Part of
Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic StructureEdited by Joan L. Bybee and Paul J. Hopper
[Typological Studies in Language 45] 2001
► pp. 229–
Edited by Joan L. Bybee and Paul J. Hopper
[Typological Studies in Language 45] 2001
► pp. 229–
Probabilistic relations between words
Evidence from reduction in lexical production
Cited by
Cited by 205 other publications
Adda-Decker, Martine & Natalie D. Snoeren
2011. Quantifying temporal speech reduction in French using forced speech alignment. Journal of Phonetics 39:3 ► pp. 261 ff. 
Almeida Suarez, Manuel
2020. Chapter 8. The role of interdialectal forms in the formation of koinai. In Intermediate Language Varieties [Studies in Language Variation, 24], ► pp. 183 ff.
Amano, Shigeaki, Mariko Kondo & Kimiko Yamakawa
2021. Predicting and classifying Japanese singleton and geminate consonants using logarithmic duration. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150:3 ► pp. 1830 ff.
Ambridge, Ben
2018. Against Stored Abstractions: A Radical Exemplar Model of Language Acquisition. SSRN Electronic Journal
Ambridge, Ben
2020. Against stored abstractions: A radical exemplar model of language acquisition. First Language 40:5-6 ► pp. 509 ff.
Anttila, Arto
2006. Variation and Opacity. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 24:4 ► pp. 893 ff.
Arnold, Jennifer E.
2008. Reference production: Production-internal and addressee-oriented processes. Language and Cognitive Processes 23:4 ► pp. 495 ff.
Arnold, Jennifer E.
2010. How Speakers Refer: The Role of Accessibility. Language and Linguistics Compass 4:4 ► pp. 187 ff.
Arnold, Jennifer E., Jason M. Kahn & Giulia C. Pancani
2012. Audience design affects acoustic reduction via production facilitation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 19:3 ► pp. 505 ff.
Arnold, Jennifer E. & Duane G. Watson
2015. Synthesising meaning and processing approaches to prosody: performance matters. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30:1-2 ► pp. 88 ff.
Arnold, Jennifer E. & Sandra A. Zerkle
2019. Why do people produce pronouns? Pragmatic selection vs. rational models. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 34:9 ► pp. 1152 ff.
Arnon, Inbal & Eve V. Clark
2011. WhyBrush Your TeethIs Better ThanTeeth– Children's Word Production Is Facilitated in Familiar Sentence-Frames. Language Learning and Development 7:2 ► pp. 107 ff.
Arnon, Inbal & Uriel Cohen Priva
2013. More than Words: The Effect of Multi-word Frequency and Constituency on Phonetic Duration. Language and Speech 56:3 ► pp. 349 ff.
Arnon, Inbal & Uriel Cohen Priva
Arppe, Antti, Gaëtanelle Gilquin, Dylan Glynn, Martin Hilpert & Arne Zeschel
2010. Cognitive Corpus Linguistics: five points of debate on current theory and methodology. Corpora 5:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Aylett, Matthew & Alice Turk
2004. The Smooth Signal Redundancy Hypothesis: A Functional Explanation for Relationships between Redundancy, Prosodic Prominence, and Duration in Spontaneous Speech. Language and Speech 47:1 ► pp. 31 ff.
Aylett, Matthew & Alice Turk
2006. Language redundancy predicts syllabic duration and the spectral characteristics of vocalic syllable nuclei. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119:5 ► pp. 3048 ff.
Baese-Berk, Melissa, Tuuli H. Morrill & Laura Dilley
2018. Predictability and perception for native and non-native listeners. Linguistics Vanguard 4:s2
Baeza-Yates, Ricardo, Martí Mayo-Casademont & Luz Rello
2015. Feasibility of Word Difficulty Prediction. In String Processing and Information Retrieval [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9309], ► pp. 362 ff.
Baker, Rachel E. & Ann R. Bradlow
2009. Variability in Word Duration as a Function of Probability, Speech Style, and Prosody. Language and Speech 52:4 ► pp. 391 ff.
BAKER, WENDY
2010. Effects of age and experience on the production of English word-final stops by Korean speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13:3 ► pp. 263 ff.
Bang, Jeesoo, Kyusong Lee, Seonghan Ryu & Gary Geunbae Lee
2014. 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), ► pp. 935 ff.
