Cover not available
Part of
Austronesian Undressed: How and why languages become isolating
Edited by David Gil and Antoinette Schapper
[Typological Studies in Language 129] 2020
► pp. 119–212

Chapter 3
Dual heritage

The story of Riau Indonesian and its relatives

| Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
How and why did Riau Indonesian acquire its isolating profile? Its isolating structure may traced back continuously through a series of increasingly large language networks – Malay/Indonesian koinés, Malay/Indonesian in general, Malayic, Western Nusantara, and the Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area – thereby refuting claims that it is the product of a recent event of creolisation. Riau Indonesian and its relatives exhibit dual heritage: Austronesian and Mekong-Mamberamo. From an Austronesian perspective, the isolating profile developed when Austronesian languages first spread into Nusantara, as a result of contact with the languages that were already present in the region. However, from a Mekong-Mamberamo point of view, the isolating structure may be viewed as the outcome of vertical inheritance dating back as far as we can see.
Keywords: isolating, Riau Indonesian, creolisation, dual heritage, language contact, complexity, Mekong-Mamberamo
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Previous accounts
    • 2.1Pidgin Malay Derived
    • 2.2Creole
    • 2.3Non-hybrid Conventionalised Second Language
    • 2.4Ethnicity, register and geography
  • 3.The sociohistorical landscape
    • 3.1Heartland varieties
    • 3.2Transplanted varieties
  • 4.The linguistic landscape
    • 4.1Riau Indonesian and other Malay/Indonesian koinés
    • 4.2Malay/Indonesian koinés and other varieties of Malay/Indonesian
    • 4.3Malay/Indonesian and other Malayic varieties
    • 4.4Malayic varieties and other languages of Western Nusantara
    • 4.5Languages of Western Nusantara and other Mekong-Mamberamo languages
    • 4.6Languages of Western Nusantara and other Austronesian languages
  • 5.The story of Riau Indonesian and its relatives
    • 5.1Act 1: Two separate heritages
    • 5.2Act 2: The coming together
    • 5.3Act 3: A new hybrid identity
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 21 October 2020
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.129.03gil
References (169)
References
Aboh, Enoch O. 2016. Creole distinctiveness: A dead end. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31(2): 400–418. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Adelaar, K. Alexander. 1984. Some Proto-Malayic affixes. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 140(4): 402–421. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1992. Proto Malayic: The Reconstruction of Its Phonology and Parts of Its Lexicon and Morphology. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian-Speaking World, Tom E. Dutton & Darrell T. Tryon (eds), 1–42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Salako or Badamea: Sketch Grammar, Text and Lexicon of a Kanayatn Dialect in West Borneo. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Adelaar, K. Alexander & Prentice, David J. 1996. Malay: Its history, role and spread. In Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas [Trends in Linguistics. Documentation 13], Stephen A. Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon (eds), 673–693. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anderbeck, Karl & Herdian, Aprilani. 2013. The Improbable Language: Survey Report on the Nasal Language of Bengkulu, Sumatra [SIL Electronic Survey Report 2013–012]. Dallas TX: SIL International.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2004. Contact, typology and the speaker: The essentials of language. Language Sciences 26: 485–494. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto & Matthews, Stephen J. 1999. The Minnan substrate and creolisation in Baba Malay. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 27(1): 38–68.Google Scholar
Arnold, Laura. 2017. A Grammar of Ambel, An Austronesian Language of West New Guinea. PhD dissertation. University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Asmah, Haji Omar. 1981. The Iban Language of Sarawak: A Grammatical Description. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter, Daval-Markussen Aymeric, Parkvall, Mikael & Plag Ingo. 2011. Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26: 5–42. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, Geoffrey. 1993. Grammar and polity: The cultural and political background to Standard Malay. In The Role of Theory in Language Description [Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 69], William A. Foley (ed.), 341–392. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Berry, Keith & Berry, Christine. 1999. A Description of Abun: A West Papuan Language of Irian Jaya. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Bickel, Balthasar & Nichols, Johanna. 2005. Fusion of selected inflectional formatives. In The World Atlas of Language Structures, Martin Haspelmath, Matthew Dryer, David Gil & Bernard Comrie (eds), 86–89. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Blasi, Damián E., Michaelis, Susanne M. & Haspelmath, Martin. 2017. Grammars are robustly transmitted even during the emergence of creole languages. Nature Human Behaviour 1: 723–729. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blust, Robert. 1993. Central and Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Oceanic Linguistics 32(2): 241–293. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2009. The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Blust, Robert & Trussel, Stephen. 2016. Austronesian comparative dictionary, web edn. <[URL]> (8 December 2019).
