This paper examines dynamism in students’ situational willingness to communicate (WTC) within a second language classroom. This longitudinal study involved twelve English as a Second Language (ESL) participants who enrolled in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programme in New Zealand for five months. Based on data from classroom observations, stimulated-recall interviews and reflective journals, the in-depth analysis of a case study reveals that learners’ situational WTC in second language (L2) classes could fluctuate and dynamically change over time. This involved a process where situational WTC was jointly affected by learners’ cognitive condition and linguistic factors, together with classroom environmental factors. The in-depth qualitative analysis of a single case in individual lessons allowed us to see the dynamic nature of WTC.
(2003) The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50(2), 65–96.
Cao, Y.
(2006) Temporal fluctuations in situational willingness to communicate in a second language classroom. New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics, 12(2), 1–16.
Cao, Y.
(2011) Investigating situational willingness to communicate within second language classrooms from an ecological perspective. System, 39(4), 468–479.
Cao, Y. & Philp, J.
(2006) Interactional context and willingness to communicate: A comparison of behavior in whole class, group and dyadic interaction. System, 34(4), 480–493.
de Saint Léger, D. & Storch, N.
(2009) Learners' perceptions and attitudes: Implications for willingness to communicate in an L2 classroom. System, 37(2), 269–285.
Dörnyei, Z.
(2005) The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, N. J.: Erlbaum Associates.
Ely, C. M.
(1986) An analysis of discomfort, risk-taking, sociability, and motivation in the L2 classroom. Language Learning, 361, 1–25.
Guba, E. & Lincoln, Y.
(1994) Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. Denzin, & Y. Lincoln, (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hashimoto, Y.
(2002) Motivation and willingness to communicate as predictors of reported L2 use: The Japanese ESL context. Second Language Studies, 20(2), 29–70.
Kang, S. J.
(2005) Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language. System, 331, 277–292.
Liu, M.-H.
(2005) Reticence in oral English language classrooms: A case study in China. TESL Reporter, 38(1), 1–16.
MacIntyre, P.
(1994) Variables underlying willingness to communicate: A casual analysis. Communication Research Reports, 111, 135–142.
MacIntyre, P., Baker, S., Clément, R. & Conrod, S.
(2001) Willingness to communicate, social support, and language-learning orientations of immersion students. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 231, 369–388.
MacIntyre, P., Burns, C. & Jessome, A.
(2011) Ambivalence about communicating in a second language: A qualitative study of French immersion students’ willingness to communicate. The Modern Language Journal, 95(1), 81–96.
MacIntyre, P. & Charos, C.
(1996) Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 151, 3–26.
MacIntyre, P., Dörnyei, Z., Clément, R. & Noels, K.
(1998) Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 821, 545–562.
MacIntyre, P. & Legatto, J.
(2011) A dynamic system approach to willingness to communicate: Developing an idiodynamic method to capture rapidly changing effect. Applied Linguistics, 32(2), 149–171.
McCroskey, J., C., & Richmond, V. P.
(1991) Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. In M. Both-But-terfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition and anxiety (pp. 19–44). Newbury Park: CA: Sage.
Oxford, R.
(1997) Cooperative learning, collaborative learning, and interaction: Three communicative strands in the language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 443–456.
Peng, J.-E.
2007Willingness to communicate in the Chinese EFL classroom: A cultural perspective. In J. Liu, (Ed.), English language teaching in China: New approaches, perspectives and standards (pp. 250–269). London: Continuum.
Peng, J., & Woodrow, L.
(2010) Willingness to communicate in English: A model in the Chinese EFL classroom context. Language Learning, 60(4), 834–876.
Wajnryb, R.
(1992) Classroom observation tasks: A resource book for language teachers and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weaver, C.
(2004) Learner’s willingness to communicate within a language classroom. Paper presented at the inaugural CLS international conference, Singapore.
Wen, W. P. & Clément, R.
(2003) A Chinese conceptualisation of willingness to communicate in ESL. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 16(1), 18–38.
Yashima, T.
(2002) Willingness to communicate in a second language: the Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal, 861, 54–66.
Yashima, T., Zenuk-Nishide, L. & Shimizu, K.
(2004) The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54(1), 119–152.
Cited by
Cited by 28 other publications
Ayedoun, Emmanuel, Yuki Hayashi & Kazuhisa Seta
2020. Toward Personalized Scaffolding and Fading of Motivational Support in L2 Learner–Dialogue Agent Interactions: An Exploratory Study. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies 13:3 ► pp. 604 ff.
Baran-Łucarz, Małgorzata
2014. The Link between Pronunciation Anxiety and Willingness to Communicate in the Foreign-Language Classroom: The Polish EFL Context. The Canadian Modern Language Review 70:4 ► pp. 445 ff.
Baran-Łucarz, Małgorzata
2015. Foreign Language Self-assessment and Willingness to Communicate in and Outside the Classroom. In The Ecosystem of the Foreign Language Learner [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 37 ff.
Bernales, Carolina
2016. Towards a comprehensive concept of Willingness to Communicate: Learners' predicted and self-reported participation in the foreign language classroom. System 56 ► pp. 1 ff.
