Adams, James N. 2003. Bilingualism and the Latin language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alcolado Carnicero, José Miguel. 2015. Dating the shift to English in the financial accounts of some London livery companies: a reappraisal. Multilingua 34/3: 373–404.Google Scholar
Allen, Graham. 1999. Intertextuality. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Allen, Grant. 1889. Fossil food. In Grant Allen, Falling in love: with other essays on more exact branches of science, 271–86. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1756. The Compleat Letter-Writer. London: Crowder & Woodgate.Google Scholar
AND = Anglo-Norman Dictionary. [URL] (19 January 2020).
Anthony, Laurence. 2007. AntConc (Version 3.2.1) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from [URL] (19 January 2020).
Arnold, John H. 1998. The historian as inquisitor: The ethics of interrogating subaltern voices. Rethinking History 3. 379–386. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ashdowne, Richard & Carolinne White. 2017. Introduction. In Richard Ashdowne & Carolinne White (eds.), Latin in medieval Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(eds.), 2017. Latin in medieval Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aston, Trevor H., G. D. Duncan & T. A. R. Evans. 1980. The medieval alumni of the University of Cambridge. Past and Present 86. 9–86. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Thomas D. 1897. Cambridge Described & Illustrated: Being a Short History of the Town and University. London: Macmillan & Co.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter. 1984. Bilingual conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1998. Code-switching in conversation: language, interaction, and identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bailey, Mark. 2002. The English Manor c.1200–c.1500. Manchester: Manchester University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barton, David. 2007. Literacy: an introduction to the ecology of written language. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bax, Marcel & Dániel Z. Kádár (eds.) 2011. Understanding historical (im)politeness. Special issue of Journal of Historical Pragmatics 12:1/2.Google Scholar
Beadle, Richard & Colin Richmond (eds.) 2006. Paston letters and papers of the fifteenth century. Part III. EETS s.s. 22. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2010. Prescriptivism and the suppression of variation. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Eighteenth-century English: ideology and change, 21–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bell, Maureen. 2002. Mise-en-page, illustration, expressive form. In Maureen Bell, John Barnard & D. F. McKenzie (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain. Vol. 4: 1557–1695. 632–662. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Benskin, Michael. 1977. Local archives and Middle English dialects. Journal of the Society of Archivists 5. 500–514. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1982. The letters <þ> and <y> in later Middle English, and some related matters. Journal of the Society of Archivists 7(1). 13–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1989. Some aspects of Cumbrian English, mainly medieval. In Leiv Egil Breivik, Arnoldus Hille & Stig Johansson (eds.), Essays on English language in honour of Bertil Sundby, 13–46. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar
. 1991a. The “fit”-technique explained. In Felicity Riddy (ed.), Regionalism in late medieval manuscripts and texts, 9–26. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.Google Scholar
. 1991b. In reply to Dr Burton. Leeds Studies in English, n.s. 22: 209–62.Google Scholar
. 1992. Some new perspectives on the origins of standard written English. In J. A. van Leuvensteijn & J. B. Berns (eds), Dialect and Standard Language in the English, Dutch, German and Norwegian Language Areas, 71–105. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.Google Scholar
. 2004. Chancery standard. In Christian Kay, Carole Hough & Irené Wotherspoon (eds.), New perspectives on English historical linguistics: selected papers from 12 ICEHL, 1–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Benskin, Michael & Margaret Laing. 1981. Translations and Mischsprachen in Middle English manuscripts. In Michael Benskin & Michael L. Samuels (eds.), So meny peple longages and tonges: a Festschrift to Angus McIntosh, 55–106. Edinburgh: Middle English Dialect Project.Google Scholar
Bergs, Alexander. 2005. Social networks and historical sociolinguistics: studies in morphosyntactic variation in the Paston letters (1421–1503). Topics in English linguistics 51. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2006. Spreading the word: patterns of diffusion in historical dialectology. In Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, Marjatta Palander & Esa Penttilä (eds.) Topics in dialectal variation: selection of papers from the eleventh international conference on methods in dialectology, 5–30. Joensuu: Joensuu University Press.Google Scholar
. 2018. Set them free?! Investigating spelling and scribal variation in language and history. In Jennifer Cromwell & Eitan Grossman (eds.), Scribal repertoires in Egypt from the New Kingdom to the early Islamic period, 41–59. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bergstrøm, Geir. 2013. Two Cambridge guild ordinances based on the same template: an edition of the ordinances of the guilds of St. Clement and All Saints. MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
. 2017. “Yeuen at Cavmbrigg”: a study of the medieval English documents of Cambridge. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Betham, William. 1803. The baronetage of England, or the history of the English baronets, and such baronets of Scotland as are of English families. Vol. III. London: W. S. Betham.Google Scholar
Bevan, Kitrina Lindsay. 2013. Clerks and scriveners: legal literacy and access to justice in late medieval England. PhD thesis, University of Exeter.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas & Susan Conrad. 2003. Register variation: a corpus approach. In Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen & Heidi E. Hamilton (eds.) 2001. The handbook of discourse analysis, 175–196. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Black, Merja. 1998. Lollardy, language contact and the Great Vowel Shift: spellings in the defence papers of William Swinderby. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 99. 53–69.Google Scholar
. 2000. Putting words in their place: an approach to Middle English word Geography. In R. Bermúdez-Otero, David Denison, Richard M. Hogg & Chris B. McCully (eds.), Generative theory and corpus studies: a dialogue from 10ICEHL, 455–79. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Black Stenroos, Merja. 2002. Words for “man” in the transmission of Piers Plowman . In Javier E. Díaz Vera (ed.), A changing world of words: studies in English historical lexicography, lexicology and semantics, 375–409. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Bliss, Alan. 1983. The history of English “WH”. In E. G. Stanley & Douglas Gray (eds.), Five hundred years of words and sounds: a Festschrift for Eric Dobson, 11–20. Cambridge: Brewer.Google Scholar