Burenhult, Niclas. 2005. A Grammar of Jahai, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Burgess, Anthony. 1975. Language Made Plain, revised edn. Glasgow: Fontana/Collins.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan. 1997. Semantic aspects of morphological typology. In Essays on Language Function and Language Type, Dedicated to T. Givón, Joan L. Bybee, John Haiman & Sandra A. Thompson (eds), 25–37. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clynes, Adrian. 2001. Brunei Malay: An overview. Occasional Papers in Language Studies 7: 11–43. Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.Google Scholar
Cole, Peter, Hermon, Gabriella & Yanti. 2008. Voice in Malay/Indonesian. Lingua 118: 1500–1553. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Collins, James T. 1980. Ambonese Malay and Creolisation Theory [Penerbitan Ilmiah 5]. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Conners, Thomas. 2008. Tengger Javanese. PhD dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Conners, Thomas, Bowden, John & Gil, David. 2015. Valency classes in Jakarta Indonesian. In Valency Classes in the World’s Languages, Andrej Malchukov & Bernard Comrie (eds), 941–986. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Dahl, Östen. 2004. The Growth and Maintenance of Linguistic Complexity [Studies in Language Companion Series 71]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2009. Testing the assumption of complexity invariance: The case of Elfdalian and Swedish. In Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable, Geoffrey Sampson, David Gil & Peter Trudgill (eds), 50–63. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Dalby, Andrew. 1998. Dictionary of Languages. New York NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Daniel, Michael, Dobrushina, Nina & Knyazev, Sergey. 2010. Highlanders’ Russian: Case study in bilingualism and language interference in central Daghestan. In Sociolinguistic Approaches to Non-Standard Russian [Slavica Helsingiensia 40], Arto Mustajoki, Ekaterin Protassova & Nikolai Vakhtin (eds), 65–93. Helsinki: Helsinki University.Google Scholar
Davies, William D. 2010. A Grammar of Madurese. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Vries, Lourens. 2004. A Short Grammar of Inanwatan. An Endangered Language of the Bird’s Head of Papua. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2001. On the origin of Creoles: A Cartesian critique of ‘neo’-Darwinian linguistics. Linguistic Typology 203: 213–310.Google Scholar
. 2003. Against creole exceptionalism. Language 79(2): 391–410. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Linguists’ most dangerous myth: The fallacy of Creole exceptionalism. Language in Society 34(4): 533–591. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Denham, Tim & Donohue, Mark. 2009. Pre-Austronesian dispersal of banana cultivars West from New Guinea: Linguistic relics from Eastern Indonesia. Archaeology in Oceania 44: 18–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dobney, Keith, Cucchi, Thomas & Larson, Greger. 2008. The pigs of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific: New evidence for taxonomic status and human-mediated dispersal. Asian Perspectives 47: 59–74. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Donohue, Mark & Grimes, Charles E. 2008. Yet more on the position of the languages of Eastern Indonesia and East Timor. Oceanic Linguistics 47(1): 114–158. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Donohue, Mark & Sawaki, Yusuf. 2007. Papuan Malay pronominals: Forms and functions. Oceanic Linguistics 47: 253–276. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Durie, Mark. 1985. A Grammar of Acehnese, on the Basis of a Dialect of North Aceh. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S. 2005. Prefixing vs. suffixing in inflectional morphology. In The World Atlas of Language Structures, Martin Haspelmath, Matthew Dryer, David Gil & Bernard Comrie (eds), 110–113. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Edwards, Owen. 2016. Metathesis and Unmetathesis: Parallelism and Complementarity in Amarasi, Timor. PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Enfield, Nicholas J. 2003. Linguistic Epidemiology: Semantics and Grammar of Language Contact in Mainland Southeast Asia. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar
2005. Areal linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia. Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 181–206. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011. Linguistic diversity in Mainland Southeast Asia. In Dynamics of Human Diversity: The case of Mainland Southeast Asia, Nicholas J. Enfield (ed.), 63–79. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
van Engelenhoven, Aone. 2004. Leti: A Language of Southwest Maluku. Leiden: KITLV.Google Scholar
Ernanda, Ernanda. 2017. Phrasal Alternation in Kerinci. Amsterdam: LOT.Google Scholar
Fadlul Rahman, Fitri, Kurniati, Santi, Prima Putri, Yessy & Gil, David. 2013. Word-internal language mixing: Borrowing, code-switching or register-switching. Paper presented at the Seventeenth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics , Padang, Indonesia, 9 June 2019.
