Chapter published in:
Creole Studies – Phylogenetic Approaches
Edited by Peter Bakker, Finn Borchsenius, Carsten Levisen and Eeva Sippola
[Not in series 211] 2017
► pp. 241–268

Similarities and differences among Iberian creoles

| University of Bremen
This study provides an account of the classifications of Iberian creoles based on a phylogenetic network analysis of typological and lexical data. It maps the shared linguistic traits of these creoles and compares the differences between them. The results of the typological analysis support previous classifications, showing a clear division between Atlantic and Asian creoles, and the main subgroups are divided geographically. However, connections between the subgroups are less clear due to the degree of detail of the typological feature values. The similarities consist of typologically unmarked features that are shared with the lexifiers. The differences are a result of areal substrate and adstrate influence.
Keywords: Iberian creoles, areality, groupings, similarities, differences
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 31 May 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.211.11sip
References

References

Bakker, P., Daval-Markussen, A., Parkvall, M. & Plag, I.
2011 Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26(1): 5–42. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Baptista, M., Mello, H. & Suzuki, M.
2007 The syntax of Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole. In Comparative Creole Syntax. Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars [Westminster Creolistics 7], J. Holm & P. Patrick (eds), 53–82. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Batalha, G. N.
1988 Suplemento ao glossário do dialecto macaense: novas notas linguísticas, etnográficas e folclóricas. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.Google Scholar
Baxter, Alan
1996 Portuguese and Creole Portuguese in the Pacific and Western Pacific Rim. In Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas, S. A. Wurm, P. Mühlhäusler & D. T. Tryon (eds), 299–338. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bryant D. & Moulton V.
2004 Neighbor-net: An agglomerative method for the construction of phylogenetic networks. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21(2): 255–265. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bisang, W.
2010 Areal language typology. In Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, Vol. 1: Theories and Methods [Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft], P. Auer & J. E. Schmidt (eds), 419–440. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Cardoso, H. C.
2010 The African slave population of Portuguese India: Demographics and impact on Indo-Portuguese. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25(1): 95–119. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, H., Baxter, A. N. & Pinharanda Nunes. M.
(eds) 2012 Ibero-Asian Creoles. Comparative Perspectives [Creole Language Library 46]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, H.
2012 Luso-Asian comparatives in comparison. In Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives [Creole Language Library 46], H. C. Cardoso, A. N. Baxter & M. Pinharanda Nunes (eds), 81–124. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clements, C.
2009 The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese. Colonial Expansion and Language Change. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clements, J. C.
2013 Korlai structure dataset. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/contributions​/40 (25 September 2014).
Croft, W.
1991 Typology and Universals. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2008 Evolutionary linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 219–34. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coelho, F. A.
1881 Os dialectos romanicos ou neo-latinos na África, Ásia e América. Lisboa: Casa da Soc. de Geografia.Google Scholar
Dalgado, S. R.
1921 Glossário luso-asiático. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade.Google Scholar
Daval-Markussen, A. & Bakker, P.
2011 A phylogenetic networks approach to the classification of English-based Atlantic Creoles. English World-Wide 32(2): 115–146. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Explorations in creole research with phylogenetic tools. In Proceedings of the EACL 2012 Joint Workshop of LINGVIS & UNCLH, 89–97. Avignon, France, April 2012. Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Dunn, M.
2009 Contact and phylogeny in Island Melanesia. Lingua 119: 1664–1678. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, M. A.
2004 Plurifuncionalidad de la partícula na en el chabacano de Zamboanga. In Los criollos de base ibérica. ACBLPE 2003, M. Fernández, M. Fernández-Ferreiral & N. Vázquez Veiga (eds), 41–59. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
2007 Sobre el origen de con en chabacano. In La Romania en interacción: Entre historia, contacto y política. Ensayos en homenaje a Klaus Zimmermann, M. Schrader-Kniffki & L. Morgenthaer García (eds), 457–478. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
2012 Leyenda e historia del chabacano de Ermita (Manila). UniverSOS 9: 9–46.Google Scholar
Ferraz, L. I.
1979 The Creole of São Tomé. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
1987 Portuguese creoles of West Africa and Asia. In Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke, G. G. Gilbert (ed.), 337–360. Honolulu HI: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Gray, R. D., Bryant, D. & Greenhill, S. J.
2010 On the shape and fabric of human history. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365(1559): 3923–3933. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, I. F.
1975 Malacca Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? Anthropological Linguistics 17: 211–236.Google Scholar
Hagemeijer, T.
2011 The Gulf of Guinea creoles: Genetic and typological relations. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26(1): 111–154. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Haspelmath, M.
2010 Comparative concepts and descriptive categories in crosslinguistic studies. Language 86(3): 663–687. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Haspelmath, M. & the APiCS Consortium
2013a Dual in independent personal pronouns. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/14 (25 September 2014).
2013b Person syncretism in independent personal pronouns. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/16 (24 September 2014).
Haspelmath, M., Michaelis, S. M. & the APiCS Consortium
2013 Applicative constructions. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/91 (25 September 2014).
Holm, J.
1988–1989 Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2009 Atlantic features in Asian varieties of Creole Portuguese. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 8(2): 11–22. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Holm, J. & Patrick, P.
2007 Comparative Creole Syntax, Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars [Westminster Creolistics 7]. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Huson, D. H. & Bryant, D.
2006 Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(2): 254–267. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, B.
2009 The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu. Linguistic and historical evidence. Diachronica 26(3): 319–379. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Origins of a Creole. The History of Papiamentu and its African Ties. Berlin: Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kihm, A. & Rouge, J.-L.
2013 Língua de Preto, the basic variety at the root of West African Portuguese Creoles. A contribution to the theory of pidgin/creole formation as second language acquisition. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28(2): 203–298. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, B.
2013 How powerful is geography as an explanatory factor of variation? Areal features in the Anglophone world. In Space in Language and Linguistics: Geographical, Interactional, and Cognitive Perspectives, P. Auer, M. Hilpert, A. Stukenbrock & B. Szmrecsanyi (eds), 165–194. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, J.
1988 Philippine Creole Spanish: Assessing the Portuguese element. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 104: 25–45. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1992 New thoughts on the origins of Zamboangueño (Philippine Creole Spanish). Language Sciences 14(3): 197–231. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, J. M.
2008 Spanish-based creoles in the Caribbean. In The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies, S. Kouwenberg & J. V. Singler (eds), 543–564. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
List, J-M., Nelson-Sathi, S., Geisler, H. & Martin, W.
2013 Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution. Bioessays 36: 141–150. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Maddison, W. P. & Maddison, D. R.
2014 Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.0 http://​mesquiteproject​.org (13 May 2015).
Maurer, P. & the APiCS Consortium
2013 Instrumental expressions. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/69 (26 September 2014).
Michaelis, S. M.
2014 Sampling in contact linguistics: What is a typical creole feature? Paper presented at Time and Space in Linguistics: Interdisciplinary Computational Approaches & Cross-Creole Comparisons, Aarhus 15–16 January.Google Scholar
Michaelis, S. M. & the APiCS Consortium
2013a Antidual of paired body-part terms. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/27 (25 September 2014).
2013b Comparative adjective marking. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/41 (27 September 2014).
Michaelis, S. M., Haspelmath, M. & the APiCS Consortium
2013 ‘Want’ complement subjects. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/97 (25 September 2014).
Michaelis, S. M., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M. & Huber, M.
(eds) 2013 Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info (25 September 2014).
Naro, A. J.
1978 A study on the origins of pidginization. Language 54(2): 314–347. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Parkvall, M.
2000 Out of Africa. African Influences in Atlantic Creole Languages. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Quint, N.
2000 Le Cap-Verdien. Origines et devenir d’une langue métisse (Etude des relations de la langue cap-verdienne avec les langues africaines, créoles et portugaise). Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, H.
1882a Kreolische Studien I. Über das Negerportugiesische von S. Thomé (Westafrika). Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 101(2): 889–917.Google Scholar
1882b Kreolische Studien II. Über das Indoportugiesische von Cochim. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 102(2): 799–816.Google Scholar
1883a Kreolische Studien III. Über das Indoportugiesische von Diu. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 103(1): 799–816.Google Scholar
1883b Kreolische Studien IV. Über das Malaiospanische der Philippinen. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 105(1): 111–150.Google Scholar
1884 Kreolische Studien VI. Über das Indoportugiesische von Mangalore. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 105(3): 881–904.Google Scholar
1888a Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: I. Allgemeineres über das Negerportugiesische. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 12: 242–254. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1888b Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: II. Zum Negerportugiesischen Senegambiens. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 12: 301–312. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1888c Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: III. Zum Negerportugiesischen der Kapverden. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 12: 312–322. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1888d Kreolische Studien VII. Über das Negerportugiesische von Annobom. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 116(1): 193–226.Google Scholar
1889a Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: IV. Zum Negerportugiesischen der Ilha do Principe. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 13: 463–475. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1889b Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: V. Allgemeineres über das Indoportugiesische (Asioportugiesische). Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 13: 476–516. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1889c Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: VI. Zum Indoportugiesischen von Mahé und Cannanore. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 13: 516–524. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1890 Kreolische Studien VII. Über das Malaioportugiesische von Batavia und Tugu. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 122(9): 1–256.Google Scholar
Schwegler, A. & Green, K.
2007 Palenquero (Creole Spanish). In Comparative Creole Syntax. Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars [Westminster Creolistics 7], J. Holm & P. Patrick (eds), 273–306. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Smith, I. R.
2013 Sri Lanka Portuguese structure dataset. In Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath & M. Huber (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://​apics​-online​.info​/contributions​/41 (25 September 2014).
Sippola, E.
2012 Indefinite terms in Ibero-Asian Creoles. In Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives [Creole Language Library 46], H. C. Cardoso, A. N. Baxter & M. Pinharanda Nunes (eds), 149–180. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Steinkrüger, P. O.
2006 The puzzling case of Chabacano: Creolization, substrate, mixing and secondary contact. Paper presented at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, 17–20 January. http://​www​.sil​.org​/asia​/philippines​/ical​/papers​.html (5 September 2014).
Swofford, DL.
2002 PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). Version 4.0b10. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Thompson, R. W.
1961 A note on some possible affinities between the creole dialects of the Old World and those of the New. Creole Language Studies 2: 107–113.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.
1971 Grammatical and lexical affinities of creoles. In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica, April 1968, D. Hymes (ed.), 293–296. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Vázquez Veiga, N. & Fernández, M. A.
2012 Maskin, maski, masque… in the Spanish and Portuguese creoles of Asia. In Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives [Creole Language Library 46], H. C. Cardoso, A. N. Baxter & M. Pinharanda Nunes (eds), 181–204. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Verkerk, A.
2014 The Evolutionary Dynamics of Motion Event Encoding. PhD dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.Google Scholar
Wichmann S., Holman, E. W., Rama T. & Walker, R. S.
2011 Correlates of reticulation in linguistic phylogenies. Language Dynamics and Change 1: 205–240. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Whinnom, K.
1956 Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
1965 The origin of the European-based creoles and pidgins. Orbis 14: 509–527.Google Scholar