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Uralic Essive and the Expression of Impermanent State
Edited by Casper de Groot
[Typological Studies in Language 119] 2017
► pp. v–xvi

Table of contents

Abbreviations XVII
Preface XXI
Chapter 1.Discovering the assignment: An Uralic essive typological questionnaire 1
1.Expectations 1
2.The search 2
3.The method 10
4.The Uralic essive typological questionnaire 12
5.The aim 25
6.The contents 25
Chapter 2.The essive in Finnish 29
1.Introduction 29
1.1Standard case inflection for nouns 31
1.2The semantic border zones of the essive and other cases 33
2.Non-verbal predicates and copula constructions 35
2.1Predicate types in Finnish 35
2.2Basic copula constructions 35
2.3Semi-copular constructions 38
2.4The quasi-construction 38
3.Secondary predicates – secondary predications 39
3.1Depictives 39
3.2Circumstantial secondary predicates 40
3.3Temporal secondary predicates 41
4.Predicative complements 43
5.Adverbials 45
5.1Manner adverbials 45
5.2Clausal adverbials 46
6.Temporality and location 47
6.1Temporality 47
6.2Location 48
7.Comparative and simile 49
8.Essive versus translative 50
9.Word order and focus 52
10.Other uses 52
10.1Verbal participles 52
10.2Augmentative 53
11.Summary 54
Chapter 3.The essive in Estonian 57
1.Introduction 57
1.1Data 58
1.2Formation 59
1.3Historical background and distribution in dialects 61
1.4The revival of the essive 63
2.Non-verbal predication 65
3.Secondary predication 68
3.1The essive as a marker of secondary predicates 68
3.2Depictives 71
3.3Circumstantials 74
3.4Temporals 75
4.Complements 78
5.Adverbials 81
6.Temporality and location 81
7.Comparatives and expressions of similarity 82
8.Essive versus translative 83
9.Word order 86
10.Conclusions 87
Chapter 4.The essive in Votic 91
1.Introduction 91
1.1Data 91
1.2Case system 92
1.3State case series 94
2.Non-verbal predication 96
2.1Copula constructions 96
2.2Semi-copula constructions 98
2.3Constructions with modal verbs 100
2.4Restrictions on the types of predicates that can be encoded by the essive 102
2.5Formal restrictions 103
3.Secondary predication 104
4.Predicative complements 105
5.Adverbials 107
6.Temporality and location 108
7.Comparative and simile expressions 109
8.Essive versus translative 110
9.Word order and focus 110
10.Conclusions and final remarks 110
Chapter 5.The essive in Ingrian 113
1.Introduction 113
1.1Language 113
1.2Data 115
1.3Case system 115
2.Non-verbal predication 118
2.1Copula constructions 118
2.2Constructions with modal verbs 120
2.3Restrictions 121
2.4Number agreement 122
3.Secondary predication 122
4.Predicative complements 124
5.Adverbials 125
6.Temporality and location 126
7.Comparative and simile expressions 127
8.Essive versus translative 127
9.Word order and focus 128
10.Conclusions 128
Chapter 6.The essive in Veps 131
1.Introduction 131
1.1The Veps case system 133
1.2The Veps essive and secondary predicates 135
1.3The translative in parallel constructions 139
2.Non-verbal predication 141
3.Secondary predication 144
4.Predicative complements 146
5.Adverbials 146
6.Temporality and location 147
7.Comparative and simile expressions 152
8.Essive versus translative 152
9.Word order 153
10.Conclusion and final remarks 153
Chapter 7.The essive in Karelian 161
1.Introduction 161
1.1The case system of Karelian 162
1.2The essive in Karelian 164
2.Non-verbal predication 166
3.Secondary predication 172
4.Predicative complements 174
5.Adverbials 175
6.Temporality and location 176
6.1Temporal use 176
6.2Locational use 178
6.2.1Locative 178
6.2.2Separative 179
7.Comparative and simile expressions 183
8.Essive versus translative 184
9.Conclusions and final remarks 184
Chapter 8.The essive in South Saami 187
1.Introduction 187
1.1Data 189
1.2A grammatical profile of South Saami 189
1.3A condensed inventory of South Saami morphosyntactic peculiarities 190
1.4The South Saami essive 192
2.Copula constructions 194
3.Secondary predication 198
3.1Semantic funtions encoded by the South Saami essive 199
3.2Essive marked constituents and their relation to depictives 200
4.The essive in predicative complements 201
5.Adverbials 203
6.Temporality and Location 203
7.Comparative and simile expressions 204
8.Essive versus translative 204
8.1Essive as essive 205
8.2Essive as translative 205
8.3Constructional properties versus verbal semantics 208
