Chapter 1.Introduction
1
1.Overview
1
2.Internal context
2
2.1Bilingual processing
2
2.2The interpreted world
5
2.3The meaning of ‘context’
6
2.4Two types of internal context
7
3.Context and cognition
9
3.1Deconstructing ‘input’
9
3.2Deconstructing ‘output’
10
3.3Input, output, and internal context
10
4.Models of the mind
11
4.1Modelling bilingual processing
11
4.2The heterarchical mind
12
4.3The mind: A dynamic or a stable system?
13
4.4The drive for coherence
13
4.5The status of consciousness
14
5.Theoretical frameworks
15
5.1Broad and narrow explanatory frameworks
15
5.2The Modular Cognition Framework
16
5.3Language in the mind
17
5.4Distinct levels of description
18
5.5The role of overarching and ‘local’ theoretical frameworks
19
5.6On defining representations, structures and memories
20
6.Chapter summary
21
Chapter 2.The Modular Cognition Framework
23
1.Introduction
23
2.What is a representation?
24
2.1Mental versus neural representations
25
2.2Representations as knowledge
25
2.3Representational schemas
26
3.Modularity
28
3.1Modularity in brain and mind
28
3.2Modules in MCF
29
3.3Locating language within the modular mind
32
3.4Generic sound and generic meaning
34
4.Processing: Activation and memory
36
4.1The story so far
36
4.2Activation within stores
37
4.3Working memory: The ‘state’ view
38
4.4Interfaces
39
4.5Coindexing
41
4.6Resting levels of activation (RLAs)
42
5.Growth
43
5.1Acquisition by Processing
43
5.2Language attrition
45
6.The affective system
46
7.Goals
48
8.Self
49
9.The definition of context in the MCF
51
10.MCF architecture summarized
52
Chapter 3.Outside in: External sources of internal context
55
1.Overview
55
2.Context in the MCF
57
3.Context as a continually changing phenomenon
57
4.The central role of the conceptual system
58
5.Schemas
61
5.1Multiple activation of schemas
61
5.2Schemas as cognitive templates
62
5.3Schemas and modularity
63
5.4Schema updating
63
5.5Schemas in bilingual processing
64
5.6Frame semantics and other possible relatives
66
5.7Communicative competence
70
6.Pragmatic processing
70
6.1Context and language processing
70
6.2Bilingual pragmatics and status of concepts
71
6.2.1Linguistic relativity
71
6.2.2‘Semantic’ versus ‘conceptual’?
72
7.Situational context in neuroscience theory and research
74
7.1Locations and connections
74
7.2Top down processing, bottom up processing and embodiment
76
7.3Further topics for consideration
78
8.Conclusion
78
Chapter 4.Inherently internal context
81
1.Introduction
81
2.Goals
82
2.1Goals in the MCF framework
82
2.2Establishment of goal representations
84
2.3Conclusion
84
3.Value and emotion
85
3.1Value
85
3.2Emotion
87
4.Self
88
4.1Is self a legitimate object of scientific study?
88
4.2Self as CS representation(s)
89
4.2.1Self as a goal system
89
4.2.2The meta-self
90
4.3Self as affective representation(s)
92
4.4What is ‘self’?
94
4.5Self and bilingualism
94
4.5.1Self and language learning motivation
95
4.5.2Multiple selves in bilingualism
96
5.Conclusion
97
Chapter 5.Bilingual representation
101
1.Introduction: The significance of bilingual representation
101
2.Syntactic and phonological representation in the bilingual mind
101
2.1How is human language to be defined?
101
2.2Syntactic representations in the bilingual mind
102
2.3Phonological representations in the bilingual mind
104
2.4Reconceptualizing the bilingual mental lexicon
105
3.Conceptual representation in the bilingual mind
107
3.1Conceptual representation
108
3.1.1The conceptual system in the brain
108
3.1.2Locating memory categories within the framework
110
3.1.3Conceptual primitives
110
3.2Metalinguistic knowledge
111
3.3Bilingual conceptual structures
111
3.4Metalinguistic knowledge in the bilingual mind
114
4.Sign language
115
5.Relations to existing models of conceptual representation in bilingualism
117
5.1The Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM)
119
5.2The Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus Model (BIA+)
120
5.3The Modified Hierarchical Model (MHM)
122
5.4Areas of consensus and limitations
123
6.Conclusion
124
Chapter 6.Cognitive control and language control
125
1.Introduction
125
2.The homunculus issue
126
2.1The problem
126
2.2Language control and the homunculus problem
128
2.2.1Control
128
2.2.2Access
128
2.2.3Selection
129
2.2.4Conclusion
129
3.Control
130
3.1The nature of control
130
3.2The neural basis for control
132
3.2.1Control regions in the brain
132
3.2.2Local synchronization of processing
133
3.2.3Global synchronization of processing
134
3.3Control as selective activation
136
3.3.1Activation: Cognitive and neural
136
3.3.2Activation: Sensory and executive
137
3.3.3Inhibition
137
3.4Cognitive control and bilingual processing
140
4.Setting the stage for control
142
4.1Outside-in context as the stage for control
142
4.1.1Outside-in context and cognitive control
142
4.1.2Outside-in context and language control
143
4.2The stage within the linguistic modules
145
4.2.1The state of the linguistic modules
145
4.2.2Crosslinguistic activation: Items from both languages are on-stage
147
5.Cognitive control and modularity
148
6.Control: Hierarchical vs. heterarchical
149
7.Conclusion
150
Chapter 7.Control as inherently internal context: Part I. Goals, value, and emotion as controllers
151
1.Introduction
151
2.Goals as controllers
152
2.1Goals as cognitive controllers
152
2.2Goals as language controllers
154
3.Value as controller
155
3.1Value as cognitive controller
156
3.2Value as language controller
156
4.Emotion as controller
160
4.1Emotion as cognitive controller
160
4.2Emotion as language controller
162
5.Putting it together: Goals, value, and emotion as language controllers
163
6.Bilingual advantage and executive control
164
6.1The state of the field
164
6.2Bilingual advantage in the MCF
166
7.Relations to existing treatments of language control
168
7.1Fundamental contrasts
168
7.2Inhibitory control and the adaptive control hypothesis
169
7.3The Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) model
172
7.4Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech (BLINCS)
173
7.5Conclusion
174
8.Conclusion
174
Chapter 8.Control as inherently internal context: Part II. Self as controller
175
1.Introduction
175
2.The goal-based self as controller
176
2.1The goal-based self and dominance within it
176
2.2The goal-based self as language controller
178
3.The role of the meta-self
178
3.1The meta-self in cognitive control
178
3.2The meta-self in language control
179
4.Self-based and selfless cognitive control
180
4.1The nature of self-based control
181
4.2The process: Dynamic shifts in control
182
4.2.1Control in trouble-free processing
183
4.2.2Control with complications
184
4.2.3Value and affect in self-based and selfless control
185
4.3An example of self-based and selfless control
185
4.4The use of metalinguistic knowledge as self-based processing
187
5.Self-based and selfless language control
189
5.1The nature of self-based language control
189
5.2Some examples of self-based language control
192
5.3A more extended example
193
5.4The case of switch costs
195
5.4.1Factors underlying switch costs
196
5.4.2A hypothesis
197
5.4.3Conclusion
199
5.5Interpreting
199
6.The affective self as controller
200
7.‘Self’ as controller?