Barlow, Michael
Barth, Danielle
2019. Effects of average and specific context probability on reduction of function words BE and HAVE
. Linguistics Vanguard 5:1
Bayley, Robert, Kristen A. Greer & Cory L. Holland
Clay Beckner, Richard Blythe, Joan Bybee, Morten H. Christiansen, William Croft, Nick C. Ellis, John Holland, Jinyun Ke, Diane Larsen-Freeman & Tom Schoenemann
2009. Language Is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper. Language Learning 59 ► pp. 1 ff.
Bell, Melanie J., Sonia Ben Hedia & Ingo Plag
2021. How morphological structure affects phonetic realisation in English compound nouns. Morphology 31:2 ► pp. 87 ff.
Bennett, Ryan, Kevin Tang & Juan Ajsivinac Sian
2018. Statistical and acoustic effects on the perception of stop consonants in Kaqchikel (Mayan). Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology 9:1 ► pp. 9 ff.
Blevins, Juliette
2012. Duality of patterning: Absolute universal or statistical tendency?. Language and Cognition 4:4 ► pp. 275 ff.
Bradlow, Ann R.
2022. Information encoding and transmission profiles of first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:1 ► pp. 148 ff.
Bradlow, Ann R. & Jennifer A. Alexander
2007. Semantic and phonetic enhancements for speech-in-noise recognition by native and non-native listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121:4 ► pp. 2339 ff.
Brandt, Erika, Bernd Möbius & Bistra Andreeva
2021. Dynamic Formant Trajectories in German Read Speech: Impact of Predictability and Prominence. Frontiers in Communication 6
Breen, Mara
2018. Effects of metric hierarchy and rhyme predictability on word duration in The Cat in the Hat. Cognition 174 ► pp. 71 ff.
Brook O'Donnell, Matthew, Ute Römer & Nick C. Ellis
2015. The development of formulaic sequences in first and second language writing. In Current Issues in Phraseology [Benjamins Current Topics, 74], ► pp. 83 ff.
BROUWER, SUSANNE, HOLGER MITTERER & FALK HUETTIG
2013. Discourse context and the recognition of reduced and canonical spoken words. Applied Psycholinguistics 34:3 ► pp. 519 ff.
Brown, Earl K.
2018. The company that word-boundary sounds keep. In Functionalist and Usage-based Approaches to the Study of Language [Studies in Language Companion Series, 192], ► pp. 107 ff.
Brown, Earl K. & Matthew C. Alba
2017. The role of contextual frequency in the articulation of initial /f/ in Modern Spanish: The same effect as in the reduction of Latin /f/?. Language Variation and Change 29:1 ► pp. 57 ff.
Brown, Esther L.
2015. The role of discourse context frequency in phonological variation: A usage-based approach to bilingual speech production. International Journal of Bilingualism 19:4 ► pp. 387 ff.
Brown, Esther L.
2018. Cumulative exposure to phonetic reducing environments marks the lexicon. In Functionalist and Usage-based Approaches to the Study of Language [Studies in Language Companion Series, 192], ► pp. 127 ff.
Brown, Esther L. & Javier Rivas
2012. Grammatical relation probability: How usage patterns shape analogy. Language Variation and Change 24:3 ► pp. 317 ff.
Brown, Esther L. & Naomi Shin
2022. Acquisition of cumulative conditioning effects on words: Spanish-speaking children’s [subject pronoun + verb] usage. First Language 42:3 ► pp. 361 ff.
BYBEE, JOAN & RICARDO NAPOLEÃO DE SOUZA
2019. Vowel duration in English adjectives in attributive and predicative constructions. Language and Cognition 11:4 ► pp. 555 ff.
Börstell, Carl, Thomas Hörberg & Robert Östling
2016. Distribution and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language. Sign Language & Linguistics 19:2 ► pp. 143 ff.
Bürki, Audrey, Mirjam Ernestus, Cédric Gendrot, Cécile Fougeron & Ulrich Hans Frauenfelder
2011. What affects the presence versus absence of schwa and its duration: A corpus analysis of French connected speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130:6 ► pp. 3980 ff.
Christiansen, Morten H. & Nick Chater
2016. The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39
Chuang, Andrew H. C. & Haoran Yang
2022. From Translationese to Emergent Irony: A Usage-Based Approach to Chinese Bèi Passive. In Concepts, Discourses, and Translations [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 357 ff.
Cintrón-Valentín, Myrna C. & Nick C. Ellis
2016. Salience in Second Language Acquisition: Physical Form, Learner Attention, and Instructional Focus. Frontiers in Psychology 7
Clopper, Cynthia G., Rachel Steindel Burdin & Rory Turnbull
2019. Variation in /u/ fronting in the American Midwest. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146:1 ► pp. 233 ff.
Clopper, Cynthia G. & Janet B. Pierrehumbert
2008. Effects of semantic predictability and regional dialect on vowel space reduction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124:3 ► pp. 1682 ff.