Blom, Jan Petter & John J. Gumperz. 1972. Social meaning in linguistic structure: code-switching in Norway. In John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics, 407–434. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Bosworth, Joseph & T. Nortcote Toller. 1898. An Anglo-Saxon dictionary. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brandt, Deborah. 1998. Sponsors of literacy. College Composition and Communication 49. 165–85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2002. Reading, writing and wealth in the New Economy. Speaker Series 21. [URL]
Britain, David. 2002. Space and spatial diffusion. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Nathalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), Handbook of language variation and change, 603–637. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Britnell, Richard. 2013. French language in medieval English towns. In Jocelyn Wogan-Browne (ed.), Language and culture in medieval Britain: the French of England, c.1100-c.1500, 81–89. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton & Bas van Leeuwen. 2015. British Economic Growth, 1270–1870.Google Scholar
Carrillo-Linares, María José. 2005–06. Lexical dialectal items in Cursor Mundi: contexts of occurrence and geographical distribution. SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature 13.151–178.Google Scholar
. 2010. Interpreting and mapping raw data for Middle English word geography: the case of the “Prick of Conscience”. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 111(3). 321–344.Google Scholar
. 2016. Middle English word geography and stemmatological research: a case study in the “Prick of Conscience”’ textual tradition. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 117(1). 79–108.Google Scholar
Carrillo-Linares, María José & Edurne Garrido-Anes. 2007. Middle English lexical distributions: two instances from the Lay Folk’s Catechism. In Gabriella Mazzon (ed.), Studies in Middle English forms and meanings, 85–100. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2008. Middle English word geography: methodology and applications illustrated. In Maria Dossena, Richard Dury & Maurizio Gotti (eds.), English historical linguistics 2006. Vol. III: Geo-historical variation in English, 67–89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2009. Middle English word geography: external sources for investigating the field. In Maria Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Studies in English and European dialectology, 135–190. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2012. Lexical variation in late Middle English: selection and deselection. In Richard Dance & Laura Wright (eds.), Studies in English medieval language and literature, 145–177. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca. 2001. Genes, peoples and languages. Translated by Mark Seielstad. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
CEEC = Corpora of Early English Correspondence. Compiled by Terttu Nevalainen, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Samuli Kaislaniemi, Mikko Laitinen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi, Minna Palander-Collin, Tanja Säily & Anni Sairio. Department of Modern Languages, University of Helsinki.
Chambers, J. K. & Peter Trudgill. 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clanchy, Michael. 2013. From memory to written record: England 1066–1307. 3rd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo. 2013. Tracing the generational progress of language change in fifteenth-century English: the digraph th in the Paston Letters. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 114. 279–300.Google Scholar
. 2016. A “third-wave” historical sociolinguistic approach to Late Middle English correspondence: evidence from the Stonor letters. In Cinzia Russi (ed.), Current trends in historical sociolinguistics, 46–66. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Conybeare, Edward. 1906. A history of Cambridgeshire. Popular county histories. London: Elliot Stock.Google Scholar
Cooper, Charles H. 1843. Annals of Cambridge. Volume II. Cambridge: Warwick & Co.Google Scholar
Cressy, David. 1980. Literacy and social order: reading and writing in Tudor and Stuart England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Culpeper, Jonathan and Merja Kytö. 2010. Early modern English dialogues: spoken interaction as writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
D’Alton, Craig. 2005. Heresy hunting and clerical reform: William Warham, John Colet, and the Lollards of Kent, 1511–1512. In Ian Hunter, John Christian Laursen and Cary J. Nederman (eds.), Heresy in transition: transforming ideas of heresy in medieval and early modern Europe, 103–114. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Darby, H. C. 1957. The Domesday Geography of Eastern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, John, Nigel Jenkins, Baines Menna & Peredur Lynch (eds.) 2008. The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Rees R. 1995. The revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Davis, Norman (ed.) 1971–76. Paston letters and papers of the fifteenth century. 2 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1954. The language of the Pastons. Proceedings of the British Academy 40. 119–144.Google Scholar
de Haas, Nynke K. 2011. Morphosyntactic variation in northern English: the Northern Subject Rule, its origins and early history. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Deane, Jennifer Kolpacoff. 2011. A history of medieval heresy and inquisition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
DMLBS = Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British sources, ed. Ronald E. Latham, David R. Howlett & Richard K. Ashdowne. London: British Academy, 1975–2013.Google Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1968. English pronunciation 1500–1700. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Dodd, Gwilym. 2011a. The rise of English, the decline of French: supplications to the English Crown, c. 1420–1450. Speculum 86. 117–146. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2011b. The spread of English in the records of central government, 1400–1430. In Elisabeth Salter & Helen Wicker (eds.), Vernacularity in England and Wales, c. 1300–1550, 225–66. Turnhout: Brepols. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Trilingualism in the medieval English bureaucracy: the use – and disuse – of languages in the fifteenth-century Privy Seal Office. Journal of British Studies 51(2). 253–283. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dodgson, John McNeal. 1970. The place-names of Cheshire. Part two: the place-names of Bucklow Hundred and Northwich Hundred. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
