Chapter 10
Egophoricity and evidentiality in Guambiano (Nam Trik)
Egophoric verbal marking is a typological feature common to Barbacoan languages, but otherwise unknown in the Andean sphere. The verbal systems of three out of the four living Barbacoan languages, Cha’palaa, Tsafiki and Awa Pit, have previously been shown to express egophoric contrasts. The status of Guambiano has, however, remained uncertain. In this chapter, I show that there are in fact two layers of egophoric or egophoric-like marking visible in Guambiano’s grammar. Guambiano patterns with certain other (non-Barbacoan) languages in having ego-categories which function within a broader evidential system. It is additionally possible to detect what is possibly a more archaic layer of egophoric marking in Guambiano’s verbal system. This marking may be inherited from a common Barbacoan system, thus pointing to a potential genealogical basis for the egophoric patterning common to these languages. The multiple formal expressions of egophoricity apparent both within and across the four languages reveal how egophoric contrasts are susceptible to structural renewal, suggesting a pan-Barbacoan preoccupation with the linguistic encoding of self-knowledge.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Egophoric marking, person marking and evidentiality
- 3.Speaker/non-speaker distinctions in Guambiano grammar
- 4.Evidentiality in Guambiano
- 4.1The evidential status of -an
- 5.Ego evidentiality
- 5.1
-ar as an ego evidential
- 5.1.1Some points of divergence and resemblance with egophoric markers in other languages
- 5.2‘Personal affectedness’ evidentiality
- 6.Interrogative contexts
- 7.A comparative Barbacoan perspective
- 7.1Vestigial egophoric contrasts in Guambiano
- 8.Conclusion
-
Acknowledgements
-
Notes
-
Abbreviations
-
References
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.
2004 Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Anand, Pranav & Nevins, Andrew
2004 Shifty operators in changing contexts. In
Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory,
Kazuha Watanabe &
Robert B. Young (eds), 20–37. Ithaca NY: CLC Publications.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beuchat, Henri, & Rivet, Paul
(
1910)
Affinités des langues du sud de la Colombie et du nord de l’Équateur.
Le Mouséon, 11, 33–68, 141–198.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bickel, Balthasar
2000 Introduction: Person and evidence in Himalayan languages.
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(2): 1–11.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bickel, Balthasar & Nichols, Johanna
2007 Inflectional morphology. In
Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2nd (ed.),
Timothy Shopen (ed.), 169–240. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Campbell, Lyle
(
1997)
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chun, Soon Ae, & Zubin, David A.
1990 Experiential vs. agentive constructions in Korean narrative. In
Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society,
Kira Hall,
Jean Pierre Koenig,
Michael Meacham,
Sondra Reinman &
Laurel Sutton (eds), 81–93. Berkeley CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Constenla Umanã, Adolfo
1991 Las lenguas del área intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Creissels, Denis
2008 Remarks on so-called ‘conjunct/disjunct’ systems. Paper presented at the conference
Syntax of the World’s Languages III, Berlin.
Curnow, Timothy J.
1997 A grammar of Awa Pit (Cuaiquer): An indigenous language of Southwestern Colombia. Phd dissertation, Australian National University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Curnow, Timothy Jowan
2000 Why “first/non-first person” is not grammaticalized mirativity. In
Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society,
Keith Allan &
John Henderson (eds).
[URL]
Curnow, Timothy Jowan
2002 Conjunct/disjunct marking in Awa Pit.
Linguistics 40(3): 611–627.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cysouw, Michael
2003 The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking [
Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
de Haan, Ferdinand
2001 The place of inference within the evidential system.
International Journal of American Linguistics 67: 193–219.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DeLancey, Scott
1992 The historical status of the conjunct/disjunct pattern in Tibeto-Burman.
Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 25: 39–62.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DeLancey, Scott
1997 Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information.
Linguistic Typology 1: 33–52.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dickinson, Connie
2011 Grammaticalizing the knower in Tsafiki.
Handout from the Workshop on The Grammar of Knowledge Asymmetries: ‘Conjunct/disjunct’ Alignment from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Linguistics Society of America [LSA] Institute, Boulder CO.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dixon, Robert. M.W.