Gasser, Emily, Arnold, Laura & Kamholz, David. To appear. The languages of Halmahera and West New Guinea. In Handbook of the Austronesian Languages of Southeast Asia [tentative title], S. A. Adelaar & Antoinette Schapper (eds). Oxford: OUP.
Gil, David. 1994. The structure of Riau Indonesian. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17: 179–200. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1996. How to speak backwards in Tagalog. In Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, January 8–10, 1996, Vol. 1, 297–306. Salaya: Mahidol University, Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development.Google Scholar
. 2000. Syntactic categories, cross-linguistic variation and Universal Grammar. In Approaches to the Typology of Word Classes, Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, Petra M. Vogel & Bernard Comrie (eds), 173–216. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Creoles, complexity and Riau Indonesian. Linguistic Typology 5: 325–371.Google Scholar
. 2002. The prefixes di- and N- in Malay / Indonesian dialects. In The History and Typology of Western Austronesian Voice, Fay Wouk & Malcolm Ross (eds), 241–283. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 2005. Word order without syntactic categories: How Riau Indonesian does it. In Verb First: On the Syntax of Verb-Initial Languages Systems [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 73], Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley & Sheila A. Dooley (eds), 243–263. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2006. Intonation and thematic roles in Riau Indonesian. In Topic and Focus, Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Meaning and Intonation, Chungmin Lee, Matthew Gordon & Daniel Büring (eds), 41–68. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
. 2009a. How much grammar does it take to sail a boat? In Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable, Geoffrey Sampson, David Gil & Peter Trudgill (eds), 19–33. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
. 2009b. Riau Indonesian: What kind of a language is it? Kongres Internasional Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia (KIMLI) 2009 (Indonesia Linguistics Society International Conference), 29–61. Malang: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia and Universitas Negeri Malang.Google Scholar
. 2013. Riau Indonesian: A language without nouns and verbs. In Flexible Word Classes, Typological Studies of Underspecified Parts of Speech, Jan Rijkhoff & Eva van Lier (eds), 89–130. Oxford: OUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2015. The Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area. In Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, The State of the Art, Nicholas J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds), 266–355. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
. 2016. Describing languoids: When incommensurability meets the language-dialect continuum. Linguistic Typology 20: 439–462. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017a. Isolating-monocategorial-associational language. In Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science, 2nd edn, Henri Cohen & Claire Lefebvre (eds), 471–510. Amsterdam: Elsevier. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017b. Roon ve, DO/GIVE coexpression, and language contact in Northwest New Guinea. In Contact and Substrate in the Languages of Wallacea, Part 1, Antionette Schapper (ed.). NUSA 62: 41–100.Google Scholar
Gil, David & McKinnon, Timothy. 2014. Excrescent nasals in Western Sumatra. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Yangon University, Yangon, Myanmar, 30 May 2014.
. 2015. Phrasal phonological alternations in Malayic languages. Paper presented at the 11th Meeting of the Association for Linguistic Typology , Albuquerque, NM, 1 August 2015.
Gil, David & Shen, Yeshayahu. 2019. How grammar introduces asymmetry into cognitive structures: Compositional semantics, metaphors and schematological hybrids. Frontiers in Psychology – Language Sciences. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gil, David, Tadmor, Uri, Bowden, John & Taylor, Bradley. 2015. Data from the Jakarta Field Station, Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 1999–2015. <[URL]> (30 May 2020).
