Chapter 10
Egophoricity and evidentiality in Guambiano (Nam Trik)
Egophoric verbal marking is a typological feature common to Barbacoan languages, but otherwise unknown in the Andean sphere. The verbal systems of three out of the four living Barbacoan languages, Cha’palaa, Tsafiki and Awa Pit, have previously been shown to express egophoric contrasts. The status of Guambiano has, however, remained uncertain. In this chapter, I show that there are in fact two layers of egophoric or egophoric-like marking visible in Guambiano’s grammar. Guambiano patterns with certain other (non-Barbacoan) languages in having ego-categories which function within a broader evidential system. It is additionally possible to detect what is possibly a more archaic layer of egophoric marking in Guambiano’s verbal system. This marking may be inherited from a common Barbacoan system, thus pointing to a potential genealogical basis for the egophoric patterning common to these languages. The multiple formal expressions of egophoricity apparent both within and across the four languages reveal how egophoric contrasts are susceptible to structural renewal, suggesting a pan-Barbacoan preoccupation with the linguistic encoding of self-knowledge.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Egophoric marking, person marking and evidentiality
- 3.Speaker/non-speaker distinctions in Guambiano grammar
- 4.Evidentiality in Guambiano
- 4.1The evidential status of -an
- 5.Ego evidentiality
- 5.1
-ar as an ego evidential
- 5.1.1Some points of divergence and resemblance with egophoric markers in other languages
- 5.2‘Personal affectedness’ evidentiality
- 6.Interrogative contexts
- 7.A comparative Barbacoan perspective
- 7.1Vestigial egophoric contrasts in Guambiano
- 8.Conclusion
-
Acknowledgements
-
Notes
-
Abbreviations
-
References
References (75)
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Anand, Pranav & Nevins, Andrew. 2004. Shifty operators in changing contexts. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, Kazuha Watanabe & Robert B. Young (eds), 20–37. Ithaca NY: CLC Publications.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beuchat, Henri, & Rivet, Paul. (1910). Affinités des langues du sud de la Colombie et du nord de l’Équateur. Le Mouséon, 11, 33–68, 141–198.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bickel, Balthasar. 2000. Introduction: Person and evidence in Himalayan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(2): 1–11.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bickel, Balthasar & Nichols, Johanna. 2007. Inflectional morphology. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2nd (ed.), Timothy Shopen (ed.), 169–240. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chun, Soon Ae, & Zubin, David A. 1990. Experiential vs. agentive constructions in Korean narrative. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Kira Hall, Jean Pierre Koenig, Michael Meacham, Sondra Reinman & Laurel Sutton (eds), 81–93. Berkeley CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Constenla Umanã, Adolfo. 1991. Las lenguas del área intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Creissels, Denis. 2008. Remarks on so-called ‘conjunct/disjunct’ systems. Paper presented at the conference Syntax of the World’s Languages III, Berlin.