Coetzee, Andries W. & Shigeto Kawahara
2013. Frequency biases in phonological variation. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 31:1 ► pp. 47 ff.
Cohen, Clara
2014. Probabilistic reduction and probabilistic enhancement. Morphology 24:4 ► pp. 291 ff.
Cohen, Clara
Cohen, Clara & Shinae Kang
2018. Flexible perceptual sensitivity to acoustic and distributional cues. The Mental Lexicon 13:1 ► pp. 38 ff.
Cohen Priva, Uriel
2015. Informativity affects consonant duration and deletion rates. Laboratory Phonology 6:2
Cohn, Abigail C. & Ferdinan Okki Kurniawan
2018. Chapter 16. The status of schwa in Indonesian. In Topics in Theoretical Asian Linguistics [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 250], ► pp. 343 ff.
Dayter, Maria & Elena Riekhakaynen
2021. What Causes Phonetic Reduction in Russian Speech: New Evidence from Machine Learning Algorithms. In Speech and Computer [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12997], ► pp. 146 ff.
Dell, Gary S. & Cassandra L. Jacobs
2016. Successful Speaking. In Neurobiology of Language, ► pp. 209 ff.
Diessel, Holger
2019. The Grammar Network,
Dossey, Ellen, Zack Jones & Cynthia G. Clopper
2022. Relative Contributions of Social, Contextual, and Lexical Factors in Speech Processing. Language and Speech ► pp. 002383092211078 ff.
Droste, Pepe
2020.
Voll- und Reduktionsformen im Dienst der Klammer
. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 142:2 ► pp. 153 ff.
Duffield, Cecily Jill
2016. Frequency, activation, and the production of verb inflection in agrammatic aphasia. Aphasiology 30:11 ► pp. 1283 ff.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Gorka Elordieta
Eijk, Lotte, Annalise Fletcher, Megan McAuliffe & Esther Janse
2020. The Effects of Word Frequency and Word Probability on Speech Rhythm in Dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63:9 ► pp. 2833 ff.
Ellis, Nick C.
2006. Selective Attention and Transfer Phenomena in L2 Acquisition: Contingency, Cue Competition, Salience, Interference, Overshadowing, Blocking, and Perceptual Learning. Applied Linguistics 27:2 ► pp. 164 ff.
ELLIS, NICK C.
2008. The Dynamics of Second Language Emergence: Cycles of Language Use, Language Change, and Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal 92:2 ► pp. 232 ff.
Ellis, Nick C. & Dave C. Ogden
2017. Thinking About Multiword Constructions: Usage-Based Approaches to Acquisition and Processing. Topics in Cognitive Science 9:3 ► pp. 604 ff.
ELLIS, NICK C., RITA SIMPSON‐VLACH & CARSON MAYNARD
2008. Formulaic Language in Native and Second Language Speakers: Psycholinguistics, Corpus Linguistics, and TESOL. TESOL Quarterly 42:3 ► pp. 375 ff.
Ellis, Nick C. & Stefanie Wulff
2019. Cognitive Approaches to Second Language Acquisition. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language Learning, ► pp. 41 ff.
Engemann, Marie & Ingo Plag
2021. Phonetic reduction and paradigm uniformity effects in spontaneous speech. The Mental Lexicon 16:1 ► pp. 165 ff.
Ernestus, Mirjam
2014. Acoustic reduction and the roles of abstractions and exemplars in speech processing. Lingua 142 ► pp. 27 ff.
Ernestus, Mirjam, Mybeth Lahey, Femke Verhees & R. Harald Baayen
2006. Lexical frequency and voice assimilation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120:2 ► pp. 1040 ff.
Fitzroy, Ahren B. & Mara Breen
2020. Metric Structure and Rhyme Predictability Modulate Speech Intensity During Child-Directed and Read-Alone Productions of Children’s Literature. Language and Speech 63:2 ► pp. 292 ff.
Fraundorf, Scott H., Duane G. Watson & Aaron S. Benjamin
2015. Reduction in prosodic prominence predicts speakers' recall: implications for theories of prosody. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30:5 ► pp. 606 ff.
Fricke, Melinda, Judith F. Kroll & Paola E. Dussias
2016. Phonetic variation in bilingual speech: A lens for studying the production–comprehension link. Journal of Memory and Language 89 ► pp. 110 ff.
Fukumura, Kumiko & Roger P.G. van Gompel
2012. Producing Pronouns and Definite Noun Phrases: Do Speakers Use the Addressee’s Discourse Model?. Cognitive Science 36:7 ► pp. 1289 ff.
Gligorić, Kristina, Ashton Anderson & Robert West
2019. Causal Effects of Brevity on Style and Success in Social Media. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3:CSCW ► pp. 1 ff.
