Chapter published in:
Spanish Socio-Historical Linguistics: Isolation and contactEdited by Whitney Chappell and Bridget Drinka
[Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 12] 2021
► pp. 141–162
Searching for the sociolinguistic history of Afro-Panamanian Congo speech
John M. Lipski | The Pennsylvania State University
Among the surviving Afro-Hispanic linguistic
manifestations, one of the most difficult to trace historically is
the speech of the Congos of Panama’s Caribbean
coast, who maintain a series of folkloric manifestations occurring
during Carnival season that includes a special language. According
to oral tradition, Congo speech was devised among
captive and maroon Africans in colonial Panama as a means of hiding
their speech from their colonial masters. Putting together the
contemporary variation in Congo speech and what
diachronic developments can be extrapolated, a complex picture
emerges that cannot be easily resolved with the notion that this
dialect developed exclusively as a cryptolect in contact with
Spanish colonists. The present study offers a plausible scenario,
based on synchronic variation and available historical
documentation.
Keywords: Panama, Congos, Afro-Hispanic language, slavery, maroons, cryptolect, creolization
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Afro-Panamanian Congo speech and culture
- 3.When and where did Congo language first emerge?
- 4.To what extent does Congo language reflect earlier Afro-Hispanic pidginized speech?
- 5.To what extent was – and is – Congo language used for effective communication?
- 6.Conclusions: In search of the Congo sociolinguistic trajectory
-
Notes -
References
Published online: 13 May 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.12.c06lip
https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.12.c06lip
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