Curnow, Timothy J. 1997. A grammar of Awa Pit (Cuaiquer): An indigenous language of Southwestern Colombia. Phd dissertation, Australian National University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Curnow, Timothy Jowan. 2000. Why “first/non-first person” is not grammaticalized mirativity. In Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society, Keith Allan & John Henderson (eds). <[URL]>
Curnow, Timothy Jowan. 2002. Conjunct/disjunct marking in Awa Pit. Linguistics 40(3): 611–627. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cysouw, Michael. 2003. The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking [Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
de Haan, Ferdinand. 2001. The place of inference within the evidential system. International Journal of American Linguistics 67: 193–219. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DeLancey, Scott. 1992. The historical status of the conjunct/disjunct pattern in Tibeto-Burman. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 25: 39–62. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DeLancey, Scott. 1997. Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information. Linguistic Typology 1: 33–52. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dickinson, Connie. 2011. Grammaticalizing the knower in Tsafiki. Handout from the Workshop on The Grammar of Knowledge Asymmetries: ‘Conjunct/disjunct’ Alignment from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Linguistics Society of America [LSA] Institute, Boulder CO.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dixon, Robert. M.W. 2010. Basic Linguistic Theory, Vol. 2: Grammatical Topics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Evans, Nicholas. 2009. Grammar and psychosocial cognition. Course handout, LSA Institute 2009, Berkeley CA.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Faller, Martina T. 2002. Semantics and Pragmatics of Evidentials in Cuzco Quechua. PhD dissertation, Stanford University CA.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gabelentz, Georg von der. 1901. Die Sprachwissenschaft. Ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse. Tübingen: Gunther Narr Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Garrett, Edward J. 2001. Evidentiality and Assertion in Tibetan. PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
van Gelderen, Elly. 2009. Feature economy in the linguistic cycle. In Historical Syntax and Linguistic Theory, Paola Crisma & Giuseppe Longobardi (eds), 93–109. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gonzales Castaño, Geny. 2014. Esquisse de description de la langue nam trik. Langue amerindienne parlée dans les Andes Colombiennes. Unpublished Masters thesis. Université Lumière Lyon 2.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1960. General classification of Central and South American languages. In Men and Cultures: Fifth international congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences (1956), Anthony F. C. Wallace (ed.), 791–794. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hale, Austin. 1980. Person markers: Finite conjunct and disjunct verb forms in Newari. In Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 [Pacific Linguistics Series A, 53], Ronald L. Trail (ed.), 95–106. Canberra: Australian National University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hardman, Martha J. 1986. Data-source marking in the Jaqi languages. In Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology [Advances in Discourse Processes 20], Wallace L. Chafe & Johanna Nichols (eds), 113–136. Norwood NJ: Ablex.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hargreaves, David. 1991. The conceptual structure of intentional action: Data from Kathmandu Newari. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 379–389. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hargreaves, David. 2005. Agency and intentional action in Kathmandu Newar. Himalayan Linguistics 5, 1–48.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hodge, Carleton. 1970. The linguistic cycle. Language Sciences 13: 1–7.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jespersen, Otto. 1917. Negation in English and other Languages. Copenhagen: A.F. Høst.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kaufman, Terrence. 1990. Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages, Doris L. Payne (ed.), 13–67. Austin: University of Texas Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kaufman, Terrence. 1994. The native languages of South America. In Atlas of the world’s languages, Christopher Mosley & R. E. Asher (eds), 46–76. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kim, Stephen S. 2003. Santa. In The Mongolic Languages, Juha Janhunen (ed.), 346–363. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lasersohn, Peter. 2005. Context dependence, disagreement, and predicates of personal taste. Linguistics and Philosophy 28: 643–686. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Loughnane, Robyn. 2009. A Grammar of Oksapmin. PhD dissertation, University of Melbourne.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Malone, Terry. 1988. The origin and development of Tuyuca evidentials. International Journal of American Linguistics 54: 119–140. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maslova, Elena. 2003. Evidentiality in Yukaghir. In Studies in Evidentiality [Typological Studies in Language 54], Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M.W. Dixon (eds), 219–235. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthewson, Lisa. Submitted. Evidence type, evidence location, evidence strength.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miller, Amy. 2001. A Grammar of Jamul Tiipay [Mouton Grammar Library 23]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Murray, Sarah E. 2010. Evidentiality and the Structure of Speech Acts. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nikitina, Tatiana. 2012. Personal deixis and reported discourse: Towards a typology of person alignment. Linguistic Typology 16: 233–263.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nugteren, Hans. 2003. Shira Yughur. In The Mongolic Languages, Juha Janhunen (ed.), 265–285. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Oswalt, Robert L. 1986. The evidential system of Kashaya. In Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology [Advances in Discourse Processes 20], Wallace L. Chafe & Johanna Nichols (eds), 29–45. Norwood NJ: Ablex.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pabón, Marta. 1989. Introducción al estudio de los auxiliares – idioma totoró. Unpublished Masters thesis. Santafé de Bogotá: CCELA.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Plungian, Vladimir A. 2001. The place of evidentiality within the universal grammatical space. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 349–57. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rice, Keren D. 1986. Some remarks on direct and indirect speech in Slave (Northern Atapaskan). In Direct and Indirect Speech, Florian Coulmas (ed.), 47–76. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rojas Curieux, Tulio, Roció Nieves Oviedo, y Marcos Yule Yatacue. 1991. Estudios Grammaticales de la Lengua Páez (Nasa Yuwe). Descripciones 7. Colciencias: Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rule, W. Murray. 1977. A Comparative Study of the Foe, Huli, and Pole languages of Papua New Guinea. Sydney: University of Sydney.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
San Roque, Lila. 2008. An Introduction to Duna Grammar. PhD dissertation, Australian National University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
San Roque, Lila, Floyd, Simeon & Norcliffe, Elisabeth. 2017. Evidentiality and interrogativity. Lingua 186–187: 120–143.
