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Part of
Grammar of Spoken and Written English
Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey N. Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan
[
Not in series
232] 2021
► pp.
xxix
–
xxx
◄
previous
next
►
Abbreviations and symbols
acad
academic prose
AmE
American English
A
adverbial
A
c
circumstance adverbial
A
l
linking adverbial
A
s
stance adverbial
BrE
British English
CGEL
R. Quirk et al.,
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language
conv
conversation
fict
fiction writing
LDOCE
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
LSWE Corpus
Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus
news
news writing
O
object
O
d
direct object
O
i
indirect object
Op
prepositional object
P
predicative
P
o
object predicative
P
s
subject predicative
S
subject
v.
versus (
i.e.
contrasted with)
V
verb (phrase)
()
parentheses ( ) enclose an optional part of an example or a formula
<…>
an omitted section of a corpus example
<–>
the location of ellipsis (in an example)
<sic>
(in an example) confirmation that the example is accurately reproduced: e.g.
Dickens
<sic>
famous novel
< >
an editorial comment on an example: e.g. <unclear>
[]
brackets [ ] in an example enclose either:
a.
a grammatically defined constituent, such as a phrase or a clause, or
b.
a part of an example highlighted for attention. Primary highlighting is signalled by
bold face
and secondary highlighting by [ ].
–
in transcribed speech, a dash at the end of a word signals that it is incomplete, i.e. is a word fragment: e.g.
thi
–,
this
–
in transcribed speech, a dash signals a pause
*
unacceptable: e.g. *
They needed not leave
.
?
marginally acceptable: e.g. ?
a most promising pupil of hers
?*
on the boundary of unacceptability: e.g. ?*
excuse me a little
†
truncated example