Goldammer, Thomas. 2011. Areal Patterns in Ancient Western Eurasia. PhD dissertation, University of Leipzig.Google Scholar
Gudai, Darmansyah H. 1985. A Grammar of Maanyan, A Language of Central Kalimantan, PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Hanan, Sandra Safitri. 2015. Berkenalan dengan dialek Melayu Makassar (Getting to Know the Makassar Malay Dialect). Yogyakarta: Ombak.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2013. Argument indexing: A conceptual framework for the syntactic status of bound person forms. In Languages Across Boundaries: Studies in Memory of Anna Siewierska, Dik Bakker & Martin Haspelmath (eds), 197–226. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin, Dryer, Matthew, Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds). 2005. The World Atlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Hayami-Allen, Rika. 2001. A Descriptive Study of the Language of Ternate, The Northern Moluccas, Indonesia. PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Hendon, Rufus S. 1966. The Phonology and Morphology of Ulu Muar Malay (Kuala Pilah District, Negri Sembilan, Malaya). New Haven CT: Yale University, Dept. of Anthroplogy.Google Scholar
Hogan, David W. 1988. Urak Lawoi’: Basic Structures and a Dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Ikranagara, Kay. 1980. Melayu Betawi Grammar [NUSA Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia 9]. Jakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Guy S., Hudjashov, Georgi, Lauri, Saag, Kusuma, Pradiptajati, Darusallam, Chelzie C., Lawson, Daniel J., Mondal, Mayukh, Pagani, Luca, Ricaut, François-Xavier, Stoneking, Mark, Metspalu, Mait, Sudoyo, Herawati, Lansing, J. Stephen & Cox, Murray P. 2019. Multiple deeply divergent Denisovan ancestries in Papuans. Cell 177(4): 1010–1021. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jinam, Timothy A., Hong, Lih-Chun, Phipps, Maude E., Stoneking, Mark, Ameen, Mahmood, Edo, Juli, HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium; Naruya Saitou. 2012. Evolutionary history of continental Southeast Asians: Early train hypothesis based on genetic analysis of mitochondrial and autosomal DNA data. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29: 3513–3527. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jufrizal & Arka, I. Wayan. 2006. Voice in Mentawai: A note on its typological position in the Austronesian languages of Indonesia. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society , Jakarta, Indonesia, 21 September 2006.
Kahler, Hans. 1966. Wörterverzeichnis des Omong Djakarta. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Kalipke, Hans & Agar Kalipke, Mohamad. 2001. Wörterbuch Sakai Indonesisch-Deutsch. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
Karafet, Tatiana M., Hallmark, Brian, Cox, Murray P., Sudoyo, Herawati, Downey, Sean, Lansing, J. Stephen & Hammer, Michael F. 2010. Major east-west division underlies Y chromosome stratification across Indonesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution 27: 1833–1844. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, Jean. 2008. Pacific bananas: Complex origins, multiple dispersals? Asian Perspectives 47: 75–94. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kluge, Angela. 2014. A Grammar of Papuan Malay. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
. 2016. Productivity of morphological patterns and social domain analysis in Papuan Malay. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 9: 200–218.Google Scholar
Kruspe, Nicole. 2004. A Grammar of Semelai. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
LaPolla, Randy J. 2001. The role of migration and language contact in the development of the Sino-Tibetan language family. In Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon (eds), 225–254. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Larson, Greger, Cucchi, Thomas, Fujita, Masakatsu, Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth, Robins, Judith, Anderson, Atholl, Rolett, Barry, Spriggs, Matthew, Dolman, Gayner, Kim, Tae-Hun, Nguyen Thi Dieu Thuy, Randi, Ettore, Doherty, Moira, Due, Rokua Awe, Bollt, Robert, Djubiantono, Tony, Griffin, Bion, Intoh, Michiko, Keane, Emile, Kirch, Patrick, Li, Kuang-Ti, Morwood, Michael, Pedriña, Lolita M., Piper, Philip J., Rabett, Ryan J., Shooter, Peter, Van den Bergh, Gert, West, Eric, Wickler, Stephen, Yuan, Jing, Cooper, Alan & Dobney, Keith. 2007. Phylogeny and ancient DNA of Sus provides insights into Neolithic expansion in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington DC) 104: 4834–4839. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lauder, Alan. 2008. Review of ‘Jean Aitchison, Words in the Mind (3rd edition)’. Linguistik Indonesia 26(1): 115–127.