Gordon, Elizabeth, Lyle Campbell, Jennifer Hay, Margaret Maclagan, Andrea Sudbury & Peter Trudgill
2004. New Zealand English,
Grillo, Nino, Andrea Santi, Miriam Aguilar, Leah Roberts & Giuseppina Turco
2022. Prosodic Phrasing Leads to Shorter Duration for More Complex Structures: The Case of Garden Path Sentences. SSRN Electronic Journal
Grippando, Shannon
2021. Japanese orthographic complexity and speech duration in a reading task. Phonetica 78:4 ► pp. 317 ff.
Gurevich, Naomi & Heejin Kim
2022. Examination of Consonantal Phonetic Coverage in Standard Reading Passages. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 7:5 ► pp. 1573 ff.
Gurevich, Naomi & Heejin Kim
2023. Development of Novel Speech Stimuli With Phonetic Coverage and Phonemic Balance. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 8:2 ► pp. 424 ff.
Gustafson, Erin & Matthew Goldrick
2018. The role of linguistic experience in the processing of probabilistic information in production. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 33:2 ► pp. 211 ff.
Hashimoto, Daiki
2020. Probabilistic reduction in relation to social message predictability. Linguistics Vanguard 6:1
Hashimoto, Daiki
2023. The effect of verbal conjugation predictability on speech signal. Morphology 33:1 ► pp. 41 ff.
HAVRON, NAOMI & INBAL ARNON
2017. Reading between the words: The effect of literacy on second language lexical segmentation. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:1 ► pp. 127 ff.
Hazen, Kirk
2011. Flying high above the social radar: Coronal stop deletion in modern Appalachia. Language Variation and Change 23:1 ► pp. 105 ff.
Heegård, Jan
2013. Morphologisation or reduction by context? The –teending on adjectives and preterite verb forms in Standard Copenhagen Danish. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 45:1 ► pp. 100 ff.
Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog
2009. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis,
Hämäläinen, Annika, Michele Gubian, Louis ten Bosch & Lou Boves
2009. Analysis of acoustic reduction using spectral similarity measures. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126:6 ► pp. 3227 ff.
Ibrahim, Raphiq
2011. How does dissociation between written and oral forms affect reading: evidence from auxiliary verbs in Arabic. Journal of Research in Reading 34:2 ► pp. 247 ff.
Jaeger, T. Florian & Esteban Buz
2017. Signal Reduction and Linguistic Encoding. In The Handbook of Psycholinguistics, ► pp. 38 ff.
Jeon, Hae-Sung
2023. Exploring Variability in Compound Tensification in Seoul Korean. Language and Speech 66:1 ► pp. 214 ff.
Kaatari, Henrik
2018. On the syntactic status of I 'm sure. Corpora 13:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Kaatari, Henrik & Tove Larsson
2019. Using the BNC and the Spoken BNC2014 to Study the Syntactic Development ofI ThinkandI’m Sure. English Studies 100:6 ► pp. 710 ff.
Kaiser, Elsi
2010. Effects of Contrast on Referential Form: Investigating the Distinction Between Strong and Weak Pronouns. Discourse Processes 47:6 ► pp. 480 ff.
Kaiser, Elsi, David Cheng-Huan Li & Edward Holsinger
2011. Exploring the Lexical and Acoustic Consequences of Referential Predictability. In Anaphora Processing and Applications [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7099], ► pp. 171 ff.
Kakouros, Sofoklis & Okko Räsänen
2016. 3PRO – An unsupervised method for the automatic detection of sentence prominence in speech. Speech Communication 82 ► pp. 67 ff.
Kakouros, Sofoklis, Nelli Salminen & Okko Räsänen
2018. Making predictable unpredictable with style – Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for the critical role of prosodic expectations in the perception of prominence in speech. Neuropsychologia 109 ► pp. 181 ff.
Kaland, Constantijn & Nikolaus P. Himmelmann
2020. Repetition Reduction Revisited: The Prosody of Repeated Words in Papuan Malay. Language and Speech 63:1 ► pp. 31 ff.
Kapatsinski, Vsevolod
2010. Frequency of Use Leads to Automaticity of Production: Evidence from Repair in Conversation. Language and Speech 53:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
Kawahara, Shigeto & Seunghun J. Lee
2018. Truncation in message-oriented phonology: a case study using Korean vocative truncation. Linguistics Vanguard 4:s2
Kilbourn-Ceron, Oriana, Meghan Clayards & Michael Wagner
2020. Predictability modulates pronunciation variants through speech planning effects: A case study on coronal stop realizations. Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology 11:1 ► pp. 5 ff.