EDD = English Dialect Dictionary Online. [URL]
Eckert, Penelope & Sally McGonnell-Ginet. 1992. Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21. 461–490. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eggins, Suzanne & James Martin. 1997. Genres and registers of discourse. In Teun A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as structure and process. Vol. 1: Discourse studies: a multidisciplinary introduction, 230–256. London: SAGE. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eggins, Suzanne (ed.). 1994. An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Ekwall, Eilert. 1951. Two early London subsidy rolls. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
. 1956. Studies on the population of medieval London. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Ellis, Henry (ed.). 1827. Original letters, illustrative of English history; including numerous royal letters: from autographs in the British Museum, and one or two other collections. Second series, vol. 1. London: Harding & Lepard.Google Scholar
Fernández Cuesta, Julia & M. Nieves Rodríguez Ledesma. 2004. Northern features in 15th and 16th-century legal documents from Yorkshire. In Maria Dossena & Roger Lass (eds). Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 287–308. Berlin: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Fisher, John H. 1977. Chancery and the emergence of standard written English in the fifteenth century. Speculum 52 (4). 870–899. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1979. Chancery Standard and modern written English. Journal of the Society of Archivists 6. 136–144. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1992. A language policy for Lancastrian England. Publications of the Modern Language Society of America 107. 1168–1180. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1996. The emergence of Standard English. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Fisiak, Jacek. 2000. Middle English beck in the Midlands: the place-name evidence. In Christiane Dalton-Puffer & Nikolaus Ritt (eds), Words: structure, meaning, function. a Festschrift for Dieter Kastovsky, 87–94. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Some remarks on Middle English word geography. Poetica 62. 1–15.Google Scholar
Fleischman, Suzanne. 2000. Methodologies and ideologies in historical linguistics: on working with older languages. In Susan C. Herring, Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler (eds.), Textual parameters in older languages, 33–58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Fludernik, Monika. 2000. Beyond structuralism in narratology: recent development and new horizons in narrative theory. Anglistik 11. 83–96.Google Scholar
. 2007. Letters as narrative: narrative patterns and episode structure in early letters, 1400 to 1650. In Susan M. Fitzmaurice & Irma Taavitsainen (eds.), Methods in historical pragmatics, 241–266. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Alastair. 1982. Kinds of literature: an introduction to the theory of genres and modes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Foxe, John. 1895. Foxe’s book of martyrs; being a history of the persecution of Christians in all ages. Philadelphia: Charles Foster Publishing Company [first published 1563].Google Scholar
Freeman, Thomas W., Harry B. Rodgers & Robert H. Kinvig. 1966. Lancashire, Cheshire and the Isle of Man. London: Nelson.Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 1997. Code-switching: language selection in three Strasbourg stores. In Nikolas Coupland & Adam Jaworski (eds.), Sociolinguistics: A reader and coursebook, 361–375. London: Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Genette, Gerard. 1997. Paratexts: thresholds of interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gertz, Genelle. 2012. Heresy trials and English women writers, 1400–1670. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2013. Heresy inquisition and authorship, 1400–1560. In Mary C. Flannery & Katie L. Walter (eds.), The culture of inquisition in Medieval England, 130–145. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Jeremy. 1994. Women in later medieval English archives. Journal of the Society of Archivists 15. 59–71. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1991. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1992. Text-types and language history: the cookery recipe. In Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen & Irma Taavitsainen (eds.): History of Englishes: new methods and interpretations in historical linguistics, 736–761. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Regional and social variation. In Roger Lass (ed.) The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume III: 1476–1776, 459–538. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. A history of text types: a componential analysis. In Hans-Jürgen Diller & Manfred Görlach (eds): Towards a history of English as a history of genres, 47–88. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Hall, James. 1883. A history of the town and parish of Nantwich, or Wich Malbank, in the County Palatine of Chester. Nantwich.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. 2004. An introduction to functional grammar. 3rd edn. Revised by Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Hanham, Alison. 1975. The Cely letters, 1472–1488. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Simon. 1999. The Legh of Booths muniments (c.1280–1808): the study of a Cheshire family through its archive. PhD thesis, Keele University.Google Scholar
Harvey, Paul D. A. 1984. Manorial records. London: British Records Association.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1966. Dialect, language, nation. American Anthropologist 68 (6). 922–935. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hayward, Paul Antony. 2005. Before the coming of popular heresy: the rhetoric of heresy in English historiography, c. 700–1154. In Ian Hunter, John Christian Laursen & Cary J. Nederman (eds.), Heresy in transition: transforming ideas of heresy in medieval and early modern Europe, 9–27. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Herring, Susan C., Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler. 2000. On textual parameters and older languages. In Susan C. Herring, Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler (eds.), Textual parameters in older languages, 1–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hingeston, Francis C. (ed.) 1860. Royal and historical letters during the reign of Henry the fourth. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts.Google Scholar
History of Parliament Online. ERLICH, John (by 1489–1516), of Cambridge. [URL] (19 January 2020).