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Claire. 1986. Relexification in creole genesis revisited: The case of Haitian Creole. In Substrata Versus Universals in Creole Genesis [Creole Language Library 1], Pieter Muysken & Norval S. H. Smith (eds), 279–300. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1997. On the cognitive process of relexification. In Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages. (With Special Reference to Modern Hebrew, Haitian Creole, Romani and Rumanian), Julia Horvath & Paul Wexler (eds), 72–99. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Lim, Sonny. 1988. Baba Malay: The language of the ‘Straits-born’ Chinese. In Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No.3., Hein Steinhauer (ed.), 1–61. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
McDonnell, Bradley. 2016. Symmetrical Voice Constructions in Besemah: A Usage-based Approach. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
McGinn, Richard. 1982. Outline of Rejang Syntax [NUSA 14]. Jakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.Google Scholar
McKinnon, Timothy. 2011. The Morphophonology and Morphosyntax of Kerinci Word-Shape Alternations. PhD dissertation, University of Delaware, Newark.Google Scholar
McKinnon, Timothy, Cole, Peter & Hermon, Gabriella. 2011. Object agreement and ‘pro-drop’ in Kerinci Malay. Language 87(4): 715–750. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McKinnon, Timothy & Gil, David. 2014. Codas with vowels in Western Sumatra. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Yangon University, Yangon, Myanmar, 30 May 2014.
McKinnon, Timothy, Hermon, Gabriella, Yanti & Cole Peter. 2018. From phonology to syntax: Insights from Malay. In Boundaries Crossed, at the Interfaces of Morphosyntax, Phonology, Pragmatics and Semantics, Huba Bartos, Marcel den Dikken, Zoltán Bánreti & Tamás Varadi (eds), 349–371. Berlin: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McKinnon, Timothy, Yanti, Cole Peter & Hermon, Gabriella. 2015. Infixation and apophony in Malay: Description and developmental stages. Linguistik Indonesia 33(1): 1–19.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 1998. Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class. Language 74: 788–818. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000. Defining creole as a synchronic term. In Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages [Creole Language Library 22], Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh & Edgar Schneider (eds), 85–123. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
2001a. The rest of the story: Restoring pidginisation to creole genesis theory. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 17: 1–48. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2001b. The world’s simplest grammars are creole grammars. Linguistic Typology 5: 125–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2001c. What people ask David Gil and why? Linguistic Typology 5: 388–412. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005. Defining Creole. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2007. Language Interrupted: Signs of Non-native Acquisition in Standard Language Grammars. Oxford: OUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008. Why does a language undress: Strange cases in Indonesia. In Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change [Studies in Language Companion Series 94] Matti Miestamo, Kaius Sinnemäki & Fred Karlsson (eds), 167–190. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011a. Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity. Why Do Languages Undress? Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011b. Tying up loose ends: The creole prototype after all. Diachronica 28(1): 82–117. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2018. The Creole Debate. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2019. On counterexamples to the creole prototype: Why Riau Indonesian is a creole and Chinese isn’t. Ms.Google Scholar
Matisoff, James A. 2003. Aslian: Mon-Khmer of the Malay Peninsula. Mon-Khmer Studies 33: 1–58.Google Scholar
Mead, David. 2003. Evidence for a Celebic subgroup. In Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology, John Lynch (ed.), 115–141. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity, Green, Jennifer & Turpin, Myfany. 2018. Understanding Linguistic Fieldwork. New York NY: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne. 2017. Explaining the features of creole languages: Language shift and the division of labour between substrates and lexifiers. Paper presented at the Workshop on Language Shift and Substratum Influence in (Pre)history, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, 12 July 2017.