Kilbourn-Ceron, Oriana & Morgan Sonderegger
2018. Boundary phenomena and variability in Japanese high vowel devoicing. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 36:1 ► pp. 175 ff.
Kim, Jungsun
2020. Individual differences in the reduction degree of the Korean suffix ‘nɨn’. Phonetics and Speech Sciences 12:2 ► pp. 9 ff.
Kiparsky, Paul
2016. Labov, sound change, and phonological theory. Journal of Sociolinguistics 20:4 ► pp. 464 ff.
Ko, Eon-Suk & Melanie Soderstrom
2013. Additive Effects of Lengthening on the Utterance-Final Word in Child-Directed Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56:1 ► pp. 364 ff.
Kunter, Gero & Ingo Plag
2016. Morphological embedding and phonetic reduction: the case of triconstituent compounds. Morphology 26:2 ► pp. 201 ff.
Kuperman, Victor, Mirjam Ernestus & Harald Baayen
2008. Frequency distributions of uniphones, diphones, and triphones in spontaneous speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124:6 ► pp. 3897 ff.
Kuperman, Victor, Mark Pluymaekers, Mirjam Ernestus & Harald Baayen
2007. Morphological predictability and acoustic duration of interfixes in Dutch compounds. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121:4 ► pp. 2261 ff.
Lívia Körtvélyessy & Pavol Štekauer
2020. Complex Words,
Lam, Tuan Q. & Duane G. Watson
2010. Repetition is easy: Why repeated referents have reduced prominence. Memory & Cognition 38:8 ► pp. 1137 ff.
Lestrade, Sander
Levshina, Natalia
2021. Cross-Linguistic Trade-Offs and Causal Relationships Between Cues to Grammatical Subject and Object, and the Problem of Efficiency-Related Explanations. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Levshina, Natalia & David Lorenz
2022. Communicative efficiency and the Principle of No Synonymy: predictability effects and the variation of want to and wanna. Language and Cognition 14:2 ► pp. 249 ff.
Levshina, Natalia & Steven Moran
2021. Efficiency in human languages: Corpus evidence for universal principles. Linguistics Vanguard 7:s3
Levy, Helena & Adriana Hanulíková
2019. Variation in children’s vowel production: Effects of language exposure and lexical frequency. Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology 10:1 ► pp. 9 ff.
Levy, Helena & Adriana Hanulíková
2022. Language input effects on children's words and vowels: An accent categorization and rating study. Language Sciences 89 ► pp. 101447 ff.
LEVY, Helena, Lars KONIECZNY & Adriana HANULÍKOVÁ
2019. Processing of unfamiliar accents in monolingual and bilingual children: effects of type and amount of accent experience. Journal of Child Language 46:2 ► pp. 368 ff.
Li, Xiaoshi & Robert Bayley
Lohmann, Arne
2020. Nouns and verbs in the speech signal: Are there phonetic correlates of grammatical category?. Linguistics 58:6 ► pp. 1877 ff.
Lorenz, David & David Tizón-Couto
2017. Coalescence and contraction of V-to-Vinf sequences in American English – Evidence from spoken language
. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 0:0
Lorenz, David & David Tizón-Couto
2019. Chunking or predicting – frequency information and reduction in the perception of multi-word sequences. Cognitive Linguistics 30:4 ► pp. 751 ff.
Lorenz, David & David Tizón-Couto
2020. Chapter 4. Not just frequency, not just modality. In Re-Assessing Modalising Expressions [Studies in Language Companion Series, 216], ► pp. 79 ff.
Luef, Eva Maria & Jong-Seung Sun
2020. Wordform-specific frequency effects cause acoustic variation in zero-inflected homophones. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 56:4 ► pp. 711 ff.
Luo, Shan
2017. Gestural overlap across word boundaries: Evidence from English and Mandarin speakers. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62:1 ► pp. 56 ff.
Luo, Shan, Xiaoyi Tang & Tianshu Qiao
2020. Phonetic detail encoding in explaining boundary-modulated coarticulation. Speech Communication 125 ► pp. 152 ff.
MacKenzie, Laurel & Meredith Tamminga
2021. New and old puzzles in the morphological conditioning of coronal stop deletion. Language Variation and Change 33:2 ► pp. 217 ff.
Malisz, Zofia, Erika Brandt, Bernd Möbius, Yoon Mi Oh & Bistra Andreeva
2018. Dimensions of Segmental Variability: Interaction of Prosody and Surprisal in Six Languages. Frontiers in Communication 3
McDonald, Scott A. & Richard C. Shillcock
2003. Eye Movements Reveal the On-Line Computation of Lexical Probabilities During Reading. Psychological Science 14:6 ► pp. 648 ff.