.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schlenker, Philippe. 2003. A plea for monsters. Linguistics and Philosophy 26: 29–120. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Seyoum, Mulugeta. 2008. A Grammar of Dime. Utrecht: LOT.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shoemaker, Sydney. 1968. Self-reference and self-awareness. The Journal of Philosophy 65(19): 555–567. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shoemaker, Sydney. 1970. Persons and their pasts. American Philosophical Quarterly 7(4): 269–285.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Simons, Gary F. & Fennig, Charles D. 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: [URL]![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Speas, Peggy. 2000. Person and point of view in Navajo. In WCCFL Papers in Honor of Ken Hale, Eloise Jelinek (ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tournadre, Nicolas. 2008. Against the concept of ‘Conjunct’/’Disjunct’ in Tibetan. In Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, Brigitte Huber, Marianne Volkart, Paul Widmer & Peter Schwieger (eds), 281–308. Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Triviño Garzón, Lilia. 1991. Sobre la modalidad en la lengua guambiana (Quizgó). In Memorias II. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Triviño Garzón, Lilia. 1994a. Algunas particularidades de los verbs de posición en la lengua guambiana (Quizgó). Amerindia 29–30: 195–206.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Triviño Garzón, Lilia. 1994b. Hacia una tipología de la predicacíon de la oración simple en la lengua guambiana. BIFEA 23(3): 601–618.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vásquez de Ruíz, Beatriz. 1988. La predicación en guambiano [Lenguas Aborígenes de Colombia. Série Descripciones 2]. Santafé de Bogotá: CCELA.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vásquez de Ruíz, Beatriz. 1994. La oración compuesta en guambiano. BIFEA 23(3): 619–637.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vásquez de Ruíz, Beatriz. 2007. Les opérations de modélisation épistémique en guambiano (Cauca, Colombie). In L’Énonciation médiatiseé II, Zlatka Guentchéva & Jon Landaburu (eds), 87–110. Louvain: Éditions Peeters.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Waldie, Ryan James. 2012. Evidentiality in Nuu-chah-nulth. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Watters, David E. 2006. The conjunct-disjunct distinction in Kaike. Nepalese Linguistics 22: 300–319.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Widmer, Manuel. 2014. A Descriptive Grammar of Bunan. PhD dissertation, University of Bern.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1958. Philosophical Investigations. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Woodbury, Anthony C. 1986. Interaction of tense and evidentiality: A study of Sherpa and English. In Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology [Advances in Discourse Processes 20], Wallace L. Chafe & Johanna Nichols (eds), 188–202. Norwood NJ: Ablex.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Sandman, Erika & Karolina Grzech
Pancheva, Roumyana & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta
2019.
On the role of person features in the evidential-temporal connection.
Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 64:4
► pp. 673 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
San Roque, Lila
2019.
Evidentiality.
Annual Review of Anthropology 48:1
► pp. 353 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.