Michaelis, Susanna, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin & Huber, Magnus (eds). 2013. The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures (APiCS). Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Miestamo, Matti. 2008. Standard Negation, The Negation of Declarative Verbal Main Clauses in a Typological Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Morwood, Michael J., Soejono, Radien P., Roberts, Richard G., Sutikna, Thomas, Turney, Chris S. M., Westaway, Kira E., Rink, W. Jack, Zhao, Jian-xin, van den Bergh, Gert, Rokus Awe Due, Hobbs, D. R., Moore, Mark W., Bird, Michael I. & Fifield, L. K. 2004. Archaeology and age of a new homonin from Flores in Eastern Indonesia. Nature 431(7012): 1087–1091. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Moussay, Gerard. 1981. La langue Minangkabau. Paris: Archipel.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1986. Les langues créoles peuvent-elles ětre définies sans allusion à leur histoire? Études Créoles 9: 135–50.Google Scholar
2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change, London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 2009. Linguistic complexity: A comprehensive definition and survey. In Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable, Geoffrey Sampson, David Gil & Peter Trudgill (eds), 110–125. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna & Warnow, Tandy. 2008. Tutorial in computational linguistic phylogeny. Language and Linguistics Compass 2(5): 760–820. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nordhoff, Sebastian (ed.). 2012. The Genesis of Sri Lanka Malay, A Case of Extreme Language Contact. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Nothofer, Bernd. 1986. The Barrier Island languages in the Austronesian language family. In FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Paul Geraghty, Lois Carrington & Stephen A. Wurm (eds), 87–109. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 1994. The relationships between the languages of the Barrier Islands and the Sulawesi-Philippine languages. In Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World, Tom E. Dutton & Darrell T. Tryon (eds), 389–409. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Odé, Cecilia. 2002. A sketch of Mpur. In Languages of the Eastern Bird’s Head, Ger P. Reesink (ed.), 45–107. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Paauw, Scott. 2009. The Malay Contact Varieties of Eastern Indonesia: A Typological Comparison. PhD dissertation. State University of New York at Buffalo.Google Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael. 2008. The simplicity of creoles in a cross-linguistic perspective. In Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change [Studies in Language Companion Series 94] Matti Miestamo, Kaius Sinnemäki & Fred Karlsson (eds), 265–285. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Platt, John T. 1975. The Singapore English speech continuum and its basilect ‘Singlish’ as a ‘Creoloid’. Anthropological Linguistics 17: 363–374.Google Scholar
Post, Mark W. 2015. Morphosyntactic reconstruction in an areal-historical context: A pre-historical relationship between North East India and Mainland Southwest Asia? In Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, The State of the Art, Nicholas J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds), 209–265. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Prentice, David J. 1987. Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian). In The World’s Major Languages, Bernard Comrie (eds), 913–935. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Prentice, David J. & Usman, A. Hakim. 1978. Kerinci sound-changes and phonotactics. In Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Fascicle I, Western Austronesian, Stephen A. Wurm & Lois Carrington (eds), 121–163. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Raviv, Limor, Meyer, Antje & Lev-Ari, Shiri. 2019. Larger communities create more systematic languages. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286: 20191262. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reesink, Ger P. 1998. The Bird’s Head as sprachbund. In Perspectives on the Bird’s Head of Irian Jaya, Jelle Miedama, Cecilia Odé & Rien A. C. Dam (eds), 603–642. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
2002. The Eastern Bird’s Head languages compared. In Languages of the Eastern Bird’s Head, Ger P. Reesink (ed.), 1–44. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
2009. A connection between Bird’s Head and (Proto) Oceanic. In Discovering History through Language, Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross, Bethwyn Evans (ed.), 181–192. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Ross, Malcolm D. 1996. Contact-induced change and the comparative method: Cases from Papua New Guinea. In The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change, Mark Durie & Malcolm D. Ross (eds), 180–217. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2002. Final words: Research themes in the history and typology of Western Austronesian languages. In The History and Typology of Western Austronesian Voice Systems, Fay Wouk & Malcolm Ross (eds), 451–474. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Schapper, Antoinette. 2010. Bunaq: A Papuan Language of Central Timor. PhD dissertation. Australian National University.Google Scholar
Seifart, Frank. 2013. AfBo: A World-Wide Survey of Affix Borrowing. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. <[URL]> (15 November 2019).