Mizraji, Eduardo, Andrés Pomi & Juan Lin
2018. Improving Neural Models of Language with Input-Output Tensor Contexts. In Speech and Computer [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11096], ► pp. 430 ff.
Moers, Cornelia, Antje Meyer & Esther Janse
2017. Effects of Word Frequency and Transitional Probability on Word Reading Durations of Younger and Older Speakers. Language and Speech 60:2 ► pp. 289 ff.
Morley, Rebecca L. & Bridget J. Smith
2023. A Reanalysis of the Voicing Effect in English: With Implications for Featural Specification. Language and Speech ► pp. 002383092211425 ff.
Mousikou, Petroula & Kathleen Rastle
2015. Lexical frequency effects on articulation: a comparison of picture naming and reading aloud. Frontiers in Psychology 6
Mulder, Kimberley, Lucas Wloch, Lou Boves, Louis ten Bosch & Mirjam Ernestus
2022. Cognate status modulates the comprehension of isolated reduced forms. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 37:5 ► pp. 576 ff.
Nakai, Satsuki & James M. Scobbie
2016. The VOT Category Boundary in Word-Initial Stops: Counter-Evidence Against Rate Normalization in English Spontaneous Speech. Laboratory Phonology 7:1
Nielsen, Kuniko Y.
2015. Continuous versus categorical aspects of Japanese consecutive devoicing. Journal of Phonetics 52 ► pp. 70 ff.
Olson, Daniel J
2022. Phonetic feature size in second language acquisition: Examining VOT in voiceless and voiced stops. Second Language Research 38:4 ► pp. 913 ff.
Olson, Daniel J.
2019. Feature Acquisition in Second Language Phonetic Development: Evidence From Phonetic Training. Language Learning 69:2 ► pp. 366 ff.
Pitt, Mark A., Keith Johnson, Elizabeth Hume, Scott Kiesling & William Raymond
2005. The Buckeye corpus of conversational speech: labeling conventions and a test of transcriber reliability. Speech Communication 45:1 ► pp. 89 ff.
Plag, Ingo, Arne Lohmann, Sonia Ben Hedia & Julia Zimmermann
2020. An S Is an ’S, or Is It? Plural and Genitive Plural Are Not Homophonous. In Complex Words, ► pp. 260 ff.
Plug, Leendert
2016. Informativeness, Timing and Tempo in Lexical Self-Repair. Language and Speech 59:4 ► pp. 516 ff.
Pluymaekers, M., M. Ernestus & R. Baayen
2005. Articulatory Planning Is Continuous and Sensitive to Informational Redundancy. Phonetica 62:2-4 ► pp. 146 ff.
Pluymaekers, Mark, Mirjam Ernestus & R. Harald Baayen
2005. Lexical frequency and acoustic reduction in spoken Dutch. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118:4 ► pp. 2561 ff.
Podesva, Robert J., Jermay Reynolds, Patrick Callier & Jessica Baptiste
2015. Constraints on the social meaning of released /t/: A production and perception study of U.S. politicians. Language Variation and Change 27:1 ► pp. 59 ff.
Raymond, William D., Esther L. Brown & Alice F. Healy
2016. Cumulative context effects and variant lexical representations: Word use and English final t/d deletion. Language Variation and Change 28:2 ► pp. 175 ff.
Rello, Luz, Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Laura Dempere-Marco & Horacio Saggion
2013. Frequent Words Improve Readability and Short Words Improve Understandability for People with Dyslexia. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2013 [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8120], ► pp. 203 ff.
RODRIGUEZ-CUADRADO, SARA, CRISTINA BAUS & ALBERT COSTA
2018. Foreigner talk through word reduction in native/non-native spoken interactions. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:2 ► pp. 419 ff.
Rodriguez-Cuadrado, Sara, Cristina Baus & Albert Costa
2019. On the Nature of the Word-Reduction Phenomenon: The Contribution of Bilingualism. Brain Sciences 9:11 ► pp. 294 ff.
Rojczyk, Arkadiusz & Andrzej Porzuczek
2019. Durational properties of Polish geminate consonants. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146:6 ► pp. 4171 ff.
Rosa, Elise C., Kayla H. Finch, Molly Bergeson & Jennifer E. Arnold
2015. The effects of addressee attention on prosodic prominence. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30:1-2 ► pp. 48 ff.
Räsänen, Okko, Sofoklis Kakouros & Melanie Soderstrom
2018. Is infant-directed speech interesting because it is surprising? – Linking properties of IDS to statistical learning and attention at the prosodic level. Cognition 178 ► pp. 193 ff.