Hoad, Terry. 1994. Word geography: previous appproaches and achievement. In Margaret Laing & Keith Williamson (eds.), Speaking in our tongues: medieval dialectology and related disciplines, 197–203. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.Google Scholar
Hoey, Michael. 2001. Textual interaction: An introduction to written text analysis. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hope, Jonathan. 2000. Rats, bats, sparrows and dogs: biology, linguistics and the nature of Standard English. In Laura Wright (ed.), The development of Standard English, 1300–1800: theories, descriptions, conflicts, 49–56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hornbeck II, J. Patrick. 2010. What is a Lollard? Dissent and belief in late medieval England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Horobin, Simon. 2004. Southern copies of the Prick of Conscience and the study of Middle English word geography. Poetica 62. 89–101.Google Scholar
Horst, Tom ter & Nike Stam. 2017. Visual diamorphs: the importance of language neutrality in code-switching from medieval Ireland. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 223–242. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Anne. 1981. A Lollard sect vocabulary? In Michael Benskin & Michael L. Samuels (eds.), So meny people longages and tonges: philological essays in Scots and mediaeval English presented to Angus McIntosh, 15–30. Edinburgh: Middle English Dialect Project.Google Scholar
. 1988. The premature reformation: Wycliffite texts and Lollard history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. The problems of scribes: the trial records of William Swinderby and Walter Brut. Nottingham Medieval Studies xlix: 80–104. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hunt, Jeffrey M., R. Alden Smith & Fabio Stok. 2017. Classics from papyrus to the Internet: An introduction to transmission and reception. Austin: Texas University Press.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, Ossi. 1994. The dialects of England since 1776. In Robert Burchfield (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume V: English in Britain and overseas, 197–274. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jajdelska, Elspeth. 2007. Silent reading and the birth of the narrator. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jauss, Hans Robert & Elizabeth Benzinger. 1970. Literary history as a challenge to literary theory. New Literary History, 2(1). 7–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jefferson, Judith A. & Ad Putter (ed.), 2013. Multilingualism in medieval Britain (c. 1066–1520): sources and analysis. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Jensen, Vibeke. 2010. Studies in the dialect materials of medieval Yorkshire. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
. 2012. The consonantal element (th) in some late Middle English Yorkshire texts. In Jukka Tyrkkö, Matti Kilpiö, Terttu Nevalainen & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Outposts of historical corpus linguistics: from the Helsinki Corpus to a proliferation of resources. Helsinki: VARIENG.Google Scholar
Jordan, Richard. 1968. Handbuch der Mittelenglischen Grammatik: Lautlehre. 3rd edn. Heidelberg: Carl Winter [1925].Google Scholar
. 1974. Handbook of Middle English grammar. Transl. and rev. Eugene Joseph Crook. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. & Irma Taavitsainen. 2013. English historical pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Rolf. 1937. Zur Geographie des mittelenglischen Wortschatzes. Palaestra 205. Leipzig: Mayer & Müller.Google Scholar
Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge. 1919. Stonor letters and papers, 1290–1483. London: Offices of the Society.Google Scholar
. 1996. Kingsford’s Stonor letters and papers, 1290–1483. With introduction and notes by Christine Carpenter. Camden Classic Reprints. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2006. Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. 5 volumes. Santa Barbara, CA/Oxford: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Kopaczyk, Joanna. 2017. Administrative multilingualism on the page in early modern Poland: in search of a framework for written code-switching. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.) Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 275–298. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. 2009. The linguistics of speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kristensson, Gillis. 1967. A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the six northern counties. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
. 1987. A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the West Midland counties. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
. 1990. Middle English kirk and cognates in the Midlands. In Lars-Erik Edlund & Gunnar Persson (eds), Language: the time-machine, 51–61. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
. 1995. A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the East Midland counties. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
. 2001a. A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the southern counties. I: vowels (except diphthongs). Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
. 2001b. A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the southern counties. II: diphthongs and consonants. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 1994. Principles of linguistic change: internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Laing, Margaret. 2004. Multidimensionality: time, space and stratigraphy in historical dialectology. In Marina Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 49–96. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2013–. A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English. Version 3.2. University of Edinburgh. [URL] (19 January 2020)
Laing, Margaret & Roger Lass. 2003. Tales of the 1001 nists: the phonological implications of litteral substitution sets in some thirteenth-century South-West Midland texts. English Language and Linguistics 7 (2). 257–278. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2016. Q is for WHAT, WHEN, WHERE? The ‘q’ spellings for OE hw- . Folia Linguistica Historica 37/1: 61–110.Google Scholar
. 2019. Old and Middle English spellings for OE hw-, with special reference to the ‘qu-’ type: in celebration of LAEME, (e)LALME, LAOS and CoNE. In Rhona Alcorn, Joanna Kopaczyk, Bettelou Los & Ben Molineaux (eds.), Historical dialectology in the digital age, 91–112. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
LALME = McIntosh, Angus, Michael L. Samuels & Michael Benskin. 1986. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. Revised as Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, Vasilis Karaiskos & Keith Williamson, An electronic version of a Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (eLALME). [URL] (19 January 2020).
Lass, Roger. 1992. Phonology and morphology. In Norman Blake (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English Language. Volume 2: 1066–1476, 23–155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Phonology and morphology. In Roger Lass (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume 3: 1476–1776, 56–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger & Margaret Laing. 2013–. Introduction. Chapter 2: Interpreting Middle English. In Margaret Laing, A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150–1325, version 3.2. University of Edinburgh. [URL]. (19 January 2020).
Leedham-Greene, Elisabeth. 1996. A concise history of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lemke, Jay L. 1999. Typology, topology, topography: genre semantics. City University of New York. [URL] (19 January, 2020).
Lenker, Ursula & Lucia Kornexl. 2019. Anglo-Saxon micro-texts. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lutz, Angelika. 1989. Phonotaktisch gesteuerte Konsonantenveränderungen in der Geschichte des Englischen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Lysons, Daniel & Samuel Lysons. 1810. Magna Britannia; being a concise topographical account of the several counties of Great Britain. Volume the second, containing Cambridgeshire, and the County Palatine of Chester. London: Cadell & Davies.Google Scholar
Machan, Tim William. 1994. Textual criticism and Middle English texts. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
. 2003. English in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, James R. 1992. English text: system and structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Marttila, Ville. 2014. Creating digital editions for corpus linguistics: The case of Potage Dyvers, a family of six Middle English recipe collections. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki. Available at [URL] (19 January, 2020).
