Index

• abstract category 4, 25, 38, 44, 48, 74, 83, 100, 116

• accuracy 68, 125, 151–152, 162, 171, 179

• adjacency 37, 55, 60, 91, 93, 98, 169, 175

• adjective 13–14, 26, 80–81, 83, 102–105, 108–109, 112–113, 118, 123–124, 173

• affix 13, 20, 54, 66, 91, 120, 149, 151, 161

• agent 7, 53–54, 84, 87

• algorithm 61, 70–71, 80, 82, 88, 115, 193

• analogy 2, 6–7, 14, 38, 42, 47, 74, 121, 130, 136, 146, 168, 193

• animate 29–30, 53–54, 125

• anticipation 25, 28–29, 33

• artificial 46, 55–58, 115–116

• aspect 11, 17, 33, 43–44, 63–64, 69, 86–87, 104–105, 112, 121, 126–127, 134–136, 144, 146, 189

• aspectual coercion 31, 126–127, 129

• association score 3, 90–91, 101

• association strength 13, 23, 88, 92, 94–95, 145, 149

• asymmetric chunk 84, 90, 94–96, 98, 101–103, 107–110, 113, 118–119, 144–145, 148, 149, 191

• asymmetry 5, 77, 95, 100, 102

• attraction 5, 76, 110–112, 118, 126, 128–129, 154–157

• automatization 66, 69, 71, 170, 176, 184

• auxiliary 29–30, 53, 84, 99, 145, 164, 170, 172, 179, 192

• auxiliary selection 85, 88, 122, 145

• Bever 28, 44, 64

• brain activity28

• category 1–4, 11, 15–16, 25 29, 38, 43–45, 47–48, 51, 55–58, 60–61, 63, 65, 69, 74, 78, 83, 91–92, 96, 98–100, 114–117, 120–121, 126, 130–131, 133–134, 136, 139, 142, 144, 156, 160, 166–167, 189

• Chomsky 3, 6–10, 12, 16, 22, 49, 77, 80, 82

• contextual variability144

• chunk 2–3, 5, 12, 20, 25, 42, 65–67, 73, 75, 81, 83–85, 88, 90–96, 98, 100–103, 105, 107–110, 112–113, 117–120, 123–124, 126–127, 129, 140–142, 144–150, 152, 159, 161–162, 167, 174, 179, 190–192

• contingency learning xi, 2, 90, 98–99, 102, 110, 118, 190

• cognitive system 4, 8, 11, 36

• collocation 26, 65–67, 73, 84–85, 93–97, 106, 115, 122–123, 147, 166, 170, 174, 179

• combinatorial grammar 2, 4–5, 11–12, 17, 19–20, 25–26, 36, 51, 71, 74, 77, 103, 118, 120–122, 126–127, 130, 132–133, 135, 137–138, 140, 143, 148–150, 152, 160, 170, 173, 187, 189, 191–194

• commutability 162, 184–186

• complementizer 54–55, 83, 115, 153–154

• complexity 49, 140–142, 158, 176

• component 5, 8, 13, 18–19, 23, 28–30, 32–33, 35, 39–40, 42–44, 47, 53, 66–68, 74, 94, 108–110, 112, 115, 120, 129, 133, 144–145, 147, 149, 161, 175, 186–187

• compositionality 71, 73

• computation 8, 20–21, 27, 34–37, 41–44, 55–56, 59, 63, 67, 74, 79, 82, 88, 100, 121–122, 127–128, 130–131, 133–136, 155, 168–169, 189, 191–192

• concatenation 78–80, 84–85, 87, 88–90, 100–101, 129, 187, 191

• conditional probability 41, 63, 95, 121, 160, 164, 167–168

• connectionist 3, 36, 42, 62, 125, 130

• construction 40, 42, 45, 52, 60, 63, 65, 73, 82, 88, 91, 94–95, 98, 106, 113, 117–118, 120, 122–123, 136, 141, 148–149, 166–167, 171, 175

• contingency xii, 1–2, 5, 13, 16, 23, 41, 54, 76, 90–91, 94, 98–100, 102, 110–112, 118, 126, 128–130, 143–144, 148–149, 152, 155, 161, 190

• continuity 133, 140–142, 157

• corpora 65, 85, 89, 93, 96, 158, 167, 174

• counting device xii, 1

• cue-outcome 24, 91–92

• De Saussure 50–51

• declarative 5, 19–21, 24–5, 36, 53, 93, 148, 166, 187

• Declarative-Procedural Model68

• dependency 30–31, 48, 55–60, 93, 120, 160, 169

• discontinuity xi, 137–141, 143, 157, 159, 161, 187

• ditransitive52

• distribution 5, 9–10, 15–17, 22, 24–25, 27, 36, 38, 54, 56, 76, 79, 88–89, 92, 94–96, 101, 104–105, 110, 112, 114–115, 125, 129, 135, 146, 149, 153–154, 156, 161, 167, 181, 189–190, 192

• distributional property 23, 56, 79, 124

• Dual Route Cascaded xi, 34

• Efficiency 9, 38, 49, 84, 170

• embedding56

• empty categories 121, 130–131, 136

• endowment 6, 9, 38, 45

• English 2, 11, 22–23, 39, 43, 45, 50, 56, 68, 80–81, 114–115, 125–129, 131, 139, 147, 149, 164, 172, 176

• entrenchment 52–53, 60

• Event-Related Potentials xi, 25, 27

• expectation 25–28, 30–34, 41, 85, 121, 163, 170–171, 177

• explicit 19, 22–25, 39, 66, 98, 173

• exposure xii, 1, 20, 22–23, 33, 44, 52, 56, 58–59, 63, 98, 102, 108, 113–114, 116, 119, 129, 133, 137, 140–144, 148–149, 153, 167, 172, 191

• external (interface)12

• eye-tracking 2, 27, 159, 162–163, 168, 172, 176, 179, 183–184, 187

• faculty of language xi–xii, 1, 3–4, 8–9, 11–13, 22, 37, 39, 42–44, 64, 74, 103, 144, 189, 193

• formal feature 13, 16, 40, 67, 89, 142

• formulaic 3, 64, 66–67, 71–73, 92, 151–152

• formula 46, 64, 66, 73, 93–94, 111, 120, 142, 155, 160, 175

• French 2, 15–16, 50, 68, 123–124, 164, 172

• frequency xii, 1–6, 9–16, 20, 23, 26–28, 37–38, 42, 44–48, 50–55, 60, 62–64, 67–69, 71, 74, 76, 79, 83–85, 87–101, 106, 113–116, 118, 121–127, 129–130, 133, 135–137, 139, 143–149, 152, 158–162, 164, 166–168, 174–175, 179, 183, 189, 190

• gemination 139, 143

• gender 57, 65

• generative linguistics 8–10, 38, 40–41, 74, 118, 191

• gerund149

• grammatical learning xi, 2–3, 60, 63–64, 66–68, 76, 84, 98, 101–102, 137–140, 143–145, 147–149, 152, 156–163, 177, 183, 185–187

• good-enough61

• grammatical information 2–6, 9, 12–23, 27, 34, 37, 44, 47, 50, 55, 60, 62, 74, 76–81, 84, 87–90, 98, 100, 105, 109–110, 112, 117–118, 122, 124, 142, 163–164, 190, 193–194

• grammatical labels 2, 6, 123, 159–160, 163, 191

• grammaticalization 53–55

• Greek 126, 132

• habits 19, 44, 170, 176, 184

• Hawkins 49, 166, 171

• head 43, 78–88, 100, 123, 125, 150, 160, 165–166, 192–193

• hemisphere 71–72

• hierarchical structure13

• hierarchy 2, 4, 14, 37, 78–81, 84, 87, 89, 132, 192

• human cognition 8, 16, 40, 71, 74, 99, 114

• imperfective 11, 134

• implicit 1–2, 4–5, 19–20, 22–25, 31, 57–58, 84, 95, 98, 100, 105, 118, 161, 164

• incremental 57, 142, 160, 168

• inference 38, 46–48, 131, 158, 169, 184

• intelligence11

• left inferior frontal gyrus 58–60

• input xii, 1–5, 9–10, 12–17, 22–25, 28, 31, 36, 38–39, 43–51, 54, 56, 62, 69, 74, 76, 84, 88–90, 92, 94–95, 97–98, 100–102, 104–105, 108, 113–123, 125–127, 129–131, 133, 135, 140–144, 149, 153, 161, 164, 166–167, 169, 173–175, 187, 191–193

• interface phenomena11

• interface-theory8

• interlanguage 131, 141, 150

• internal interfaces12

• intra-language 137, 150, 152

• intransitive 122, 125, 159, 163–165, 173

• Italian 2, 13–16, 26, 29, 35, 53–54, 59, 80–82, 84–89, 94–100, 122–123, 131–134, 136–137, 142, 145–147, 149, 153–154, 159, 163–165, 167–170, 172–175, 177, 186

• label 2, 4–6, 11–17, 22, 42–43, 47, 76, 76–85, 87–90, 94–95, 98, 100–105, 109–110, 112–115, 117–119, 121, 123, 129, 136–137, 139, 143–147, 152–153, 158–162, 166, 169, 171, 190–193

• language acquisition xii, 1–2, 9–10, 21, 37–38, 40–41, 45–46, 50, 62 63, 66–67, 79, 89, 92, 98, 102, 113–114, 118, 125, 137–138, 140, 147, 149, 187, 190

• lexical route 21, 34

• lexicon 34, 39–40, 42, 50, 55, 65, 82, 142, 147, 166, 169, 174

• Lidz 46–48, 63, 77

• linear distance 41, 93, 122, 133

• linearization 80, 131, 169

• long-distance 30, 56

• memory xii, 1, 3, 5–6, 18–22, 24–25, 28, 30, 33–36, 39–40, 43, 46, 49, 56–58, 62, 64, 66–71, 75, 77, 82, 92–93, 114, 122, 138–139, 148, 166, 187, 192–193

• merge 3, 6, 76–83, 87–88, 93, 100, 136, 143, 192

• minimalist program 3, 8–10, 191

• modularity8

• motion verbs 146, 165

• motor sequences18

• Move 16, 24, 60, 64, 81, 83, 120, 125

• movement 8, 16, 18, 23, 44, 58, 121, 123–125, 164, 173, 177, 189

• multiword units 3, 5, 12, 20, 40, 64–67, 73, 92–95, 101, 120

• mutual information 3, 41, 95–97, 106, 110, 160

• N400 28–30, 33, 68, 186

• nature 4, 6–9, 12, 16–17, 19, 24, 27, 31, 37, 41, 45–48, 50, 57–58, 74, 76, 83, 90, 92, 98, 100–101, 110, 113, 122, 135, 141, 143, 151–152, 164, 173–174

• neural networks18

• negativity 28, 30, 32

• non-combinatorial grammar 2, 5, 11, 77, 118, 120–122, 130, 132, 135, 137, 143, 148–149, 187, 189

• null subjects 11, 120–121, 132, 134, 136, 191

• nurture 41, 46, 48

• O’Donnell 43–44

• P600 68, 186

• parameter 9–10, 16, 42, 45, 63

• parser 142, 163, 168–170, 184

• parsing 62, 67, 69, 80, 149, 168–170

• past participle 11, 13, 84–85, 87–88, 90, 99–100, 123, 166, 192

• pattern 5, 9–11, 17 18, 24–26, 36–38, 40, 42–45, 47, 49, 51, 54–56, 58–60, 62–63, 74, 76, 85, 89, 91, 109, 115, 120, 125–126, 148–149, 152, 157, 163, 168, 170, 172–174, 176–187, 189, 192–193

• perfective 11, 84, 111, 134, 153–157, 163

• performance 22, 49–50, 57–58, 70, 152, 189

• phonological route 21, 34

• phrase-head 4, 76, 80, 160

• pivot 84–85, 100, 102–103, 108–110, 112, 118–119, 123–129, 133, 136, 144–145, 150, 152, 159–163, 171, 177–178, 186, 190, 192–193

• predicting machine 4–5, 8, 11

• prediction 2, 24–25, 27–34, 43, 49, 61–62, 68, 92, 100, 104, 148–150, 186–187

• predictive processing 25, 28, 33–34, 147

• probabilistic 9, 20, 23–24, 43–45, 49, 89, 90–92, 95, 98, 130, 135, 167, 193

• probability 3, 6, 9–10, 31, 33, 37, 41, 43, 46, 48–49, 63, 70–71, 79, 84–85, 90–92, 95, 98, 100, 110, 121–122, 149, 160, 164, 166–168 177, 180, 183, 193

• procedural 5, 18–21, 25, 39, 58, 68, 92–93, 148, 166, 187

• processing xii, 1–2, 6, 9, 11, 16, 19–22, 25–29, 31–34, 36–38, 40–42, 44, 49–50, 52, 55, 57–62, 64–69, 71, 74, 82, 88–89, 93, 100, 113, 118, 121, 133–134, 136–137, 140–143, 145, 147–148, 150, 158–159, 161, 163, 168–170, 176, 178, 183–187, 192

• pro-drop 12, 26–27, 132, 149

• productivity 45, 60, 65, 125, 151–152

• projection 4, 13, 30, 34, 80–81, 83, 87, 100, 123, 150

• push-down 57–58

• reading 2, 21, 34–36, 87, 116, 135, 163, 168, 170, 172–174, 176–187

• reading measures176

• redundancy 19–22, 43, 52–53, 160, 186

• redundant 19–21, 43, 117, 160

• regularities 3, 5, 8, 12–13, 16–17, 22–26, 34, 36, 39, 42, 46, 51, 55, 64–65, 68–69, 76, 84–85, 88–90, 92, 100–101, 114, 118, 120–122, 150, 167–168, 170, 187, 191–193

• reliance 5, 44, 76, 110–112, 118, 126, 154–157, 161

• repetition 6, 13, 18, 34, 52, 58, 60, 64, 74, 108, 113, 115–117, 125, 144, 167

• representation 1–2, 4, 11–14, 16, 21, 24, 27, 29, 32, 35–40, 42–43, 46–48, 50–53, 58, 60–65, 67, 69, 72, 75–77, 86–87, 89, 93, 102, 104, 113–114, 117–118, 121, 127, 130, 134–135, 140, 158, 164–167, 169, 185–186, 192

• reprogramming 17–18

• retrieval 28, 35, 67–71, 125

• Romance 13, 54, 123, 134

• rule xii, 1–3, 8–9, 12, 16–23, 25–28, 34–40, 42–43, 45–46, 49–51, 53, 55–56, 58–59, 64–69, 71, 75–77, 79, 84–85, 87–88, 93–94, 99–100, 117, 121–123, 125–127, 138–139, 150–152, 158, 164–168, 173–174, 192–193

• schemas 40, 52–53, 64–66, 72, 91, 95, 122

• second language acquisition 2, 66, 68, 98, 103, 133, 137–145, 147–148, 150–151, 157–160, 167, 170, 184, 186–187, 190–191

• semantics 11, 15, 25, 31–33, 54, 81, 85, 87, 104, 120, 124, 127, 131–132, 134, 146, 149, 165

• sequence 3–5, 13–14, 17–21, 23–24, 29, 31, 34, 51–52, 56–60, 65–68, 78–79, 84–85, 87–93, 100–102, 115, 117, 120–122, 126, 135, 141, 147, 151, 155, 159, 161–162, 176–177, 189, 191

• similarity 6, 14, 38, 47, 62, 74, 147

• skewness 5, 23, 94–95, 97–98, 101, 145, 161–162

• sounding out35

• statistical learning xii, 2–3, 24–25, 41, 46, 63–64, 66–67, 76, 78, 84, 91–92, 102, 130, 137–140, 143–145, 147–149, 152, 156–163, 167, 177, 183, 185–187

• Spanish 2, 13, 15–16, 26, 89, 102–106, 113, 123, 125, 132, 134–135, 148, 172, 184–185

• statistical information 2–6, 12–13, 15, 20, 23–24, 34, 37, 44–45, 47–48, 50, 56, 67, 71, 74, 76–79, 84–85, 88–92, 94–95, 100–101, 103, 105, 108, 127, 129, 190, 192–193

• statistics xii, 1–2, 6–8, 10–11, 13, 15, 17–19, 25, 36–38, 40, 42–45, 48, 54, 61, 64, 72, 74, 84, 89, 94, 102–103, 113–115, 118–119, 122, 124, 126, 129, 131–132, 134–135, 137, 144–145, 157–160, 167, 180, 182, 187, 190–191, 193

• stem 5, 13, 20, 25, 65–66, 73, 91, 120, 132, 149, 151

• storage 20, 25, 34, 36, 42–44, 64, 67, 74, 125, 192

• stranding 125–126

• strength 13, 16, 18, 20, 23, 26, 49–50, 52, 70, 88–89, 92–95, 99, 101, 106, 145, 148–149, 153, 189

• subject pronoun 12, 26–27, 133, 153, 155

• superposition 159, 160, 162, 186–187, 192–194

• symbol 11, 31, 56, 59, 116, 120–121, 130–131, 133, 135

• tolerance principle 45–46

• topic 12, 22, 30, 76, 80, 84, 88, 132–134, 149, 154, 156, 162

• Townsend 44, 50, 64

• transition probability xii, 6, 9, 11, 23, 37, 43, 51, 59–60, 83–85, 88–92, 94, 100, 105, 116, 121, 131–132, 136, 145, 160–162, 164, 167, 187

• universal grammar xii, 3, 6, 8–12, 22, 38, 40–41, 45–49, 67, 74

• unaccusative 29, 85–87, 100, 122–123, 145, 147, 156, 163–166, 168, 171, 174, 177, 188

• unergative 29, 84–87, 100, 122–123, 145–147, 156, 163–166, 168, 171, 174, 177, 183, 188

• unidirectional 13, 90–91, 94, 101, 110, 152, 174

• universal principles41

• usage-based linguistics 7, 10–11, 42, 117, 191

• variation sets 102–103, 108, 113–119, 121, 128, 144–146, 153, 190

• vicinity 6, 14, 16, 26, 47, 81, 100, 131

• violations 68, 121, 186

• Yang 9–10, 38, 45, 63–64, 74, 100