202
7.1‘Self’ as cognitive controller?
202
7.2‘Self’ as language controller?
203
8.The L2 self
204
9.Conclusion
207
Chapter 9.Coactivation phenomena
209
1.Introduction
209
2.Coactivation in MCF
209
3.Internal context and the variables influencing “non-selective access”
210
3.1The role of proficiency
210
3.2The role of sentential context
211
3.3Additional factors
212
3.4Strong and weak versions of “non-selective access”
212
4.Direction of influence
213
4.1Internal context and direction of influence
213
4.2L3 acquisition
214
5.Coactivation phenomena and experimental paradigms
217
5.1The picture naming task
217
5.2Picture naming and internal context
217
5.3A note on ecological validity
219
5.4Conclusion
219
6.Optionality in SLA
220
6.1Optionality and why it occurs
220
6.2Optionality and internal context
221
7.Code-switching
222
7.1Some background on code-switching
233
7.2Language identification, revisited
224
7.3The role of outside-in context in switching
226
7.4The role of goals in switching
227
7.5The role of value in switching
228
7.6The role of emotion in switching
229
7.7The role of self in switching
230
7.8The role of purely linguistic factors in switching
231
7.9Conclusion
233
8.Conclusion
233
Chapter 10.Internal context and attention, working memory, and effort
235
1.Introduction
235
2.Attention
235
2.1Attention and cognition
236
2.2Attention and bilingual processing
237
3.Working memory
238
3.1Working memory and cognition
238
3.1.1Working memory and POpS synchronization
238
3.1.2Working memory capacity
239
3.1.3Affective working memory
240
3.2Working memory and bilingual processing
241
3.2.1Working memory and conceptual structures
241
3.2.2Working memory capacity
242
3.2.2.1What is working memory capacity?
243
3.2.2.2Some implications of the MCF account of WMC
244
3.2.2.3Conclusion
246
3.2.3Affective working memory in bilingual processing
247
4.Cognitive effort
247
4.1Effort and cognition
247
4.1.1What is cognitive effort?
248
4.1.2When is processing effortful?
249
4.1.3Effort and positive value
250
4.1.4Effort and volition
251
4.2Effort in bilingual processing
251
4.2.1Goals, effort, and effortless bilingual processing
252
4.2.2Effort resulting from inherent difficulty of the task
252
4.2.3Effort and outside-in context in bilingual processing
253
4.2.4Effort and goal conflict in bilingual processing
254
4.2.5Effort as internal context
254
4.2.6A note on code-switching and effort
255
4.2.7Conclusion
255
5.Conclusion
256
Chapter 11.Consciousness and internal context
257
1.Consciousness and cognition
257
1.1Awareness and control from CS
257
1.2Awareness and control from AfS
259
1.3Consciousness, working memory, and internal context
259
1.4Consciousness, effort, and internal context
260
2.Consciousness and the internal context of bilingual processing
261
2.1Awareness of outside-in context in bilingual processing
261
2.2Awareness of goals in bilingual processing
262
2.3Awareness of affect in bilingual processing
263
2.4Awareness of self in bilingual processing
264
2.5Conclusion
264
3.Consciousness, internal context, and metalinguistic knowledge
264
3.1The nature of metalinguistic knowledge
264
3.2The effects of metalinguistic knowledge
265
3.3An MCF analysis of metalinguistic processing
268
3.4Metalinguistic knowledge and L3 acquisition
4.Consciousness in translation and interpreting
270
4.1Translation and interpreting
270
4.2Translation and interpreting in the MCF
271
5.Conclusion
273
Chapter 12.Conclusion
275
1.The mind and its role as generator of internal context
275
1.1The mind
275
1.2The mind as generator of internal context
276
2.Elements of internal context
277
2.1Outside-in context
277
2.2Goals
278
2.3The goal-based self
278
2.4The meta-self
279
2.5Affect: Value, emotion, and the affective self
279
3.Control
280
4.Some implications and applications
281
4.1Internal context and interlingual coactivation
281
4.2Internal context and attention, working memory, effort, and consciousness
282
5.Final reflections
282
References
285