. 2015. Direct and indirect affix borrowing. Language 91(3): 511–532. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sinnemäki, Kaius. 2009. Complexity in core argument marking and population size. In Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable, Geoffrey Sampson, David Gil & Peter Trudgill (eds), 126–141. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Slomanson, Peter. 2006. Sri Lankan Malay morphosyntax, Lankan or Malay? In Structure and Variation in Language Contact [Creole Language Library 29], Ana Deumert & Stephany Durrleman-Tame (eds), 135–158. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2008. The perfect construction and complexity drift in Sri Lankan Malay. Lingua 118: 1640–1655. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2016. Pragmatic accommodation as a catalyst for the development of (non-)finiteness. The Linguistic Review 33(3): 365–396. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian, A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2006. Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Spriggs, Matthew. 2007. The Neolithic and Austronesian expansion within Island Southeast Asia and into the Pacific. In From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: Archaeological Perspectives on the Austronesian Expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex, Scarlett Chiu & Christophe Sand (eds), 104–125. Taipei: Centres for Archaeological Studies Research and for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academica Sinica.Google Scholar
Starosta, Stanley, Pawley, Andrew K. & Reid, Laurie. 1982. The evolution of focus in Austronesian. In Papers from TICAL, Vol. 2, Amran Halim, Lois Carrington & Stephen A. Wurm (eds), 201–216. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Steinhauer, Hein. 1991. Malay in east Indonesia: The case of Larantuka (Flores). In Papers in Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 1, Hein Steinhauer (ed.), 177–195. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 1996. Morphemic metathesis in Dawanese (Timor). In Hein Steinhauer (ed.), Papers in Austronesian Linguistics, 217–232. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Steinhauer, Hein & Usman, A. Hakim. 1978. Notes on the morphemics of Kerinci (Sumatra). In Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Fascicle I, Western Austronesian, Stephen A. Wurm & Lois Carrington (eds), 483–502. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Stokhof, Wim A. L. 1975. Preliminary Notes on the Alor and Pantar Languages (East Indonesia). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Sutikna, Thomas, Tocheri, Matthew W., Morwood, Michael J., Saptomo, E. Wahyu, Jatmiko, Rokus Due Awe, Wasisto, Sri, Westaway, Kira E., Aubert, Maxime, Li, Bo, Zhao, Jian-xin, Storey, Michael, Alloway, Brent V., Morley, Mike W., Meijer, Hanneke J. M., van den Bergh, Gerrit D., Grün, Rainer, Dosseto, Anthony, Brumm, Adam, Jungers, William L. & Roberts, Richard G. 2016. Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia. Nature 532: 366–369. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tadmor, Uri. 1995. Language Contact and Systemic Restructuring: The Malay Dialect of Nonthaburi, Central Thailand. PhD dissertation, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.Google Scholar
Tjia, Johnny. 2007. A Grammar of Mualang, An Ibanic Language of Western Kalimantan, Indonesia. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2009. Sociolinguistic typology and complexification. In Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable, Geoffrey Sampson, David Gil & Peter Trudgill (eds), 98–109. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
. 2011. Sociolinguistic Typology: Social Determinants of Linguistic Complexity, Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Vallee, François, Luciani, Aurélien & Cox, Murray P. 2016. Reconstructing demography and social behavior during the Neolithic expansion from genomic diversity across Island Southeast Asia. Genetics 204: 1495–1506. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van den Berg, René. 2004. Some notes on the origin of Malay di- . Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia) 60(4): 532–554.Google Scholar
van Hasselt, Frans J. F. 1905. Spraakkunst der Numfoorsche Taal (The art of speech in the Numfoor language). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Voorhoeve, Clemens L. 1982. The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: A fieldwork report. In The Makian Languages and Their Neighbors, Clemens L. Voorhoeve (ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wexler, Paul. 2002. Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolff, John U. 1988. The contribution of Banjar Masin Malay to the reconstruction of Proto-Malay. In Rekonstruksi dan Cabang-Cabang Bahasa Melayu Induk (The Proto-Malay Language: Reconstruction and Branches), Mohd Thani Ahmad & Zaini Mohamed Zain (eds), 85–98. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Wurm, Stephen A., Voorhoeve, Clemens L. & McElhanon, Kenneth A. 1975. The Trans-New Guinea phylum in general. In New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Stephen A. Wurm (ed.), 299–322. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Yanti. 2010. A Reference Grammar of Jambi Malay. PhD dissertation, University of Delaware, Newark.Google Scholar
Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Alexander Adelaar & Antoinette Schapper
2024. The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Southeast Asia, DOI logo
Gil, David
2021. Tense–aspect–mood marking, language-family size and the evolution of predication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376:1824 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.