Index

• Perisylvian Cortex 2–7, 9–11, 17–18, 22, 25, 28–29, 62, 66, 72, 77, 90, 94, 124
  • Auditory Cortex 1–2, 10, 12, 14, 18–21, 28, 34–35, 52, 118
  • Broca’s Area 1–2, 4, 9–14, 16–18, 21, 24–29, 34, 43
  • Motor Cortex 1–2, 9–11, 14, 17–21, 26, 29, 34, 55, 120
  • Sylvian Fissure 1–2, 10–11
  • Wernicke’s Area 1–2, 10–12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 29, 43

• Limbic System 2–3, 5–7, 9–10, 19–25, 28–29, 31, 49, 62, 66, 72, 77, 90, 94, 118, 122, 124
  • Amygdala 2–3, 6, 9, 16, 19–26, 30, 34, 49, 52, 53, 67, 79, 118–119
  • Hippocampus 1–2, 6, 11, 14–16, 19–23, 26–29, 34, 49–52, 55–56, 64, 66, 118, 120
  • Senses 2–4, 6, 9, 14, 16, 19–24, 27, 30, 35, 41, 49, 52, 62–64, 66, 72, 79, 83, 93, 117–118
  • Thalamus 3, 6, 9–10, 19–24, 26, 34–35, 49, 52, 55, 66, 117–120

• Attention 2–7, 9–10, 12, 14–18, 20–31, 33–36, 38, 40–51, 54–59, 62–72, 77–80, 83, 86, 90–93, 95, 101, 109, 113, 115, 117–124
  • Attentional resources 43, 45–48, 51, 54–57
  • Attentional demand 50, 119
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex 2–3, 14, 17, 20–21, 24, 26, 33, 35, 45, 55–56, 63, 66–67, 79, 92–93, 117–120
  • Dorsolateral 2–4, 14, 17–18, 21–29, 33, 35, 45, 53, 55–57, 79, 119
  • Locus coeruleus 3, 21, 24, 35, 79
  • Orbitofrontal 3, 17–18, 33, 45, 63, 92–93, 119
  • Posterior Parietal Cortex 17–18, 20–23, 34–36, 44, 49–50, 57
  • Prefrontal cortex 4, 17–18, 21, 23, 26–30, 33, 36, 45, 53, 55–57, 63–64, 92–93

• Binding 5–6, 15, 23–24, 28, 34–38, 41–47, 54, 63, 83, 90, 119

• Capacity 35–41, 65, 70, 119

• Cognitive Demand 18, 69, 88, 114, 117, 122, 124

• Cognitive Tasks 54–59, 61–62, 119

• (Stroop, Simon, Flanker, Go/noGo)

• Competition 34, 36, 43, 46–49, 62, 69, 72, 78–79, 83, 91, 94, 119, 122

• Emotion 2–3, 14–16, 19–24, 27, 30, 33, 62–63, 66, 83, 93, 119, 121

• Inhibition 2, 6, 18–21, 24–25, 28, 34–40, 50, 54–63, 67, 72, 79, 83, 90, 119, 122

• Interference 4, 35, 45–48, 53, 56–61, 63, 90, 102, 119, 121

• Lexeme 5, 10–11, 14–20, 24, 26, 33, 38, 40–41, 46, 50–54, 119

• Morpheme 10, 12, 15–17, 24, 27, 38, 71

• Neurotransmitters 3, 6, 9, 22–31, 35, 56–57, 62, 66–67, 79, 90, 117–118
  • Acetylcholine 3, 5, 22–28, 31, 57, 90
  • Dopamine 3, 6, 22–31, 35, 49, 57, 62, 66–68, 79, 90, 92, 119
  • Glutamate 22, 25
  • Noradrenaline 3, 21–25, 31, 35, 62, 68, 79, 90
  • Serotonin 3, 6, 22–27, 35, 57, 62, 68, 90