Schlechtweg, Marcel & Greville G. Corbett
2021. The duration of word-final s in English: A comparison of regular-plural and pluralia-tantum nouns. Morphology 31:4 ► pp. 383 ff.
SCHLECHTWEG, MARCEL & GREVILLE G. CORBETT
2023. Is morphosyntactic agreement reflected in acoustic detail? The s duration of English regular plural nouns. English Language and Linguistics 27:1 ► pp. 67 ff.
Schmitz, Dominic, Dinah Baer-Henney & Ingo Plag
2021. The duration of word-final /s/ differs across morphological categories in English: evidence from pseudowords. Phonetica 78:5-6 ► pp. 571 ff.
Schuppler, Barbara, Wim A. van Dommelen, Jacques Koreman & Mirjam Ernestus
2012. How linguistic and probabilistic properties of a word affect the realization of its final /t/: Studies at the phonemic and sub-phonemic level. Journal of Phonetics 40:4 ► pp. 595 ff.
Seyfarth, Scott
2014. Word informativity influences acoustic duration: Effects of contextual predictability on lexical representation. Cognition 133:1 ► pp. 140 ff.
Shaw, Jason & Shigeto Kawahara
2018. Predictability and phonology: past, present and future. Linguistics Vanguard 4:s2
Shaw, Jason A., Adamantios I. Gafos & Iris Berent
2015. Stochastic Time Models of Syllable Structure. PLOS ONE 10:5 ► pp. e0124714 ff.
Shaw, Jason A. & Shigeto Kawahara
2018. The lingual articulation of devoiced /u/ in Tokyo Japanese. Journal of Phonetics 66 ► pp. 100 ff.
Shaw, Jason A. & Shigeto Kawahara
2019. Effects of Surprisal and Entropy on Vowel Duration in Japanese. Language and Speech 62:1 ► pp. 80 ff.
Silbert, Noah & Kenneth de Jong
2008. Focus, prosodic context, and phonological feature specification: Patterns of variation in fricative production. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123:5 ► pp. 2769 ff.
Daniel Silverman
2004. On the phonetic and cognitive nature of alveolar stop allophony in American English. cogl 15:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Simpson-Vlach, Rita & Nick C. Ellis
2010. An Academic Formulas List: New Methods in Phraseology Research. Applied Linguistics 31:4 ► pp. 487 ff.
Smiljanic, Rajka & Douglas Sladen
2013. Acoustic and Semantic Enhancements for Children With Cochlear Implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56:4 ► pp. 1085 ff.
Smith, Jennifer, Mercedes Durham & Liane Fortune
2009. Universal and dialect-specific pathways of acquisition: Caregivers, children, and t/d deletion. Language Variation and Change 21:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Spieler, Daniel H. & Zenzi M. Griffin
2006. The influence of age on the time course of word preparation in multiword utterances. Language and Cognitive Processes 21:1-3 ► pp. 291 ff.
Strik, Helmer, Micha Hulsbosch & Catia Cucchiarini
2010. Analyzing and identifying multiword expressions in spoken language. Language Resources and Evaluation 44:1-2 ► pp. 41 ff.
Stumper, Barbara, Colin Bannard, Elena Lieven & Michael Tomasello
2011. “Frequent Frames” in German Child-Directed Speech: A Limited Cue to Grammatical Categories. Cognitive Science 35:6 ► pp. 1190 ff.
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt & Laura Rosseel
2020. English Corpus Linguistics. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 29 ff.
Tang, Kevin & Ryan Bennett
2018. Contextual predictability influences word and morpheme duration in a morphologically complex language (Kaqchikel Mayan). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144:2 ► pp. 997 ff.
Tanner, James, Morgan Sonderegger & Michael Wagner
2017. Production planning and coronal stop deletion in spontaneous speech. Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology 8:1
Tantucci, Vittorio & Matteo Di Cristofaro
2020. Entrenchment inhibition: Constructional change and repetitive behaviour can be in competition with large-scale “recompositional” creativity. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 16:3 ► pp. 547 ff.
Thomas, Erik R.
2011. Sociolinguistic variables and cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2:6 ► pp. 701 ff.
Tily, Harry, Susanne Gahl, Inbal Arnon, Neal Snider, Anubha Kothari & Joan Bresnan
2009. Syntactic probabilities affect pronunciation variation in spontaneous speech. Language and Cognition 1:2 ► pp. 147 ff.
Tily, Harry & Victor Kuperman
2012. Rational phonological lengthening in spoken Dutch. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132:6 ► pp. 3935 ff.
TOMASCHEK, FABIAN, INGO PLAG, MIRJAM ERNESTUS & R. HARALD BAAYEN
2021. Phonetic effects of morphology and context: Modeling the duration of word-final S in English with naïve discriminative learning. Journal of Linguistics 57:1 ► pp. 123 ff.