9.Word order and focus 208
9.1Focus 208
9.2Notes on word order 209
9.2.1Essive marked elements in non-verbal predication and intransitive predication 209
9.2.2Transitive clauses 210
10.Other remarks 211
10.1Forms with essive compatible semantics 211
10.2Historical notes 212
11.Conclusions 214
Chapter 9.The essive in North Saami 219
1.Introduction 219
2.Non-verbal predication 222
3.Secondary predication 224
3.1Depictive essive 224
3.2 Essive-like depictive in -naga 226
3.3Circumstantial essive 228
4.Predicative complements 228
5.Adverbials 230
6.Temporality and location 231
7.Comparative and simile expressions (and related functions of the essive) 233
8.Essive versus translative 238
9.Word order 241
10.Conclusions and final remarks 242
Chapter 10.The essive in Skolt Saami 245
1.Introduction 245
2.Non-verbal predication 248
3.Secondary predications 250
3.1Depictives 250
3.2Circumstantials 253
3.3Temporals 254
4.Predicative complements 254
5.Adverbials 256
6.Temporality and location 257
7.Comparative and simile expressions 258
8.Essive vs. translative 259
8.1Non-verbal predicates 259
8.2Secondary predicates (resultatives) 260
9.Word order 261
10.Final remarks 261
Chapter 11.The Mari essive and its functional counterparts 263
1.Introduction 263
1.1Background 264
1.2The case system 264
1.3Sources 268
2.Non-verbal predication 268
3.Secondary predication 272
4.Predicative complements 278
5.Adverbials: Temporality 279
6.Comparative and simile expressions 280
7.Essive versus translative 281
8.Word order 282
9.Conclusion 282
Chapter 12.The Komi answer to the essive question 285
1.Introduction 285
1.1The case system of Komi 286
1.2The distribution of the instrumental and other relevant cases 287
1.3General characterization of the functions in Komi: From locative *-n to instrumental and inessive 288
2.Non-verbal predication 289
2.1Case marking in non-verbal predications 289
2.2Agreement phenomena 291
3.Secondary predication 293
3.1Depictives 293
3.1.1Depictives coreferential with the subject 293
3.1.2Depictives coreferential with the object 294
3.2Converbs as depictives 295
4.Predicative complements 297
5.Adverbials 300
5.1General 300
5.2Instrumental in manner adverbials 301
6.Temporality and location 302
6.1Instrumental in temporal adverbials 302
6.1.1The use of the instrumental to express a segment in time is common in Komi-Zyryan (and Udmurt), and most regular in Komi-Permyak 302
6.1.2For time-frame adverbials the instrumental is used, however only in Komi 303
6.1.3Instrumental has a sociative-temporal meaning, where the event time is determined by another event 303
6.1.4The instrumental is used in Komi in a distributive-temporal meaning: periods that last and are repeated at intervals, with plural temporal expression 304
6.2Instrumental in locational adverbials 304
7.Instrumental in simile expressions 304
8.Word order 305
9.Conclusion and final remarks 307
Chapter 13.The Udmurt essive and its functional counterparts 311
1.Introduction 311
1.1Background 311
1.2The case system in Udmurt 312
2.Non-verbal predicates 315
3.Secondary predication 316
4.Predicative complements 319
5.Adverbials 321
6.Comparative and simile expressions 323
7.Essive versus translative 323
8.Word order 324
9.Conclusions 324
Chapter 14.The essives in Hungarian 327
0.Preliminary 327
1.Introduction 328
1.1Hungarian and the Hungarians 328
1.2The case inventory of Hungarian 328
1.3Hungarian productive essive forms 330
1.4Less productive and non-productive forms 333
2.Non-verbal predication 333
3.Secondary predication 334
3.1Depictive 334
3.1.1General properties of depictives with an essive in Hungarian 334
3.1.2-ként 335
3.1.3-ul/-ül 338
3.1.4-n/-an/-en 339
3.1.5Other (markers of) depictives 340
3.2Resultative 341
4.Predicative complements 341
5.Manner adverbials 343
6.Temporality, circumstance, and location 344
6.1Temporal expressions 344
6.2Circumstantial expressions 346
6.3Locational expressions 346
7.Comparative and simile expressions 346
8.Essive versus translative 347
9.Word order 348
10.Conclusions and final remarks 351
Chapter 15.The ‘essive’ in Eastern Khanty 355
1.Introduction 355
1.1The Khanty language 356
1.2The data 356
1.3The typological profile of Eastern Khanty 356
1.4The Eastern Khanty case system 357
2.Non-verbal predication 361
3.Secondary predication 365
4.Predicative complements 371
5.Adverbials 373