• Neuroimaging / fMRI 2, 13–14, 17–18, 23, 28–30, 36, 56, 63

• Neurons 3–6, 16–17, 21–25, 28, 31, 35, 37, 49, 57, 60–62, 64, 68, 79, 90, 117, 119, 122

• Phonemes 5, 10–16, 19, 24–26, 33, 37–43, 46, 50–54, 58, 71, 87, 118–119

• Switching 4, 6, 9, 16, 20–28, 33–35, 41–42, 47–49, 51, 54–58, 62–63, 65–66, 69–71, 79, 83, 90–91, 114

• Synapses 22–28, 33–35, 57, 60, 122

• Updating 5, 34–35, 38, 52–53, 57, 69, 115

• Bilingualism 12–14, 17–18, 28, 30, 55–56, 59–62, 66

• Cognitive-Load Hypothesis 65, 69–70

• Embedded-Processes Model 4–5, 24, 36–41, 43–50, 54, 58–59, 69

• Immersion 30–31

• Long-Term Memory 5–6, 14, 17, 19–21, 24, 34–38, 41–43, 48–54, 58, 62–63, 69, 72, 93, 102, 111, 114, 121

• Time-Based Resource Model 4, 34, 38, 42–54, 78

• Trade-off 5, 43, 46, 65, 70

• (including Trade-off Hypothesis)

• Working Memory 1, 4–5, 9–10, 24–25, 33–62, 69–70, 78–79, 94, 102, 120, 122, 124
  • Central Executive 41–42, 47, 79, 122
  • Memory Trace 5–6, 14, 33, 36–43, 46–54, 61–62, 69–70, 90
  • Phonological Loop 1–4, 9–15, 18, 21–29, 33–34, 37–52, 57–58, 64, 69–70, 90–91, 114, 118–119, 124
  • Visual-spatial information 3–6, 14, 18–22, 34, 37, 40–48, 52–58, 64, 69, 78–79, 83, 90, 95
  • (including visual-spatial sketchpad)

• Artificial Intelligence 6–7, 29–31, 62–64, 68, 74, 79–82, 83–86, 88–90, 97–115, 117–124
  • Agents124
  • Chatbots (general) 85, 86–89, 120–121
  • (including Open AI)
  • Chatbots (communicative) 7, 31, 64, 68, 74, 80–81, 83–90, 93, 96–115, 117–124

• Corpus 85–89, 96, 122–123

• Speech recognition 7, 68, 76–77, 80, 84–87, 93, 108–109, 117–120, 123
  • Accent 76, 88, 123
  • Comprehensibility 76, 84, 97
  • Intelligibility 76, 84, 118

• Virtual Reality 6–7, 9, 29–31, 62–64, 68, 73, 77, 79–82, 83, 90–115, 117–124
  • Environment 6, 29–31, 62–64, 68, 73, 79–81, 83–86, 90–115, 117, 122, 124
  • Games 7, 31, 63–64, 77–82, 83–84, 92–115, 122

• Visual Aids 88, 108, 113, 118, 122, 124

• Anxiety 67–68, 74, 89, 119

• Computer Mediated Communication 73–74, 77, 79–80

• Feedback 7, 52, 66–68, 73–75, 80, 84–85, 89–90, 93–95, 117, 121–124

• Intercultural Communication 5, 67, 77, 80–81, 83, 119

• Motivation 5–7, 62, 65–68, 74, 77–82, 83, 86, 89–92, 101, 104, 112, 117–124
  • Extrinsic 5, 65–68
  • Intrinsic 5–6, 65–68, 80, 83, 91, 117–124
  • Self-determination 5, 65–68

• Pedagogy 7, 64, 66, 73, 76, 81–82, 84, 91–95, 96, 115, 117, 121–124

• Spaced repetition 64, 75, 83, 89, 94, 114

• Task-based activities 65, 68–73, 75, 77–79, 90–96, 115, 117, 122–123