Mathiessen, Christian. 1993. Register in the round: diversity in a unified theory of register analysis. In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Register analysis: theory and practice, 221–292. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Mäkinen, Martti. 2006. Between herbals et alia: intertextuality in medieval English herbals. PhD dissertation, University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
McClure, Erica. 1998. The relationship between form and function in written national language – English codeswitching: evidence from Mexico, Spain and Bulgaria. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching worldwide, 125–152. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Oral and written Assyrian–English codeswitching. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching worldwide II. 157–191. Berlin: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, Angus. 1956. The analysis of written Middle English. Transactions of the Philological Society 55(1). 26–55. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1963. A new approach to Middle English dialectology. English Studies 44. 1–6. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1973. Word geography in the lexicography of Medieval English. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 211. 55–66. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1974. Towards an inventory of Middle English scribes. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 75 (4). 602–624.Google Scholar
. 1978. Middle English word-geography: its potential role in the study of the long-term impact of the Scandinavian settlements upon English. In Thorsten Anderson` & Karl Inge Sandred (eds.), The Vikings. Proceedings of the symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, 124–130. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.Google Scholar
McSheffrey, Shannon. 1995. Gender and heresy: women and men in Lollard communities, 1420–1530. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
MED = Middle English Dictionary. University of Michigan. [URL] (19 January 2020).
MEG-C = Middle English Grammar Corpus. Versions 2011.1 and 2014.1. Compiled by Merja Stenroos, Martti Mäkinen, Simon Horobin & Jeremy J. Smith. University of Stavanger. [URL] (19 January 2020).
MELD = A Corpus of Middle English Local Documents. Versions 2016.1 and 2017.1. Compiled by Merja Stenroos, Kjetil V. Thengs & Geir Bergstrøm. University of Stavanger. [URL] (19 January 2020).
MELD working manual. Internal working document, University of Stavanger.
Meurman-Solin, Anneli. 2012. Historical dialectology: space as a variable in the reconstruction of regional dialects. In Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy & Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre (eds.), Handbook of historical sociolinguistics, 465–79. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James. 1992. Linguistic variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 2004. An essay in historical sociolinguistics?: on Donka Minkova’s “Philology, linguistics, and the history of [hw]~[w]”, in Anne Curzan and Kimberly Emmons (eds.), Studies in the history of the English language II, 47–53. Bern: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James & Lesley Milroy. 1985. Linguistic change, social network, and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21. 339–384. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Minkova, Donka. 2004. Philology, linguistics, and the history of [hw]~[w]. In Anne Curzan and Kimberly Emmons (eds), Studies in the history of the English language II, 7–46. Bern: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2014. A historical phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Montes-Alcalá, Cecilia. 2000. Written codeswitching: powerful bilingual images. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching worldwide II. 59–74. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
. 2007. Blogging in two languages: code-switching in bilingual blogs. In Jonathan Holmquist, Augusto Lorenzino & Lotfi Sayahi (eds.), Selected proceedings of the third workshop on Spanish sociolinguistics, 162–170. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Moore, Colette. 2011. Quoting speech in Early English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual speech: a typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2008. Introduction. In Pieter Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics, 1–23. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1988. Patterns of bilingualism in East Africa. In Christina Bratt Poulston (ed.), International handbook of bilingualism and bilingual education, 203–224. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
. 1993a. Social motivations for codeswitching: evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1993b. Duelling languages: grammatical structure in codeswitching. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
. 2002. Contact linguistics: bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu. 1996. Gender difference. In Terttu Nevalainen & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language history: studies based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence, 77–91. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
. 2015. What are historical sociolinguistics? Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1(2). 243–269. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg. 2003. Historical sociolinguistics: language change in Tudor and Stuart England. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Ng, Su Fang. 2001. Translation, interpretation, and heresy: the Wycliffite Bible, Tyndale’s Bible, and the contested origin. Studies in Philology 98. 315–338.Google Scholar
Nurmi, Arja, Tanja Rütten & Päivi Pahta (eds.) 2018. Challenging the myth of monolingual corpora. Leiden: Brill/Rodopi.Google Scholar
OED = Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. [URL] (19 January 2020).
Orme, Nicholas. 2006. Medieval schools from Roman Britain to Renaissance England. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ormerod, George. 1819. The history of the County Palatine and City of Chester. 3 volumes. London: Lackington, Hughes, Mavor & Jones.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold & Eugen Dieth. 1962–1971. Survey of English dialects: the basic material, I–IV. Leeds: E.J. Arnold.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold & Nathalia Wright. 1974. A word geography of England. London: Scholar Press.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold, Stewart Sanderson & John Widdowson. 1978. The Linguistic Atlas of England. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Page, Frances M. 1948. See Salzman (1948).Google Scholar
Pahta, Päivi. 2004. Code-switching in medieval medical writing. In Irma Taavitsainen & Päivi Pahta (eds.), Medical and scientific writing in late medieval English, 73–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pahta, Päivi & Arja Nurmi. 2006. Code-switching in the Helsinki Corpus: a thousand years of multilingual practices. In Nikolaus Ritt, Herbert Schendl, Christiane Dalton-Puffer & Dieter Kastovsky (eds.), Medieval English and its heritage, 203–220. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Pahta, Päivi, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright. 2017. From historical code-switching to multilingual practices in the past. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 3–18. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(eds.). 2017. Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Palliser, David M. (ed.). 2000. The Cambridge urban history of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Parkes, Malcolm B.. 1973. The literacy of the laity. In David Daiches & Anthony Thorlby (eds.), The mediaeval world, 555–577. London: Aldus Books.Google Scholar
1979. English cursive book hands, 1250–1500. London: Scolar.Google Scholar
1992. Pause and effect: a history of punctuation in the West. London: Scolar.Google Scholar
1998. Medieval punctuation and the modern editor. In Anna Ferrari (ed.), Filologia classica e filologia romanza: esperienze ecdotiche a confronto, 337–350. Rome: Spoleto. Reprinted in Malcolm B. Parkes. (2012), Pages from the past: medieval writing skills and manuscript books, ed. by Pamela R. Robinson and Rivkah Zim. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Peikola, Matti. 2000. Congregation of the elect: patterns of self-fashioning in English Lollard writings. Turku: University of Turku.Google Scholar
Peikola, Matti, Aleksi Mäkilähde, Hanna Salmi, Mari-Liisa Varila & Janne Skaffari (eds.). 2017. Reading the page: verbal and visual communication in early English texts. Turnhout: Brepols. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peters, Hans. 1988. On the state and possible aims of Middle English word geography. In Jacek Fisiak (ed.), Historical dialectology: regional and social¸ 397–416. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Plett, Heinrich. 1991. Intertextualities. In Heinrich Plett (ed.), Intertextuality, 3–29. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana. 1980. Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Español. Linguistics 18. 581–618. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pugh, Ralph B. 1939. Abstracts of feet of fines relating to Wiltshire for the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Records Branch, Vol. I. Devizes: Wiltshire.Google Scholar
Pugh, Ralph. B. 1947. Calendar of Antrobus deeds before 1525. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Records Branch, Vol. III. Devizes: Wiltshire.Google Scholar
Reay, Barry. 1998. Popular cultures in England 1550–1750. London & New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. 1996. Apparent time. In Terttu Nevalainen & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language history: studies based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence, 93–109. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Rissanen, Matti. 1999. Language of law and the development of Standard English. In Irma Taavitsainen, Gunnel Melchers & Päivi Pahta (eds.), Writing in nonstandard English, 189–203. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 2000. Standardisation and the language of early statutes. In Laura Wright (ed.), The development of Standard English, 1300–1800, 117–130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Roach, John P. C. (ed.). 1959. The Victoria county history of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely. Vol. 3. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 1982. Socio-historical linguistics: its status and methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rosch, Eleanor. 1975. Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104 (3). 192–233. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna. 2003. Graphemics and morphosyntax in the Cely Letters (1472–88). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Rütten, Tanja. 2013. Formulae and performativity in Middle English documents. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 14 (2). 285–304. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ryrie, Alec. 2017. Reformations. In Keith Wrightson (ed.), A social history of England, 1500–1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Samuels, Michael L. 1963. Some applications of Middle English dialectology. English Studies 44. 81–94. Reprinted in: Margaret Laing (ed.) 1989. Middle English Dialectology: essays on some principles and problems, 64–80. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.Google Scholar
1972. Linguistic Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1981. Spelling and dialect in the late and post-Middle English periods. In Michael Benskin & Michael L. Samuels (eds.), So meny people longages and tonges: philological essays in Scots and mediaeval English presented to Angus McIntosh, 43–54. Edinburgh: Middle English Dialect Project. Reprinted in Jeremy J. Smith (ed.) 1988. The English of Chaucer and his contemporaries, 86–95. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.Google Scholar
1985. The great Scandinavian belt. In Roger Eaton, Olga Fischer, Willem F. Koopman & Frederike van der Leek (eds.), Papers from the 4th international conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam, 10–13 April, 1985, 269–81. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sandvold, Silje Nising. 2010. Scribal variation in a legal document: a study of the bounding of Barmston (1473). MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Scahill, John. 2005. The Nero Ancrene Wisse and Middle English word-geography. In Akio Oizumi, Jacek Fisiak & John Scahill (eds.), Text and language in medieval English prose: a Festschrift for Tadao Kubouchi, 215–228. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Scase, Wendy. 2019. The LALME typology of scribal practice: some issues for manuscript studies. In Merja Stenroos, Martti Mäkinen, Kjetil V. Thengs & Oliver M. Traxel (eds.), Current explorations in Middle English, 13–33. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Ursula. 2006. The beginnings of standardisation: the communicative space in fourteenth-century England. In Ursula Schaefer (ed.), The beginnings of standardization, 3–24. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Schendl, Herbert. 2000. Constraints on code-switching in medieval texts. In Irma Taavitsainen, Terttu Nevalainen, Päivi Pahta & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Placing Middle English in context, 67–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Literacy, multilingualism and code-switching in early English written texts. In Mark Sebba, Shahrzad Mahootian & Carla Jonsson (eds.), Language mixing and code-switching in writing: approaches to mixed-language written discourse, 27–43. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2017. Code-switching in Anglo-Saxon England: a corpus-based approach. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 39–60. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schendl, Herbert & Laura Wright (eds.), 2011. Code-switching in early English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schipor, Delia. 2013. Multilingual practices in late medieval English official writing: an edition of documents from the Beverley Town Cartulary. MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