2010 Basic Linguistic Theory, Vol. 2:
Grammatical Topics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Evans, Nicholas
2009 Grammar and psychosocial cognition. Course handout, LSA Institute 2009, Berkeley CA.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Faller, Martina T.
2002 Semantics and Pragmatics of Evidentials in Cuzco Quechua. PhD dissertation, Stanford University CA.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gabelentz, Georg von der
1901 Die Sprachwissenschaft.
Ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse. Tübingen: Gunther Narr Verlag.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Garrett, Edward J.
2001 Evidentiality and Assertion in Tibetan. PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
van Gelderen, Elly
2009 Feature economy in the linguistic cycle. In
Historical Syntax and Linguistic Theory,
Paola Crisma &
Giuseppe Longobardi (eds), 93–109. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gonzales Castaño, Geny
2014 Esquisse de description de la langue nam trik. Langue amerindienne parlée dans les Andes Colombiennes. Unpublished Masters thesis. Université Lumière Lyon 2.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Greenberg, Joseph H
1960 General classification of Central and South American languages. In
Men and Cultures: Fifth international congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences (1956),
Anthony F. C. Wallace (ed.), 791–794. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Greenberg, Joseph H.
1987 Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hale, Austin
1980 Person markers: Finite conjunct and disjunct verb forms in Newari. In
Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 [
Pacific Linguistics Series A, 53],
Ronald L. Trail (ed.), 95–106. Canberra: Australian National University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hardman, Martha J.
1986 Data-source marking in the Jaqi languages. In
Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology [
Advances in Discourse Processes 20],
Wallace L. Chafe &
Johanna Nichols (eds), 113–136. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hargreaves, David
1991 The conceptual structure of intentional action: Data from Kathmandu Newari. In
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 379–389.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hargreaves, David
2005 Agency and intentional action in Kathmandu Newar.
Himalayan Linguistics 5, 1–48.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hodge, Carleton
1970 The linguistic cycle.
Language Sciences 13: 1–7.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jespersen, Otto
1917 Negation in English and other Languages. Copenhagen: A.F. Høst.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kaufman, Terrence
1990 Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In
Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages,
Doris L. Payne (ed.), 13–67. Austin: University of Texas Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kaufman, Terrence
1994 The native languages of South America. In
Atlas of the world’s languages,
Christopher Mosley &
R. E. Asher (eds), 46–76. London: Routledge.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kim, Stephen S.
2003 Santa. In
The Mongolic Languages,
Juha Janhunen (ed.), 346–363. London: Routledge.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lasersohn, Peter
2005 Context dependence, disagreement, and predicates of personal taste.
Linguistics and Philosophy 28: 643–686.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Loughnane, Robyn
2009 A Grammar of Oksapmin. PhD dissertation, University of Melbourne.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Malone, Terry
1988 The origin and development of Tuyuca evidentials.
International Journal of American Linguistics 54: 119–140.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maslova, Elena
2003 Evidentiality in Yukaghir. In
Studies in Evidentiality [
Typological Studies in Language 54],
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald &
Robert M.W. Dixon (eds), 219–235. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthewson, Lisa
Submitted Evidence type, evidence location, evidence strength.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miller, Amy
2001 A Grammar of Jamul Tiipay [
Mouton Grammar Library 23]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mithun, Marianne
1999 The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Murray, Sarah E.
2010 Evidentiality and the Structure of Speech Acts. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nikitina, Tatiana
2012 Personal deixis and reported discourse: Towards a typology of person alignment.
Linguistic Typology 16: 233–263.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nugteren, Hans
2003 Shira Yughur. In
The Mongolic Languages,
Juha Janhunen (ed.), 265–285. London: Routledge.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Oswalt, Robert L.
1986 The evidential system of Kashaya. In
Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology [
Advances in Discourse Processes 20],
Wallace L. Chafe &
Johanna Nichols (eds), 29–45. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pabón, Marta
1989 Introducción al estudio de los auxiliares – idioma totoró. Unpublished Masters thesis. Santafé de Bogotá: CCELA.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Plungian, Vladimir A.
2001 The place of evidentiality within the universal grammatical space.
Journal of Pragmatics 33: 349–57.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rice, Keren D.
1986 Some remarks on direct and indirect speech in Slave (Northern Atapaskan). In
Direct and Indirect Speech,
Florian Coulmas (ed.), 47–76. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rojas Curieux, Tulio, Roció Nieves Oviedo, y Marcos Yule Yatacue
1991 Estudios Grammaticales de la Lengua Páez (Nasa Yuwe). Descripciones 7. Colciencias: Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rule, W. Murray
1977 A Comparative Study of the Foe, Huli, and Pole languages of Papua New Guinea. Sydney: University of Sydney.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
San Roque, Lila
2008 An Introduction to Duna Grammar. PhD dissertation, Australian National University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
San Roque, Lila, Floyd, Simeon & Norcliffe, Elisabeth
2017 Evidentiality and interrogativity.
Lingua 186–187: 120–143.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schlenker, Philippe
2003 A plea for monsters.
Linguistics and Philosophy 26: 29–120.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Seyoum, Mulugeta
2008 A Grammar of Dime. Utrecht: LOT.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shoemaker, Sydney
1968 Self-reference and self-awareness.
The Journal of Philosophy 65(19): 555–567.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shoemaker, Sydney
1970 Persons and their pasts.
American Philosophical Quarterly 7(4): 269–285.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Simons, Gary F. & Fennig, Charles D.
2017 Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version:
[URL]![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Speas, Peggy
2000 Person and point of view in Navajo. In
WCCFL Papers in Honor of Ken Hale,
Eloise Jelinek (ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tournadre, Nicolas
2008 Against the concept of ‘Conjunct’/’Disjunct’ in Tibetan. In
Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag,
Brigitte Huber,
Marianne Volkart,
Paul Widmer &
Peter Schwieger (eds), 281–308. Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Triviño Garzón, Lilia
1991 Sobre la modalidad en la lengua guambiana (Quizgó). In
Memorias II. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Triviño Garzón, Lilia
1994a Algunas particularidades de los verbs de posición en la lengua guambiana (Quizgó).
Amerindia 29–30: 195–206.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Triviño Garzón, Lilia
1994b Hacia una tipología de la predicacíon de la oración simple en la lengua guambiana.
BIFEA 23(3): 601–618.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vásquez de Ruíz, Beatriz
1988 La predicación en guambiano [
Lenguas Aborígenes de Colombia. Série Descripciones 2]. Santafé de Bogotá: CCELA.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vásquez de Ruíz, Beatriz
1994 La oración compuesta en guambiano.
BIFEA 23(3): 619–637.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vásquez de Ruíz, Beatriz
2007 Les opérations de modélisation épistémique en guambiano (Cauca, Colombie). In
L’Énonciation médiatiseé II,
Zlatka Guentchéva &
Jon Landaburu (eds), 87–110. Louvain: Éditions Peeters.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Waldie, Ryan James
2012 Evidentiality in Nuu-chah-nulth. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Watters, David E.
2006 The conjunct-disjunct distinction in Kaike.
Nepalese Linguistics 22: 300–319.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Widmer, Manuel
2014 A Descriptive Grammar of Bunan. PhD dissertation, University of Bern.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
1958 Philosophical Investigations. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Woodbury, Anthony C.
1986 Interaction of tense and evidentiality: A study of Sherpa and English. In
Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology [
Advances in Discourse Processes 20],
Wallace L. Chafe &
Johanna Nichols (eds), 188–202. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by
Cited by 3 other publications
Pancheva, Roumyana & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta
2019.
On the role of person features in the evidential-temporal connection.
Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 64:4
► pp. 673 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
San Roque, Lila
2019.
Evidentiality.
Annual Review of Anthropology 48:1
► pp. 353 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Sandman, Erika & Karolina Grzech
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.