The production and comprehension of referring expressions
Eileen Graf | Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, USA
Catherine Davies | Linguistics and Phonetics, University of Leeds, UK
In this chapter, we provide a developmental outline of the emergence of referential skills during early childhood. We first briefly outline the major theoretical frameworks of reference as based on the adult literature and also introduce the growing body of developmental work. In two subsequent sections, we focus on typically developing children’s comprehension and production skills, respectively. Next, we look to clinical populations, summarising research on referential skills in children with autism spectrum disorders. We conclude by outlining a developmental sketch of children’s referential skills, considering some of the current debates within the development of reference.
Allen, S. (2000). A discourse-pragmatic explanation for argument representation in child Inuktitut. Linguistics, 38(3), 483–521.
Allen, S., Skarabela, B., & Hughes, M. (2008). Using corpora to examine discourse effects in syntax. In H. Behrens (Ed.), Corpora in Language Acquisition Research: Finding Structure in Data (pp. 99–137). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Anselmi, D., Tomasello, M. & Acunzo, M. (1986). Young children’s responses to neutral and specific contingent queries. Journal of Child Language, 13, 135–44.
Ariel, M. (1990). Accessing Noun Phrase Antecedents. London: Routledge.
Arnold, J.E., Bennetto, L., & Diehl, J. (2009). Reference production in young speakers with and without autism: Effects of discourse status and processing constraints. Cognition, 110(2), 131–46.
Arnold, J., Brown-Schmidt, S. & Trueswell, J. (2007). Children’s use of gender and order-of-mention during pronoun comprehension. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(4), 527–565.
Baker, N.D., & Greenfield, P.M. (1988). The development of new and old information in young children’s early language. Language Sciences, 10(1), 3–34.
Baltaxe, C. (1977). Pragmatic deficits in the language of autistic adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2, 176–180.
Bahtiyar, S., & Kuntay, A.C. (2009). Integration of communicative partner’s visual perspective in patterns of referential requests. Journal of Child Language, 36, 529–54.
Begeer, S., Malle, B.F., Nieuwland, M.S., & Keysar, B. (2010). Using Theory of Mind to represent and take part in social interactions: Comparing individuals with high-functioning autism and typically developing controls. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7(1), 104–122.
Brener, R. (1983). Learning the deictic meaning of third person pronouns. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 12, 235–262.
Brown, R., & Fraser, C. (1963). The acquisition of syntax. In Cofer, C.N., Musgrave, B. (Eds). Verbal Behaviour and Learning: Problems and Processes. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Charman, T., & Shmueli-Goetz, Y. (1998). The relationship between theory of mind, language, and narrative discourse: An experimental study. Current Psychology of Cognition, 17, 245–271.
Chafe, W. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, & point of view. In C.N. Li (Ed.), Subject and Topic (pp. 25–56). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Chafe, W. (1994). Discourse, Consciousness, and Time: The Flow and Displacement of Conscious Experience in Speaking and Writing. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Chien, Y.C., & Wexler, K. (1990). Children’s knowledge of locality conditions in binding as evidence for the modularity of syntax and pragmatics. Language Acquisition: A Journal of Developmental Linguistics, 1, 225–295.
Clancy, P.M. (1993). Preferred argument structure in Korean acquisition. In E.V. Clark (Ed.), Proceedings of the 25th Annual Child Language Research Forum (pp. 307–314). Stanford, CA: CSLI.
Clark, H.H., & Schaefer, E.F. (1987). Collaborating on contributions to conversation. Language and Cognitive Processes, 2, 19–41.
Clark, H.H., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986). Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition, 22, 1–39.
Clark, H.H., Schreuder, R., & Buttrick, S. (1983). Common ground and the understanding of demonstrative reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 245–258.
Clark, H.H., & Bangerter, A. (2004). Changing ideas about reference. In I.A. Noveck & D. Sperber (Eds.), Experimental Pragmatics (pp. 25–49). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dahlgren, S., & Sandberg, D.A. (2008). Referential communication in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 12(4), 335–48.
Davies, C., & Katsos, N. (2010). Over-informative children: Production/comprehension asymmetry or tolerance to pragmatic violations?Lingua, 120(8), 1956–1972. Special Issue on Asymmetries in Child Language.
De Cat, C. (2011). Information tracking and encoding in early L1: Linguistic competence vs. cognitive limitations. Journal of Child Language, 38(4), 828–860.
Deutsch, W., & Pechmann, T. (1982). Social-interaction and the development of definite descriptions. Cognition, 11(2), 159–184.
de Villiers, J., Stainton, R.J. & Szatmari, P. (2007). Pragmatic abilities in autism spectrum disorder: A case study in philosophy and the empirical. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 31(1), 292–316.
Evans, K.E., & Demuth, K. (2011). Individual differences in pronoun reversal: Evidence from two longitudinal case studies. Journal of Child Language, 39(1), 1–30.
Ford, W., & Olson, D. (1975). The elaboration of the noun phrase in children’s description of objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19(3), 371–382.
Girbau, D. (2001). Children’s referential communication failure: The ambiguity and abbreviation of messages. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20(1–2), 81–89.
Glucksberg, S. & Krauss, R. (1967). What do people say after they have learned how to talk? Studies of development and referential communication. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 13, 309–316.
Glucksberg, S., Krauss, R.M., & Higgins, E.T. (1975). The development of referential communication skills. In F.D. Horowitz (Ed.), Review of Child Development Vol. 4. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Graf, E., Theakston, A., Lieven, E. & Tomasello, M. (in press). Subject and object omission in children’s early transitive constructions: A discourse-pragmatic approach. Applied Psycholinguistics.
Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics, 3: Speech Acts (pp. 41–58). New York, NY: Academic Press. Reprinted in Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words (pp. 22–40). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Guerriero, S., Oshima-Takane, Y., & Kuriyama, Y. (2006). The development of referential choice in English and Japanese: A discourse-pragmatic perspective. Journal of Child Language, 33, 823–57.
Gundel, J.K., Hedberg, N., & Zacharski, R. (1993). Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language, 69(2), 274–307.
Hughes, M., & Allen, S. (2013). The effect of individual discourse pragmatic features on referential choice in child English. Journal of Pragmatics. [URL]
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.
Kanner, L. (1946). Irrelevant and metaphorical language. American Journal of Psychiatry, 103, 242–246.
Keysar, B., Barr, D.J., Balin, J.A., & Brauner, J.S. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science, 11(1), 32–38.
Lee, A., Hobson, R.P., & Chiat, S. (1994). I, you, me and autism: An experimental study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 155–176.
Liebal, K., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2010). Infants’ use of shared experience in declarative pointing. Infancy, 15, 545–556.
Liebal, K., Behne, T., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Infants use shared experience to interpret pointing gestures. Developmental Science, 12(2), 264–271.
Loveland, K. (1984). Learning about points of view: Spatial perspective and the acquisition of “I/you”. Journal of Child Language, 11, 535–556.
Loveland, K., Tunali, B., Kelley, M.L., & McEvoy, R.E. (1989). Referential communication and response adequacy in autism and Down’s syndrome. Applied Psycholinguistics, 10, 301–313.
Matthews, D., Butcher, J., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2012). Two- and four-year-olds learn to adapt referring expressions to context: Effects of distracters and feedback on referential communication. TopiCS, 4(2), 184–210.
Matthews, D., Theakston, A., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Pronoun co-referencing errors: Challenges for generativist and usage-based accounts. Cognitive Linguistics, 20(3), 599–626.
Matthews, D., Lieven, E., Theakston, A., & Tomasello, M. (2006). The effect of perceptual availability and prior discourse on young children’s use of referring expressions. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 403–422.
Matthews, D., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2007). How toddlers and preschoolers learn to uniquely identify referents for others: A training study. Child Development, 78(6), 1744–1759.
Maratsos, M. (1974). Preschool children’s use of definite and indefinite articles. Child Development, 45, 446–455.
Menig-Peterson, C.L. (1975). The modification of communicative behaviour in preschool-aged children as a function of listener’s perspective. Child Development, 46, 1015–1018.
Moll, H., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Level 1 perspective-taking at 24 months of age. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 603–613.
Moll, H., & Tomasello, M. (2007). How 14- and 18-month-olds know what others have experienced. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 309–317.
Morisseau, T., Davies, C., & Matthews, D. (2013). How do 3- and 5-year-olds respond to over- and under-informative utterances?Journal of Pragmatics. [URL]
Nadig, A. & Sedivy, J. (2002). Evidence of perspective-taking constraints in children’s on-line reference resolution. Psychological Science, 13(4), 329–336.
Nadig A., Vivanti, G., & Ozonoff, S. (2009). Adaptation of object descriptions to a partner under increasing communicative demands: A comparison of children with and without autism. Autism Research,2(6): 334–347.
Narasimhan, B., Budwig, N., & Murty, L. (2005). Argument realization in Hindi caregiver-child discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 37, 461–95.
Nelson, B., Adamson, L., & Bakeman, R. (2008). Toddlers’ joint engagement experience facilitates preschoolers’ acquisition of Theory of Mind. Developmental Science, 11(6), 847–852.
Nilsen, E.S., & Mangal, L. (in press). Which is important for preschoolers’ production and repair of statements: What the listener knows or what the listener says?Journal of Child Language.
Nilsen, E., & Fecica, A.M. (2011). A model of communicative perspective-taking for typical and atypical populations of children. Developmental Review, 31, 55–78.
Nilsen, E., & Graham, S. (2009). The relations between children’s communicative perspective-taking and executive functioning. Cognitive Psychology, 58, 220–249.
Nilsen, E., Graham, S., Smith, S., & Chambers, C. (2008). Preschoolers’ sensitivity to referential ambiguity: Evidence for a dissociation between implicit understanding and explicit behavior. Developmental Science, 11(4), 556–562.
Norbury, C.F. & Bishop, D.V.M. (2003). Narrative skills of children with communication impairments. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 38, 287–313.
O’Neill, D.K. & Topolovec, J. (2001). Two-year-old children’s sensitivity to the referential (in)efficacy of their own pointing gestures. Journal of Child Language, 28, 1–28.
O’Neill, D.K. (1996). Two-year-old children’s sensitivity to a parent’s knowledge state when making requests. Child Development, 67, 695–677.
Paradis, J. & Navarro, S. (2003). Subject realization and crosslinguistic interference in the bilingual acquisition of Spanish and English. Journal of Child Language, 30, 1–23.
Peterson, C., & McCabe, A. (1994). A social interactionist account of developing decontextualized narrative skill. Developmental Psychology, 30(6), 937–948.
Pyykkönen, P., Matthews, D., & Järvikivi, J. (2010). Verb semantics affects children’s pronoun comprehension: Evidence form eye-movements. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(1), 115–129.
Roberts, R., & Patterson, C. (1983). Perspective taking and referential communication: The question of correspondence reconsidered. Child Development, 54, 1005–1014.
Robinson, E., & Robinson, W. (1982). The advancement of children’s verbal referential communication skills: The role of metacognitive guidance. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 5, 329–355.
Salomo, D., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Children’s ability to answer different types of questions. Journal of Child Language, 40(2), 469–491.
Saylor, M.M., Baird, J.A., & Gallerani, C. (2006). Telling others what’s new: Preschoolers’ adherence to the given-new contract. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7(3), 341–379.
Serratrice, L., Sorace, A., & Paoli, S. (2004). Crosslinguistic influence at the syntax-pragmatics interface: Subjects and objects in English-Italian bilingual and monolingual acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(3), 183–205.
Serratrice, L. (2005). The role of discourse pragmatics in the acquisition of subjects in Italian. Applied Psycholinguistics, 26(3), 437–462.
Serratrice, L. (2007). Null and overt subjects at the syntax-discourse interface: Evidence from monolingual and bilingual acquisition. In J. van Kampen, S. Bauw, & M. Pinto (Eds.), Selected Papers from The Romance Turn II. LOT Occasional Series (pp. 181–200). Utrecht: LOT.
Song, H., & Fisher, C. (2007). Discourse prominence effects on 2.5-year-old children’s interpretation of pronouns. Lingua, 117, 1959–1987.
Song, H., & Fisher, C. (2005). Who’s “she”? Discourse structure influences preschoolers’ pronoun interpretation. Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 29–47.
Sonnenschein, S., & Whitehurst, G.J. (1984). Developing referential communication – A hierarchy of skills. Child Development, 55(5), 1936–1945.
Sonnenschein, S. (1988). The development of referential communication – Speaking to different listeners. Child Development, 59(3), 694–702.
Skarabela, B. (2007). Signs of early social cognition in children’s syntax: The case of joint attention in argument realization in child Inuktitut. Lingua, 117(11), 1837–1857.
Tager-Flusberg, H. (1993). ‘What language reveals about the understanding of minds in children with autism’. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D.J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Autism (pp. 138–157). Oxford: OUP.
Tager-Flusberg, H. (1994). ‘Dissociations in form and function in the acquisition of language by autistic children’. In H. Tager-Flusberg (Ed.), Constraints on Language Acquisition: Studies of Atypical Children (pp. 175–194). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tager-Flusberg, H. (1995). ‘Once upon a ribbit’: Stories narrated by autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 45–59.
Tager-Flusberg, H. (2001). A re-examination of the theory of mind hypothesis of autism. In J. Burack, T. Charman, N. Yirmiya, & P. Zelazo (Eds.), The Development of Autism: Perspectives from Theory and Research (pp. 173–193). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Volden, J., Mulcahy, R.F., & Holdgrafer, G. (1997). Pragmatic language disorder and perspective taking in autistic speakers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 18(02): 181.
Whitehurst, G.J. (1976). Development of communication – changes with age and modeling. Child Development, 47(2), 473–482.
Whitehurst, G.J., & Sonnenschein, S. (1981). The development of informative messages in referential communication: Knowing when vs. knowing how. In W.P. Dickson (Ed.), Children’s Oral Communication Skills. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Wykes, T. (1981). Inference and children’s comprehension of pronouns. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 32, 264–278.
Cited by (6)
Cited by six other publications
Sah, Wen hui
2024. The use of referring expressions in Mandarin-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 38:1 ► pp. 40 ff.
Fernández-Flecha, María, Andrea Junyent & María Blume
Malkin, Louise, Kirsten Abbot-Smith & David Williams
2018. Is verbal reference impaired in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 3 ► pp. 239694151876316 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.