Tremblay, Antoine, Elissa Asp, Anne Johnson, Malgorzata Zarzycka Migdal, Tim Bardouille & Aaron J. Newman
2016. What the Networks Tell us about Serial and Parallel Processing. The Mental Lexicon 11:1 ► pp. 115 ff.
Tremblay, Antoine, Bruce Derwing, Gary Libben & Chris Westbury
2011. Processing Advantages of Lexical Bundles: Evidence From Self-Paced Reading and Sentence Recall Tasks. Language Learning 61:2 ► pp. 569 ff.
Tseng, Shu-Chuan
2022. Phonetic fusion in Chinese conversational speech. Chinese Language and Discourse. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal 13:2 ► pp. 302 ff.
Tucker, Benjamin V. & Yoichi Mukai
2023. Spontaneous Speech,
Turk, Alice & Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
2014. Timing in talking: what is it used for, and how is it controlled?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369:1658 ► pp. 20130395 ff.
Turnbull, Rory
2017. The Role of Predictability in Intonational Variability. Language and Speech 60:1 ► pp. 123 ff.
Turnbull, Rory
2018. Patterns of probabilistic segment deletion/reduction in English and Japanese. Linguistics Vanguard 4:s2
Vetchinnikova, Svetlana & Turo Hiltunen
2020. ELF and Language Change at the Individual Level. In Language Change, ► pp. 205 ff.
Wagner, Michael & Jeffrey Klassen
2015. Accessibility is no alternative to alternatives. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30:1-2 ► pp. 212 ff.
Wagner, Michael & Duane G. Watson
2010. Experimental and theoretical advances in prosody: A review. Language and Cognitive Processes 25:7-9 ► pp. 905 ff.
Wahl, Alexander
2015. Intonation unit boundaries and the storage of bigrams. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 13:1 ► pp. 191 ff.
Walker, James A.
2012. Form, function, and frequency in phonological variation. Language Variation and Change 24:3 ► pp. 397 ff.
Wang, Sheng-Fu
2022. The interaction between predictability and pre-boundary lengthening on syllable duration in Taiwan Southern Min. Phonetica 79:4 ► pp. 315 ff.
Watson, Duane G, Andrés Buxó-Lugo & Dominique C Simmons
2015. The Effect of Phonological Encoding on Word Duration: Selection Takes Time. In Explicit and Implicit Prosody in Sentence Processing [Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 46], ► pp. 85 ff.
Wedel, Andrew, Scott Jackson & Abby Kaplan
2013. Functional Load and the Lexicon: Evidence that Syntactic Category and Frequency Relationships in Minimal Lemma Pairs Predict the Loss of Phoneme contrasts in Language Change. Language and Speech 56:3 ► pp. 395 ff.
Whisker-Taylor, Kate & Lynn Clark
2019. Yorkshire Assimilation: Exploring the Production and Perception of a Geographically Restricted Variable. Journal of English Linguistics 47:3 ► pp. 221 ff.
Windmann, Andreas, Juraj Šimko & Petra Wagner
2015. Optimization-based modeling of speech timing. Speech Communication 74 ► pp. 76 ff.
Wulff, Stefanie & Nick C. Ellis
2018. Chapter 3. Usage-based approaches to second language acquisition. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 37 ff.
Yi, Wei, Shiyi Lu & Guojie Ma
2017. Frequency, contingency and online processing of multiword sequences: An eye-tracking study. Second Language Research 33:4 ► pp. 519 ff.
Yiu, Loretta K. & Duane G. Watson
2015. When overlap leads to competition: Effects of phonological encoding on word duration. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22:6 ► pp. 1701 ff.
Zarcone, Alessandra, Marten van Schijndel, Jorrig Vogels & Vera Demberg
2016. Salience and Attention in Surprisal-Based Accounts of Language Processing. Frontiers in Psychology 7
Zerkle, Sandra A., Elise C. Rosa & Jennifer E. Arnold
2017. Thematic role predictability and planning affect word duration. Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology 8:1 ► pp. 17 ff.
Zhang, Jie & Yuwen Lai
2010. Testing the role of phonetic knowledge in Mandarin tone sandhi. Phonology 27:1 ► pp. 153 ff.
Zuraw, Kie, Isabelle Lin, Meng Yang & Sharon Peperkamp
2021. Competition between whole-word and decomposed representations of English prefixed words. Morphology 31:2 ► pp. 201 ff.
[no author supplied]
2003. References. In The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese,
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
2021. References. In Foundations of Familiar Language, ► pp. 386 ff.
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.