. 2018. A study of multilingualism in the late medieval material of the Hampshire Record Office. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2013. Investigating historical variation and change in written documents: new perspectives. In Jack K. Chambers & Natalie Schilling (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change. 2nd edn. 57–81. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2005. On the loss of preaspiration in Early Middle English. Transactions of the Philological Society 103 (1). 99–112. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scollon, Ron & Suzie Wong Scollon. 2003. Discourses in place: language in the material world. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scragg, Donald G. 1974. A history of English spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Sebba, Mark. 2012a. Multilingualism in written discourse: an approach to the analysis of multilingual texts. International Journal of Bilingualism 17(1). 97–118. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012b. Researching and theorising multilingual texts. In Mark Sebba, Shahrzad Mahootian & Carla Jonsson (eds.), Language mixing and code-switching in writing: approaches to mixed-language written discourse, 1–26. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Mike & Jo Clark. 2003. Cheshire historic towns survey: Nantwich – archaeological assessment. Chester: Cheshire County Council & English Heritage.Google Scholar
Sherman, William. 2013. Punctuation as configuration; or, how many sentences are there in Sonnet 1. Early Modern Literary Studies 21. [URL] (19 January 2020)
Smith, Jeremy J. 1996. An historical study of English: function, form and change. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2013. Punctuating Mirk’s Festial: a Scottish text and its implications. In Martha Driver & Veronica O’Mara (eds.) Preaching the word in manuscript and print in late medieval England, 161–192. Turnhout: Brepols. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020. Transforming Early English: the reinvention of Early English and Older Scots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Solberg-Harestad, Kenneth. 2018. Genre, text type and the nature of formulaicness in late medieval and early modern abjuration texts. MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Sönmez, Margaret J.-M. 2000. Perceived and real differences between men’s and women’s spellings of the early to mid-seventeenth century. In Dieter Kastovsky & Arthur Mettinger (eds.), The history of English in a social context, 405–39. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stam, Nike. 2017. A typology of code-switching in the Commentary to the Félire Óengusso. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja. 2004. Regional dialects and spelling conventions in Late Middle English: searches for (th) in the LALME data. In Marina Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 257–285. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2005. The spread of they, their and them in English: the Late Middle English evidence. In Marcin Krygier & Liliana Sikorska (eds.), Naked wordes in Englissh, 67–96. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2007. A Middle English mess of fricative spellings: reflections on thorn, yogh and their rivals. In Marcin Krygier & Liliana Sikorska (eds.), To make his English sweete upon his tonge, 9–35. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2013. Identity and intelligibility in Late Middle English scribal transmission: local dialect as an active choice in fifteenth-century texts. In Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite & Bettina Beinhoff (eds.), Scribes as agents of language change, 159–182. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2014. Fugitive voices: personal involvement in Middle English letters of defence. In Kari E. Haugland, Kevin McCafferty & Kristian Rusten (eds.), “Ye whom the charms of grammar please”: studies in English language history in honour of Leiv Egil Breivik, 355–380. Oxford: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2016a. Regional language and culture: the geography of Middle English linguistic variation. In Tim Machan (ed.), Imagining Medieval English, 100–125. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2016b. Multilingualism and visual grammar in late medieval English land surveys. Paper presented at the HiSoN conference, University of Helsinki, March 2016.
. 2018. From scribal repertoire to text community: the challenge of variable writing systems. In Jennifer Cromwell & Eitan Grossman (eds.), Scribal repertoires in Egypt from the New Kingdom to the early Islamic period, 20–40. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2019a. Langage o northrin lede: northern Middle English as a written medium. In Anita Auer & Denis Renevey (eds.), Revisiting the medieval North of England, 39–57. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
. 2019b. The presence of women in Middle English local documents. Paper presented at the 31st International Conference of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature (SELIM), University of Valladolid, 19–21 September 2019.
. 2020. The “vernacularisation” and “standardisation” of local administrative writing in late and post-medieval England. In Laura Wright (ed.), The multilingual origins of Standard English, 39–85. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja & Martti Mäkinen. 2011. A defiant gentleman or “the strengest thiefe of Wales”: reinterpreting the politics in a medieval correspondence. In Päivi Pahta & Andreas Jucker (eds.), Communicating Early English manuscripts, 83–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja & Jeremy J. Smith. 2016. Changing functions: English spelling before 1600. In Vivian Cook & Des Ryan (eds.), The Routledge handbook of the English writing system, 125–141. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja & Kjetil V. Thengs. 2012. Two Staffordshires: real and linguistic space in the study of late Middle English dialects. In Jukka Tyrkkö, Matti Kilpiö, Terttu Nevalainen & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Outposts of historical corpus linguistics: from the Helsinki Corpus to a proliferation of resources. Helsinki: VARIENG. [URL] (19 January 2020)
Stock, Brian. 1983. The implications of literacy: written language and models of interpretation in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Street, Brian. 1984. Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sylvester, Louise. 2017. A semantic field and text-type approach to late-medieval multilingualism. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 77–96. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Swales, John M. 1990. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taavitsainen, Irma & Susan M. Fitzmaurice. 2007. Historical pragmatics: what it is and how to do it. In Susan M. Fitzmaurice & Irma Taavitsainen (eds.), Methods in historical pragmatics, 11–36. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Taavitsainen, Irma. 1993. Genre/subgenre styles in late Middle English? In Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytö & Minna Palander-Collin (eds.), English in the computer age: explorations through the Helsinki Corpus, 171–200. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Thengs, Kjetil V. 2013. English medieval documents of the North-West Midlands: a study in the language of a real space text corpus. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
2015. Compactness of expression in late Middle English legal documents. Filologia Germanica – Germanic Philology 7. 163–181.Google Scholar
2016. St Michael at the North Gate and St Peter in the East: English churchwardens’ accounts of late medieval Oxford. Paper presented at ICEHL 19, University of Duisburg-Essen, August 2016.