6.Temporality and location 374
7.Comparative and simile expressions 375
8.Translative vs. essive 375
9.Word order 376
10.Conclusion and final remarks 377
Chapter 16.The essive-translative in Mansi 381
1.Introduction 381
1.1The Mansi language 381
1.2The typological characterization of the Mansi language 382
1.3The corpora 383
1.4Mansi case system 383
2.Non-verbal predicates – copula constructions 386
3.Secondary predicates and secondary predications 388
4.Predicative complements 392
5.Adverbials 393
6.Temporality and location 394
7.Comparative and simile expressions 394
8.Essive versus translative 395
9.Word order 395
10.Conclusion 396
Chapter 17.The essive-translative in Tundra Nenets 399
1.Introduction 399
1.1Case system in Tundra Nenets 402
1.2Nominal categories and the essive-translative 404
2.Non-verbal predicates and copula constructions 406
2.1Basic copula constructions 408
2.2Semi-copula constructions 409
2.3The origin of semi-copula constructions 413
3.Secondary predicates – secondary predications 416
4.Predicative complements 418
5.Adverbials 420
6.Temporality and location 421
7.Comparative and similative expressions 422
8.Essive versus translative 423
9.Word order and focus 424
10.Conclusion 425
Chapter 18.The essive-translative in the Enets languages 429
1.Introduction 429
1.1The case system of Forest and Tundra Enets 430
1.2Case and full nouns 430
1.3Case and personal pronouns 432
1.4The place of the essive-translative in Enets morphology 433
1.5Why essive-translative? 434
2.Non-verbal predicates 436
3.Secondary predicates – secondary predication 436
4.Predicative complements 442
5.Adverbials 445
6.Temporality and location 446
7.Comparative and simile expressions 446
8.Essive versus translative 447
9.Word order and focus 450
9.1Word order in translative-resultative constructions with a verb of movement 451
9.2Word order and focus in non-constructional instances 452
10.Other remarks 455
10.1Other use of the essive-translative 456
10.2A conceptual difference – adverbs and the essive-translative in Tundra Enets 456
10.3The origin of the essive-translative 456
11.Conclusion 458
Chapter 19.The essive-translative in Nganasan 463
1.Introduction 463
1.1Data 464
1.2The case system in Nganasan 465
1.3Expression of essive-translative 466
2.Non-verbal predicates – copula constructions (non-verbal main predications) 470
3.Secondary predicates – secondary predications 471
4.Predicative complements 473
5.Adverbials 474
6.Temporality and location 475
7.Comparative and simile expressions 476
8.Essive versus translative 477
9.Word order and focus 477
10.Conclusion and final remarks 478
Chapter 20.The essive-translative in Selkup and Kamas 481
1.Introduction 481
1.1General information 481
1.2Data and sources 482
1.3The case systems 483
1.3.1Selkup 483
1.3.2Kamas 486
2.Non-verbal predicates – copular constructions 486
2.1Selkup 486
2.2Kamas 488
3.Secondary predicates/predication 489
4.Predicative complements 490
5.Adverbials 491
6.Comparative and simile expressions 493
7.Essive versus translative 494
8.Word order and focus 495
9.The origin of essive-translative in Selkup 495
10.Conclusions 496
Chapter 21.The typology of the essive in the Uralic Languages 499
1.Introduction 499
2.Essive and translative: Form and function 500
3.Impermanent versus permanent state 503
3.1Differential marking 503
3.2Restrictions 508
3.2.1Nominal and adjectival predicates 508
3.2.2Tense 509
3.2.3Other 509
3.2.4Conclusions of this section 510
4.Copula, semi-copula, essive, and translative 512
4.1Copula 512
4.2Semi-copula 516
4.3Converb of ‘be’ 518
4.4Modal verbs 519
4.5Conclusions of this section 520
5.The essive in secondary predications 520
5.1Depictives 521
5.1.1The marking of nominal and adjectival depictives in Uralic 523
5.1.2The marking of numeral depictives in Uralic 528
5.1.3Resultatives 529
5.1.4Conclusions of this section 532
6.Predicative complements 534
7.Essives in adverbial phrases 536
7.1Manner 536
7.2Temporal adverbial phrases 538
7.3Circumstantial adverbial phrases 539
7.4Locational adverbial phrases 539
7.5Comparative and simile expressions 539
7.6Conclusions of this section 540
8.Word order 540
9.The application of the essive questionnaire to non-Uralic languages 543
10.Conclusions 545
Appendix 1.Essive – typological questionnaire (January 2017) 553


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