018 ‘Concept Analysis and the Advance of Nursing Knowledge: State of the Science’. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 50 (4): 451–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rojas-Garcia, Juan
2022 ‘Semantic Representation of Context for Description of Named Rivers in a Terminological Knowledge Base’. Frontiers in Psychology 131. [URL]. DOI logo
Sabharwal, Meghna, Helisse Levine, and Maria D’Agostino
2018 ‘A Conceptual Content Analysis of 75 Years of Diversity Research in Public Administration’. Review of Public Personnel Administration 38 (2): 248–67. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
San Martín, Antonio, and Catherine Trekker
2021 ‘Adapting Word Sketches for Specialized Knowledge Extraction’. In Proceedings of ASIALEX 2021, 64–87. Jarkarta, Indonesia: ASIALEX.Google Scholar
Sánchez, David, and Antonio Moreno
2006 ‘Discovering Non-Taxonomic Relations from the Web’. In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2006, edited by Emilio Corchado, Hujun Yin, Vicente Botti, and Colin Fyfe, 629–36. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Serra, Ivo, and Rosario Girardi
2011 ‘A Process for Extracting Non-Taxonomic Relationships of Ontologies from Text’ 2011 (July). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sezgin, Zeynep, and Dennis Dijkzeul
eds. 2015 The New Humanitarians in International Practice: Emerging Actors and Contested Principles. London, UK: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shan, Yu-Fei, Shou-Feng Li, and Gen-Jun Xu
2004 ‘A Novel Auto-Cleavage Assay for Studying Mutational Effects on the Active Site of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 3C-like Protease’. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 324 (2): 579–83. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shipley, Rebecca, Edward Wright, David Selden, Guanghui Wu, James Aegerter, Anthony R. Fooks, and Ashley C. Banyard
2019 ‘Bats and Viruses: Emergence of Novel Lyssaviruses and Association of Bats with Viral Zoonoses in the EU’. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4 (1): 31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sierra, Gerardo, Rodrigo Alarcón, César Aguilar, and Carme Bach
2008 ‘Definitional Verbal Patterns for Semantic Relation Extraction’. Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 14 (1): 74–98. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 ‘Definitional Verb Patterns for Semantic Relation Extraction’. In Probing Semantic Relations: Exploration and Identification in Specialized Texts, edited by Alain Auger and Caroline Barrière, 74–96. Benjamins Current Topics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Siirtola, H., Kari-Jouko Räihä, Tanja Säily, and T. Nevalainen
2010 ‘Information Visualization for Corpus Linguistics: Towards Interactive Tools’. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smith, Stephanie, and Evalotte Mörelius
2021 ‘Principle-Based Concept Analysis Methodology Using a Phased Approach With Quality Criteria’. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 201 (January): 16094069211057996. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stroup, Sarah S.
2012 Borders among Activists: International NGOs in the United States, Britain, and France. Borders among Activists. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sphere Association
2018 The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Geneva, Switzerland. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
UNICEF
2009 ‘UNICEF Humanitarian Action Report 2009’. Geneva, Switzerland: UNICEF.Google Scholar
Veyseh, Amir, Franck Dernoncourt, Dejing Dou, and Thien Nguyen
2020 ‘A Joint Model for Definition Extraction with Syntactic Connection and Semantic Consistency’. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34 (05): 9098–9105. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vintar, Špela, and Matej Martinc
2022 ‘Framing Karstology: From Definitions to Knowledge Structures and Automatic Frame Population’. Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 28 (1): 129–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vintar, Špela, Amanda Saksida, Katarina Vrtovec, and U. Stepišnik
2019 ‘Modelling Specialized Knowledge With Conceptual Frames: The TermFrame Approach to a Structured Visual Domain Representation’. In Proceedings of ELex 2019, 305–18. Brno, Czech Republic: Lexical Computing CZ s.r.o.Google Scholar
Walker, Lorraine Olszewski, and Kay Coalson Avant
1995 Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
2013 Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 5. ed. Pearson Custom Library. London, UK: Pearson Education Limited.Google Scholar
Wang, Lucy Lu, Kyle Lo, Yoganand Chandrasekhar, Russell Reas, Jiangjiang Yang, Doug Burdick, Darrin Eide, et al.
2020 ‘CORD-19: The COVID-19 Open Research Dataset’.Google Scholar
Weichselbraun, Albert, Gerhard Wohlgenannt, Arno Scharl, Michael Granitzer, Thomas Neidhart, and Andreas Juffinger
2009 ‘Discovery and Evaluation of Non-Taxonomic Relations in Domain Ontologies’. International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies 4 (3): 212–22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wilmont, Ilona, Sytse Hengeveld, Erik Barendsen, and Stijn Hoppenbrouwers
2013 ‘Cognitive Mechanisms of Conceptual Modelling’. In Conceptual Modeling, edited by Wilfred Ng, Veda C. Storey, and Juan C. Trujillo, 74–87. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Chengxin, Wei Zheng, Xiaoqiang Huang, Eric W. Bell, Xiaogen Zhou, and Yang Zhang
2020 ‘Protein Structure and Sequence Reanalysis of 2019-NCoV Genome Refutes Snakes as Its Intermediate Host and the Unique Similarity between Its Spike Protein Insertions and HIV-1’. Journal of Proteome Research 19 (4): 1351–60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar