Chapter 13
Texting by 12-year-olds
Features shared with spoken language
Josie Bernicot |
Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, Université de Poitiers & CNRS
Antonine Goumi |
Laboratoire Cognitions Humaine et Artificielle, Université Paris Nanterre
Alain Bert-Erboul |
Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, Université Poitiers & CNRS
Olga Volckaert-Legrier |
Laboratoire Cognition, Langues, Langages, Ergonomie, Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès & CNRS
The objective of this chapter is to investigate the development and use of the texting register. Our hypothesis is that this language register shares features with spoken language. In contrast to traditional writing, texting language is not the result of explicit academic instruction. Rather, it is acquired through daily interactions, as is spoken language. We collected a one-year longitudinal corpus of text messages (4,524 texts) produced by 19 teens aged 11–13 years, with no previous experience using a mobile phone. The messages were analyzed using orthographic indices (categories of spelling errors) and dialogic indices (presence/absence of an opening or closing). The data are discussed in terms of the specifics of the texting register. Unlike other registers, the texting register is not stable over time and evolves at an extremely rapid rate.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Evolution of text-message spelling with use: Previous studies
- 1.2Dialogic structure of text messages: Previous studies
- 1.3Aims
- 2.Method
- 2.1Participants
- 2.2Equipment
- 2.3Data collection
- 2.4Coding
- 2.4.1Coding of textisms
- 2.4.2The dialogic structure of the messages
- 3.Results
- 4.Discussion
-
Acknowledgements
-
Notes
-
References
-
Appendix
References
References
Adam, J. -M.
1998 Les genres du discours épistolaire: De la rhétorique à l’analyse pragmatique: pratiques discursives. In
La lettre entre réel et fiction,
J. Siess (ed.), 37–53. Paris: SEDES.

Andersen, E.
1996 A cross-cultural study of children’s register knowledge. In
Social Interaction, Social Context, and Language,
D. Slobin,
J. Gerhardt,
A. Kyratzis &
G. Jiansheng (eds), 125–142. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Anis, J.
2001 Parlez-vous texto ? Guide des nouveaux langages du réseau. Paris: Le Cherche Midi.

Anis, J.
2007 Neography: Unconventional spelling in French SMS text messages. In
The Multilingual Internet: Language, Culture and Communication Online,
B. Danet &
S. C. Herring (eds), 87–115. Oxford: OUP.


Baron, N. S.
1981 Speech, Writing and Sign. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.

Bernicot, J., Volckaert-Legrier, O., Goumi, A. & Bert-Erboul, A.
2012a Forms and functions of SMS messages: A study of variations in a corpus written by adolescents.
Journal of Pragmatics 44: 1701–1715.


Bernicot, J., Volckaert-Legrier, O., Goumi, A. & Bert-Erboul, A.
Biber, D.
1988 Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: CUP.


Biber, D.
1995 Dimensions of register variation: A cross-linguistic comparison. New York: Cambridge University Press.


Biber, D. & Conrad, S.
2001 Variation in English: Multi-dimensional Studies. Harlow: Longman.

Bou-Franch, P.
2011 Openings and closings in Spanish email conversations.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts 43(6): 1772–1785.

Bouillaud, C., Chanquoy, L. & Gombert, J. -E.
2007 Cyberlangage et orthographe: Quels effets sur le niveau orthographique des élèves de CM2, 5e et 3e? Bulletin de Psychologie 60(6): 553–565.


Bushnell, C., Kemp, N. & Martin, F. H.
2011 Text-messaging practices and links to general spelling skill: A study of Australian children.
Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology 11: 27–38.

Chafe, W. & Tannen, D.
1987 The relation between written and spoken language.
Annual Review of Anthropology 16: 383–407.


Crystal, D.
2001 Language and the Internet. Cambridge: CUP.


Daugmaudytė, J. & Kėdikaitė, D.
2006 Le langage SMS dans le Français.
Kalbotyra 56(3): 39–47.

Drouin, M. A.
2011 College students' text messaging, use of textese and literacy skills.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 27: 67–75.


Drouin, M. A & Davis, C.
2009 R u txting ? Is the use of text speaking hurting your literacy? Journal of Literacy Research 41: 46–67.


Dürscheid, C. & Stark, E.
2011 Sms4science: An international corpus-based texting project and the specific challenges for multilingual Switzerland. In
Digital Discourse. Language in the New Media,
C. Thurlow &
K. Mroczek (eds), 299–320. Oxford: OUP.


Eckert, P. & Rickford, J. R.
2001 Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ellis, J. & Ure, J.
1977 Register in descriptive linguistics and linguistic sociology. In
Issues in Sociolinguistics,
O. Uribe Villegas (ed.), 197–243. The Hague: Mouton.

Eggins, S. & Martin, J. R.
1997 Genres and register of discourse. In
Discourse as Structure and Process [
Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction],
T.A. van Dijk (ed.), 230–256. London: Sage.

Elmiger, D.
2012 L'écriture SMS: Émergence de nouvelles pratiques orthographiques.
Langage & Pratiques 49: 74–81.

Ferguson, C. A.
1977 Baby talk as a simplified register. In
Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition,
C. E Snow &
C. A. Ferguson (eds), 209–235. Cambridge: CUP.

Fernandez, J. & Yuldashev, A.
2011 Variation in the use of general extenders and stuff in instant messaging interactions.
Journal of Pragmatics 43(10): 2610–2626.


Goffman, Erving
1967 Les rites d’interaction. Paris: Editions de Minuit.

Goumi, A., Volckaert-Legrier, O., Bernicot, J. & Bert-Erboul, A.
2011 SMS length and function: A comparative study of 13 to 18 year-old girls and boys.
European Review of Applied Psychology 61(4): 175–184.


Grace, A., Kemp, N., Martin, F. H. & Parrila, R.
2015 Undergraduates’ text messaging language and literacy skills.
Reading and Writing 27: 855–873.


Grimshaw, A. D.
2003 Genres, registers, and contexts of discourse. In
Handbook of Discourse Processes,
A. C. Graesser,
M. A. Gernsbacher &
S. R. Goldman (eds), 25–82. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Grinter, R. & Eldridge, M.
2003 Wan2tlk? Everyday text messaging. In
CHI ’03 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 441–448.

Guenthner, S. & Knoblauch, H.
Halliday, M. A. K.
1964 The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. London: University Park Press.

Halliday, M. A. K.
1978 The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Language as a Social Semiotics. Baltimore MD: University Park Press.

Halliday, M. A. K.
1985 Dimensions of discourse analysis: Grammar. In
Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol. 2: Dimensions of Discourse,
T.A. Van Dijk (ed.), 29–56. London: Academic Press.

Harris, R.
2000 Rethinking Writing. London: The Athlone Press.

Hudson, R. A.
1980 Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: CUP.

Hudson, R. A.
1980 Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: CUP.

Kemp, N. & Bushnell, C.
2011 Children’s text messaging: Abbreviations, input methods and links with literacy.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 27: 18–27.


Kemp, N., Wood, C. & Waldron, S.
2014 do i know its wrong: Children's and adults' use of unconventional grammar in text messaging.
Reading and Writing 27: 1585–1602.


Laursen, D.
2005 Please reply! The replying norm in adolescent SMS communication. In
The Inside Text [
The Kluwer International Series on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 4],
R. Harper,
L. Palen &
A. Taylor (eds), 53–73. Amsterdam: Springer.


Ling, R.
2005 The Socio-linguistics of SMS: An analysis of SMS use by a random sample of Norwegians. In
Mobile Communications: Renegotiation of the Social Sphere,
R. Ling &
P. E. Pedersen (eds), 335–349. London: Springer.


Ling, R.
2010 Texting as a life phase medium.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 15: 277–292.


Olson, D. R.
1994 The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading. Cambridge: CUP.

Panckhurst, R.
2009 Short message service (SMS): Typologie et problematiques futures. In
Polyphonies, pour Michelle Lanvin,
T. Arnavielle (ed.), 33–52. Montpellier: Éditions LU.

Panckhurst, R.
2010 Texting in three European languages: Does the linguistic typology differ? Actes du Colloque i-Mean 2009 Issues in Meaning in Interaction, University of the West of England, Bristol.
[URL]
Panckhurst, R. & Moïse, C.
2011 SMS ‘conversationnels’: Caractéristiques interactionnelles et pragmatiques. In
79e Colloque ACFAS, Sherbrooke, Canada.
[URL]
Panckhurst, R. & Moïse, C.
Plester, B., Lerkkanen, M. -K., Linjama, L. J., Rasku-Puttonen, H. & Littleton, K.
2011 Finnish and UK English pre-teen children’s text message language and its relationship with their literacy skills.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 27: 37–48.


Plester, B., Wood, C. & Bell, V.
2008 Txt Msg n school literacy: Does texting and knowledge of text abbreviations adversely affect children’s literacy attainment? Literacy 42(3): 137–144.


Plester, B., Wood, C. & Joshi, P.
2009 Exploring the relationship between children’s knowledge of text message abbreviations and school literacy outcomes.
British Journal of Developmental Psychology 27: 145–161.


Ravid, D. & Tolchinsky, L.
2002 Developing linguistic literacy: A comprehensive model.
Journal of Child Language 29(2): 417–447.


Rettie, R.
2009 Mobile phone communication: Extending Goffman to mediated interaction.
Sociology 43(3): 421–438.


Spagnolli, A. & Gamberini, L.
2007 Interacting via SMS : Practices of Social Closeness and Reciprocation.
British Journal of Social Psychology 46: 343–364.


Spilioti, T.
2011 Beyond genre: Closings and relational work in text-messaging. In
Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media,
C. Thurlow &
C. Mroczel (eds), 67–85. Oxford: OUP.
[URL] 
Stark, E.
2011 La morphosyntaxe dans les SMS suisses francophones: Le marquage de l’accord sujet – verbe conjugué.
Linguistik Online 48(4): 35–47.

Thurlow, C. & Brown, A.
2003 Generation txt ? The sociolinguistics of young people’s text-messaging.
Discourse Analysis Online 1(1).

Volckaert-Legrier, O.
2007 Le courrier électronique chez les adolescents: Un nouveau registre de la langue écrite. PhD dissertation, Université de Poitiers.
[URL]
Volckaert-Legrier, O., Bernicot, J. & Bert-Erboul, A.
2009 Electronic email: A new written-language register: A study with French-speaking adolescents.
British Journal of Developmental Psychology 27: 163–181.


Volckaert-Legrier, O., Bernicot, J. & Bert-Erboul, A.
2013 Le courrier électronique chez les adolescents. In
Culture, Identity and Digital Writing,
F. Liénard (ed.).
Epistèmé 9: 341–362.

Waldvogel, J.
2007 Greetings and closings in workplace email.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2), 456–477.

.

Wood, C., Jackson, E., Hart, L., Plester, B., & Wilde, L.
2011a The effect of text messaging on 9- and 10-yearold children’s reading, spelling and phonological processing skills.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 27, 28–36.

.

Wood, C., Meachem, S., Bowyer, S., Jackson, E., Tarczynski-Bowles, M. L., & Plester, B.
2011b A longitudinal study of children’s text messaging and literacy development.
British Journal of Psychology, 102, 431–442.


Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Tolchinsky, Liliana & Ruth A. Berman
2023.
Growing into Language,

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 18 november 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.