Borkowska, Anna
2021. In-Class Willingness to Communicate in English Among Third Agers: Results of a Questionnaire Study. In Investigating Individual Learner Differences in Second Language Learning [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 95 ff.
Cameron, Denise
2021. Case Studies of Iranian Migrants’ WTC Within an Ecosystems Framework: The Influence of Past and Present Language Learning Experiences. In New Perspectives on Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 25 ff.
Ducker, Nathan
2021. Protecting and enhancing willingness to communicate with idiodynamic peer-peer strategy sharing. System 103 ► pp. 102634 ff.
Grant, Sean
2022. The Influence of Contextual and Motivational Variables on Willingness to Communicate in Fully Online EFL Programmes. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 12:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Humphries, Simon, Scott Aubrey & Jim King
2023. Fluctuations in Japanese English majors’ capacity to speak before, during and after studying abroad. System 113 ► pp. 103001 ff.
Jamalifar, Golnaz & Hadi Salehi
2020. The effects of rehearsal and strategic task planning on L2 Willingness to Communicate. The Language Learning Journal 48:2 ► pp. 162 ff.
Khajavy, Gholam Hassan, Behzad Ghonsooly, Azar Hosseini Fatemi & Charles W. Choi
2016. Willingness to Communicate in English: A Microsystem Model in the Iranian EFL Classroom Context. TESOL Quarterly 50:1 ► pp. 154 ff.
Klapa, Julia
2023. Gotowość studentów z dysleksją do komunikowania się w językach obcych. Neofilolog :60/2
Ma, Huiling, Lilliati Ismail, Nooreen Noordin & Abu Bakar Razali
2023. Bibliometric analysis of willingness to communicate in the English as a second language (ESL) context. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10:1
Mystkowska-Wiertelak, Anna
2021. Fluctuations in willingness to communicate during a semester: a case study. The Language Learning Journal 49:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Mystkowska-Wiertelak, Anna & Mirosław Pawlak
2016. Designing a Tool for Measuring the Interrelationships between L2 WTC, Confidence, Beliefs, Motivation, and Context. In Classroom-Oriented Research [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 19 ff.
Nematizadeh, Shahin & Yiqian (Katherine) Cao
2023. Investigating willingness to communicate in synchronous group discussion tasks: one step closer towards authentic communication. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 0:0
Nguyen, Cuong Huy
2024. Self-Consciousness and the Unwillingness to Communicate. In Teacher and Student Perspectives on Bilingual and Multilingual Education [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ], ► pp. 51 ff.
Pawlak, Mirosław, Anna Mystkowska-Wiertelak & Jakub Bielak
2016. Investigating the nature of classroom willingness to communicate (WTC): A micro-perspective. Language Teaching Research 20:5 ► pp. 654 ff.
Piechurska-Kuciel, Ewa
2014. Willingness to Communicate in a Foreign Language: Evidence from Those Who Approach and Those Who Avoid L2 Communication. In Studying Second Language Acquisition from a Qualitative Perspective [Second Language Learning and Teaching, 27], ► pp. 145 ff.
Sun, Peijian Paul
2020. L2 Learning and Speaking: A Literature Review. In Chinese as a Second Language Multilinguals’ Speech Competence and Speech Performance, ► pp. 45 ff.
Ubaid, Ubaid Ullah, Joseph Ramanair, Souba Rethinasamy & Irfan Bashir
2022. Pakistani Teachers’ Views About Their Undergraduates’ Willingness to Communicate in English Inside the Classroom. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 30:3 ► pp. 1223 ff.
Waluyo, Budi & Safnil Arsyad
2022. EFL classroom learning environment at a Thai university: What variables matter for low-proficiency students?. JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature) 7:2 ► pp. 295 ff.
Zhang, Cong, Yiwen Meng & Xinyu Ma
2024. Artificial intelligence in EFL speaking: Impact on enjoyment, anxiety, and willingness to communicate. System 121 ► pp. 103259 ff.
Zhang, Jiayi, Nadin Beckmann & Jens F. Beckmann
2018. To talk or not to talk: A review of situational antecedents of willingness to communicate in the second language classroom. System 72 ► pp. 226 ff.
Zhang, Jiayi, Nadin Beckmann & Jens F. Beckmann
2022. One situation doesn’t fit all: Variability and stability of state willingness to communicate in a Chinese College English classroom. Language Teaching Research 26:3 ► pp. 504 ff.
Zhang, Jiayi, Nadin Beckmann & Jens F. Beckmann
2023. More than meets the ear: Individual differences in trait and state willingness to communicate as predictors of language learning performance in a Chinese EFL context. Language Teaching Research 27:3 ► pp. 593 ff.
Zhou, Qianqian
2023. Translating Willingness to Communicate into Learner Talk in a Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) Classroom. Language Teaching Research
ÖKSÜZ ZEREY, Merve & Paşa Tevfik CEPHE
2020. An investigation into the relationship between willingness to communicate and classroom environment in a Turkish EFL context. Dil ve Dilbilimi Çalışmaları Dergisi 16:2 ► pp. 896 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.