How Learner Corpus Research can inform language learning and teaching
An analysis of adjective amplification among L1 and L2 English speakers
This study aims to exemplify how language teaching can benefit from learner corpus research (LCR). To this end,
this study determines how L1 and L2 English speakers with diverse L1 backgrounds differ with respect to adjective amplification,
based on the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) and the Louvain Corpus of Native English
Essays (LOCNESS). The study confirms trends reported in previous research, in that L1 speakers amplify adjectives
more frequently than L2 English speakers. In addition, the analysis shows that L1 and L2 English speakers differ substantially
with respect to the collocational profiles of specific amplifier types and with respect to awareness of genre-specific constraints
on amplifier use, and that even advanced L2 speakers tend to be unaware of stylistic constraints on adjective amplification
because they model their academic output based on patterns generalized from informal conversation. These findings are useful for
language teaching in that the data can be used to target L1-specific difficulties experienced by L2 English speakers.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Adjective amplification
- 2.Previous research on L1 and L2 adjective amplification
- 3.Data and methodology
- 3.1Data sources and processing
- 3.2Statistical methods
- 3.2.1Covarying collexeme analysis
- 3.2.2Configuration frequency analysis
- 4.Results
- 5.Discussion
- Notes
-
References
References (51)
References
Bolinger, D. (1972). Degree words. The Hague: Mouton.
Breban, T., & Davidse, K. (2016). The history of very: The directionality of functional shift and (inter)subjectification. English Language and Linguistics, 20(2), 221–249.
Department of Education and Training of the Australian Government. (2019). Adult Migrant English Program. Retrieved from [URL]
Edmonds, A., & Gudmestad, A. (2014). Your participation is greatly/highly appreciated: Amplifier collocations in L2 English. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes, 70(1), 76–102.
Ellis, E. M. (2004). The invisible multilingual teacher: The contribution of language background to Australian ESL teachers’ professional knowledge and beliefs. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1(2), 90–108.
Fallas Escobar, C., & Chaves Fernández, L. (2017). EFL learners’ development of voice in academic writing: Lexical bundles, boosters/hedges and stance-taking strategies. Education and Learning Research Journal, 151, 96–124.
Forsberg, F. (2010). Using conventional sequences in L2 French. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 48(1), 25–51.
Friginal, E., Lee, J. J., Polat, B., & Roberson, A. (2017). Exploring spoken English learner language using corpora: Learner talk. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Granger, S. (1993). The international corpus of learner English. In J. Aarts, P. de Haan, & N. Oostdijk (Eds.), English language corpora: Design, analysis and exploitation (pp. 57–69). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Granger, S. (1998a). Prefabricated patterns in advanced EFL writing: Collocations and formulae. In A. P. Cowie (Ed.), Phraseology: Theory, analysis, and applications (pp. 145–160). Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
Granger, S. (1998b). The computer learner corpus: A versatile new source of data for SLA research. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on computer (pp. 3–18). Addison Wesley Longman: London & New York.
Granger, S. (2002). The international corpus of learner English (ICLE). Centre for English Corpus Linguistics, Université Catholique de Louvain. Retrieved from [URL]
Granger, S. (2015). The contribution of learner corpora to reference and instructional materials design. In S. Granger, G. Gilquin, & F. Meunier (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of learner corpus research (pp. 485–510). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Granger, S., & Rayson, P. (1998). Automatic profiling of learner texts. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on computer (pp. 119–141). London: Longman.
Hasselgård, H. (1999). [Review of the book Learner English on computer
, by S. Granger]. ICAME Journal, 231, 148–52.
Hilpert, M. (2006). Discussion note: Distinctive collexeme analysis and diachrony. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 2(2), 243–256.
Hinkel, E. (2003). Adverbial markers and tone in L1 and L2 students’ writing. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(7), 1049–1068.
Hornik, K. (2016). openNLP: Apache OpenNLP Tools Interface. Version 0.2–6. Retrieved from [URL]
Ito, R. & Tagliamonte, S. (2003). Well weird, right dodgy, very strange, really cool: Layering and recycling in English intensifiers. Language in Society, 321, 257–279.
Kaszubski, P. (1998). Enhancing a written textbook: National perspective. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learners English on computer (pp. 172–185). London: Longman.
Krauth, J., & Lienert, G. A. (1973). Die Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse und ihre Anwendung in Psychologie und Medizin. Freiburg: Alber.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia PA: University of Philadelphia Press.
Labov, W. (1985). Intensification. In D. Schiffirn (Ed.), Meaning, form and use in context: Linguistic applications (pp. 43–70). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Lorenz, G. R. (1998). Overstatement in advanced learners’ writing: Stylistic aspects of adjective intensification. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on computer (pp. 53–66). London: Longman.
Lorenz, G. R. (1999). Adjective intensification – learners versus native speakers: A corpus study of argumentative writing. Amsterdam: Rudopi.
Maddeaux, R., & Dinkin, A. (2017). Is like like like? Evaluating the same variant across multiple variables. Linguistics Vanguard, 3(1).
Mathews-Aydinli, J. (2008). Overlooked and understudied? A survey of current trends in research on adult English language learners. Adult Education Quarterly, 58(3), 198–213.
Méndez-Naya, B., & Pahta, P. (2010). Intensifiers in competition: The picture from early English medical writing. In I. Taavitsainen & P. Pahta (Eds.), Early modern English medical texts: Corpus description and studies (pp. 191–214). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Myles, F. (2005). Interlanguage corpora and second language acquisition research. Second Language Research, 21(4), 373–391.
Myles, F. (2015). Second language acquisition theory and learner corpus research. In S. Granger, G. Gilquin, & F. Meunier (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of learner corpus research (pp. 309–332). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nevalainen, T., & Rissanen, M. (2002). Fairly pretty or pretty fair? On the development and grammaticalization of English downtoners. Language Sciences, 241, 359–380.
Paradis, C. (2008). Configurations, construals and change: Expressions of DEGREE. English Language and Linguistics, 12(2), 317–343.
Peters, H. (1994). Degree adverbs in early modern English. In D. Kastovsky (Ed.), Studies in early modern English (pp. 269–288). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
R Core Team. (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from [URL]
Simon-Davies, J. (2018). Population and migration statistics in Australia. Canberra: Parliament of Australia. Retrieved from [URL]
Stefanowitsch, A., & Gries, S. T. (2005). Covarying collexemes. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 1(1), 1–43.
Tagliamonte, S. (2008). So different and pretty cool! Recycling intensifiers in Toronto, Canada. English Language and Linguistics, 12(2), 361–394.
Tagliamonte, S. (2012). Variationist sociolinguistics: Change, observation, interpretation. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Tagliamonte, S., & Denis, D. (2014). Expanding the transmission/diffusion dichotomy: Evidence from Canada. Language, 90(1), 90–136.
Turcic, S. (2008). Needs assessment of international students in the City of Sydney. Project report. Sydney: The City of Sydney. Retrieved from [URL]
Wagner, S. (2017).
Totally new and pretty awesome: Amplifier-adjective bigrams in GloWbE. Lingua, 2001, 63–83.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Götz, Sandra & Sylviane Granger
Schweinberger, Martin
2024.
A corpus‐based analysis of adjective amplification in Hong Kong, Indian and Philippine English.
World Englishes
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.