Tolkien, J. R. R. 1929. Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad, Essays and Studies 14: 104–126.Google Scholar
Trotter, David A. 2006. Language contact, multilingualism and the evidence problem. In Ursula Schaefer (ed.), The beginnings of standardization: language and culture in fourteenth-century England, 73–90. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2010. Language labels, language change, and lexis. In Christopher Kleinhenz & Keith Busby (eds.), Medieval multilingualism: the francophone world and its neighbours, 43–61. Turnhout: Brepols. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011. Death, taxes and property: some code-switching evidence from Dover, Southampton, and York. In Herbert Schendl & Laura Wright (eds.), Code-switching in early English, 155–190. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.), 2000. Multilingualism in later medieval Britain. Woodbridge: Brewer.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1990. The dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
University of Nottingham: Manuscripts and special collections: research guidance. [URL] (19 January 2020)
Upton, Clive. 2006. Modern regional English in the British Isles. In Lynda Mugglestone (ed.), The Oxford history of English, 305–333. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vachek, Josef. 1945–49. Some remarks on writing and phonetic transcription. Acta Linguistica 5: 86–93. Reprinted in: Josef Vachek (1976), Selected writings in English and general linguistics, 127–133. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Vasko, Anna-Liisa. 2005. Up Cambridge: prepositional locative expressions in dialect speech. A corpus-based study of the Cambridgeshire dialect. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki, Vol. LXV.Google Scholar
Virtanen, Tuija. 1992. Issues of text typology: narrative – a “basic” type of text? Text 12(2). 293–310. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wakelin, Martyn. 1982. Evidence for spoken regional English in the sixteenth century. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 5. 1–25.Google Scholar
Walker, David. 1990. Medieval Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watson, Nicholas. 1995. Censorship and cultural change in late-medieval England: vernacular theology, the Oxford translation debate, and Arundel’s constitutions of 1409. Speculum 70. 822–864. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English, Vol 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of practice: learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wei, Li. 1998. The “why” and “how” questions in the analysis of conversational code-switching. In Peter Auer (ed.), Code-switching in conversation: language, interaction and identity, 156–179. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2005. “How can you tell?” Toward a common sense explanation of conversational code-switching. Journal of Pragmatics 37. 375–389. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Werner, Otmar. 1991. The incorporation of Old Norse pronouns into Middle English: suppletion by loan. In Per Sture Ureland & George Broderick (eds.), Language contact in the British Isles. Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on language contact in Europe, 369–401. Tubingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Williamson, Keith. 2000. Changing spaces: linguistic relationships and the dialect continuum. In Irma Taavitsainen, Terttu Nevalainen, Päivi Pahta & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Placing Middle English in context, 141–179. Berlin: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2004. On chronicity and space(s) in historical dialectology. In Marina Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 97–136. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2003. An introduction to contact linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wray, Alison. 2008. Formulaic language: pushing the boundaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wray, Alison & Michael R. Perkins. 2000. The functions of formulaic language: an integrated model. Language and Communication 20. 1–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wright, Laura. 1996. About the evolution of Standard English. In Elizabeth M. Tyler & M. Jane Toswell (eds.), “Doubt wisely”: papers in honour of E. G. Stanley, 99–115. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2000a. Introduction. In Laura Wright (ed.), The development of Standard English 1300–1800: theories, descriptions, conflicts, 1–8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2000b. Bills, accounts, inventories: everyday trilingual activities in the business world of later medieval England. In David A. Trotter (ed.), Multilingualism in later medieval Britain, 149–156. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.Google Scholar
. 2005. Medieval mixed-language business texts and the rise of Standard English. In Janne Skaffari, Matti Peikola, Ruth Carroll, Risto Hiltunen & Brita Wårvik (eds.), Opening windows on texts and discourses of the past, 381–399. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2010a. A pilot study on the singular definite articles le and la in fifteenth-century London mixed-language business writing. In Richard Ingham (ed.), The Anglo-Norman language and its contexts, 130–142. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
. 2010b. Eighteenth-century London non-standard spellings as evidenced by servants’, tradesmen’s and shopkeepers’ bills. In Nicholas Brownlees, Gabriella del Lungo & John Denton (eds.). The Language of public and private communication in a historical perspective, 161–190. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
. 2011. On variation in medieval mixed-language business writing. In Herbert Schendl & Laura Wright (eds.), Code-switching in Early English, 191–218. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. On variation and change in London medieval mixed-language business documents. In Merja Stenroos, Martti Mäkinen & Inge Særheim (eds.), Language contact and development around the North Sea, 95–115. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2013. Mixed-language accounts as sources for linguistic analysis. In Judith A. Jefferson & Ad Putter (eds.), Multilingualism in medieval Britain (c.1066–1529): sources and analysis, 123–136. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
. 2015. On medieval wills and the rise of written monolingual English. In Javier Calle-Martin & Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre (eds.), Approaches to Middle English: variation, contact and change, 35–54. Oxford: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2017. On non-integrated vocabulary in the mixed-language accounts of St Paul’s Cathedral, 1315–1405. In Richard Ashdowne & Carolinne White (eds.), Latin in medieval Britain, 272–298. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2020. A critical look at previous accounts of the standardisation of English. In Laura Wright (ed.), The multilingual origins of Standard English, 17–38. Berlin: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zupko, Ronald Edward. 1977. British weights and measures: a history from antiquity to the seventeenth century. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
. 1985. A dictionary of weights and measures for the British Isles. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar