From Paris to Nuremberg
The birth of conference interpreting
| University of Salamanca
Translated and edited by
| Monterey Institute of International Studies
| Monterey Institute of International Studies
Conference interpreting is a relatively young profession. Born at the dawn of the 20th century, it hastened the end of the era when diplomatic relations were dominated by a single language, and it played a critical role in the birth of a new multilingual model of diplomacy that continues to this day. In this seminal work on the genesis of conference interpreting, Jesús Baigorri-Jalón provides the profession with a pedigree based on painstaking research and supported by first-hand accounts as well as copious references to original documentation. The author traces the profession’s roots back to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, through its development at the League of Nations and the International Labor Organization, its use by the Allied and Axis powers as they decided the fate of nations in the years prior to and during World War II, and finally its debut on the world stage in 1945, at the Nuremberg Trials. Available for the first time in English, this account will be of interest not only to scholars and students of interpreting but also to any reader interested in the linguistic, social, diplomatic, and political history of the 20th century.
[Benjamins Translation Library, 111] 2014. vii, 270 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins (English only)
Table of Contents
|
Preface
|
1–4
|
|
5–8
|
|
|
Introduction
|
9–13
|
|
Chapter I. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919
|
15–55
|
|
Chapter II. The splendor of consecutive interpreting, the interwar period
|
57–131
|
|
Chapter III. The birth of simultaneous interpretation
|
133–164
|
|
Chapter IV. The interpreters of the dictators
|
165–209
|
|
Chapter V. Nuremberg, simultaneous interpreting comes of age
|
211–246
|
|
Conclusions
|
247–254
|
|
Bibliography
|
255–263
|
|
Index
|
265–270
|
“In this seminal work, Jesús Baigorri-Jalón provides both first-hand accounts and research that trace the roots of conference interpreting back to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The story then winds its way through the League of Nations and the International Labor Organization, the role of conference interpreters for both the Allied and Axis powers as they decided the fate of nations before and during World War II, and finally its debut on the world stage in 1945, at the Nuremberg Trials. Available for the first time in English, this account will fascinate any reader interested in interpreting.”
Marjory A. Bancroft, in INTERSECT: A Newsletter about Interpreting, Language and Culture, June 26, 2014
“There is no question that this well-researched and valuable book will prove to be an excellent guide for new generations of interpreters (and translators) by bringing to life, through the words of the participants themselves, this historical moment when their specializations were not yet demarcated so clearly. [...] It is especially recommended for conference interpreters, but its appeal extends to anyone interested in how we can find our way through crisis to cooperation and peaceful coexistence by skillfully entwining the diverse threads of language.”
Kornelia DeKorne, in ATA Chronicle, June 2015
Cited by
Cited by other publications
De la Cruz Recio, Manuel
2018.
In Complexity Thinking in Translation Studies,
► pp. 73 ff. 
Donovan, Clare
2019.
In The Evolving Curriculum in Interpreter and Translator Education [American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series, XIX],
► pp. 343 ff.
Gallai, Fabrizio
2019.
In The Palgrave Handbook of Languages and Conflict,
► pp. 205 ff.
Hale, Sandra Beatriz, Natalie Martschuk, Uldis Ozolins & Ludmila Stern
2017. The effect of interpreting modes on witness credibility assessments.
Interpreting 19:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Kershaw, Angela
2019.
In Translating War,
► pp. 67 ff.
Leung, Ester S. M.
2019. The Jurisprudence and Administration of Legal Interpreting in Hong Kong (1966–2016).
International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32:1 ► pp. 95 ff.
Masiola, Rosanna & Renato Tomei
2015.
In Law, Language and Translation [SpringerBriefs in Law, ],
► pp. 47 ff.
Mellinger, Christopher D. & Thomas A. Hanson
2018. Interpreter traits and the relationship with technology and visibility.
Translation and Interpreting Studies 13:3 ► pp. 366 ff.
Pöchhacker, Franz
2020.
In Linking up with Video [Benjamins Translation Library, 149],
► pp. 13 ff.
Seeber, Kilian G., Laura Keller, Rhona Amos & Sophie Hengl
2019. Expectations vs. experience.
Interpreting 21:2 ► pp. 270 ff.
Wang, Binhua
2017. Takeda, Kayoko and Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús, eds. (2016): New Insights in the History of Interpreting. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 278 p..
Meta: Journal des traducteurs 62:3 ► pp. 664 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 june 2020. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
References
Bibliography
Unpublished sources
Abraham File. sec. 34, doc. 1658. LON Archives, Geneva.
Alphabetical Inventory of the League of Nations Personnel Files. handwritten call number ARR/28. LON Archives, Geneva.
Application of Telephonic Interpretation during the 12th Session of the Conference File. O 304/4/12. ILO Archives, Geneva.
Application of Telephonic Interpretation during the 13th Session of the Conference File. O 304/4/13. ILO Archives, Geneva.
Application of Telephonic Interpretation during the Year 1932 (16th Session of the ILO Conference) File. O 304/4/16. ILO Archives, Geneva.
Arnould File. sec. 34, doc. 1113. LON Archives, Geneva.
Belleau File. sec. 34, doc. 907. LON Archives, Geneva.
Bokitko File. sec. 38, doc. 17150. LON Archives, Geneva.
Boyer File. sec. 10, doc. 3860. LON Archives, Geneva.
Callier File. Box S/733. LON Archives, Geneva.
Camerlynck File. Box S/734. LON Archives, Geneva.
Champenois File. Box S/737, sec. 34, doc. 1202. LON Archives, Geneva.
Chapman File. Box S/738. LON Archives, Geneva.
Chazal File. Box S/741, sec. 34, doc. 3322. LON Archives, Geneva.
Duhamel File. Box S/761, sec. 34, doc. 14716. LON Archives, Geneva.
Fatio File. Box S/767, sec. 34, doc. 759. LON Archives, Geneva.
Filene Experiment Files. O 304/1/0; O 304/1/1; O 304/4/8, 9, and 10. ILO Archives, Geneva.
Geijer File. Box R/776, doc. 9157. LON Archives, Geneva.
Georg File. Box R/777, doc. 5247. LON Archives, Geneva.
German Translations File. Box R/1467, doc. 24604. LON Archives, Geneva.
H. C. Kerr File. Personnel file no. P.2952. ILO Archives, Geneva.
[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea] Procedures for Translation of Correspondence and Interpretation at Meetings File, Box R/1459, doc. 29159. LON Archives, Geneva.
Joucla-Pelous File. Box S/804, doc. 1665. LON Archives, Geneva.
League of Nations Secretariat. Staff List. September 7, 1921. LON Archives, Geneva.
Mantoux File. sec. 33, doc. 1115. LON Archives, Geneva.
Michaelis File. Personnel Office [sic], LON Archives, Geneva.
Mowat File. Personnel file no. P.2168. ILO Archives, Geneva.
Parodi, H.
1921 Rapport sur l’organisation, les travaux et le personnel du Service des traducteurs et interprètes. April 14. Box R/1457, sec. 29, doc. 12601. LON Archives, Geneva.
Peirce File. Box S/855, doc. 17072. LON Archives, Geneva.
Perdrau File. Box S/852, doc. 33207. LON Archives, Geneva.
Privat File. Box S/859, doc. 14313. LON Archives, Geneva.
Publication of Results of the Examinations for Translators and Interpreters. Box R/1467, doc. 22595. LON Archives, Geneva.
Red Cross File. Box R/1459, doc. 42729. LON Archives, Geneva.
Ronzevalle File. Box R/870, sec. 34, doc. 1047. LON Archives, Geneva.
Rossetti-Agresti File. Box R/871, sec. 34, doc. 22512. LON Archives, Geneva.
Sallaz File. Personnel file no. 925. ILO Archives, Geneva.
Sandys File. Box S/874, doc. 11033. LON Archives Geneva.
Sayous File. Box S/875, doc. 17785. LON Archives, Geneva.
Shelley File. Box S/881, doc. 14314. LON Archives, Geneva.
Simultaneous Interpretation File. Box R/3427. LON Archives, Geneva.
Telephonic Interpretation File. doc. O 304/1/13. ILO Archives, Geneva.
Thudicum File. Box R/893, sec. 34, doc. 758. LON Archives, Geneva.
UN File [sic on the file tab]. LON Archives, Geneva.
Velleman File. sec. 38, doc. 2619. LON Archives, Geneva.
Wade File. Box S/902, sec. 34, doc. 10828. LON Archives, Geneva.
Watson File. Box S/903, doc. 10216. LON Archives, Geneva.
Bibliography
Ackermann Hanisch, Juan
1993 A las órdenes de Vuecencia. Autobiografía del intérprete de los generales Muñoz Grandes y Esteban-Infantes. Madrid: Ediciones Barbarroja.
Alcalá Zamora y Torres, Niceto
1946 Paz mundial y organización internacional. Buenos Aires: Librería Perlado.
Aldrovandi Marescoti, L.
1938 Guerra diplomatica. Milan: A. Mondadori.
Alfieri, Dino
1948 Due dittatori di fronte. Milan: Rizzoli Editore.
Álvarez del Vayo, Julio
1973 Give Me Combat: The Memoirs of Julio Alvarez del Vayo. With a prologue by Barbara W. Tuchman. Translated by Donald D. Walsh. Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown.
Anderson, R. Bruce W.
1976. “Perspectives on the Role of the Interpreter.” In Translation: Applications and Research, edited by R. W. Brislin, 208–28. New York: Gardner Press.
Arnaud, René
1966 Tragédie bouffe: A Frenchman in the First World War. Translated by J. B. Donne. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
Austin, William M.(ed.)
1967 Papers in Linguistics in Honor of Leon Dostert. The Hague: Mouton.
Baigorri, Jesús
1998 “En torno a Antoine Velleman, fundador de la Escuela de Ginebra.” Parallèles 20: 9–30.
Bailey, Geoffrey [George Vassiltchikov, pseud.]
1960 The Conspirators. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Baker, R. S.
1922 Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement. 3 vols. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page.
Bandholtz, Harry H.
1933 An Undiplomatic Diary. Edited by Fritz-Konrad Kruger. New York: Colombia University Press.
Berezhkov, Valentin M.
1994 At Stalin’s Side. His Interpreter’s Memoirs from the October Revolution to the Fall of the Dictator’s Empire. Translated by Sergei V. Mikheyev. A Birch Lane Press Book. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Birse, A. H.
1967 Memoirs of an Interpreter. With a prologue by the Earl of Avon. New York: Coward-McCann.
Bohlen, Charles E.
1973 Witness to History, 1929–1969. New York: W. W. Norton.
Bonsal, Stephen
1944 Unfinished Business. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran.
1946 Suitors and Suppliants. The Little Nations at Versailles. New York: Prentice Hall.
Bowen, David
1985 “The Intercultural Component in Interpreter and Translator Training: A Historical Survey.” PhD diss., Georgetown University.
Bowen, David and Margareta Bowen
1985 “The Nuremberg Trials (Communication through Translation).” META 30 (1): 74–77.
. (eds.) 1990 Interpreting: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series IV. Binghamton: State University of New York.
Brislin, R. W.
. (ed) 1976 Translation: Applications and Research. New York: Gardner Press.
Byrnes, James F.
1947 Speaking Frankly. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Cadogan, Sir Alexander
1972 Diaries. Edited by David Dilks. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Carnicer, Ramón
1983 Friso menor. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés.
Cecil, Lord E. A. Robert Gascoyne
1941. A Great Experiment. An Autobiography. New York: Oxford University Press.
Chernov, Gelij V.
1992 “Conference Interpretation in the USSR: History, Theory, New Frontiers.” META 37 (1): 149–62.
Churchill, Winston S.
1950 The Second World War. The Hinge of Fate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1951 The Second World War. Closing the Ring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1953 The Second World War. Triumph and Tragedy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Ciano, Galeazzo
1948 Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers. Edited by Malcolm Muggeridge. Translated by Stuart Hood. London: Odhams Press. Originally published as L’Europa verso la catastrophe.
Clemenceau, Georges
1930 Grandeur and Misery of Victory. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Conot, Robert E.
1983 Justice at Nuremberg. New York: Harper & Row.
Day, C.
1921 “The Atmosphere and Organization of the Peace Conference.” In What Really Happened at Paris, edited by E. M. House and C. Seymour, 15–36. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Delisle, Jean
1997–98. “Réflexions sur l’historiographie de la traduction et ses exigences scientifiques.” Équivalences 26 (2) –27 (1): 21–43.
Dillon, E. J.
1920 The Inside Story of the Peace Conference. New York and London: Harper & Brothers.
Dollmann, Eugen
1967 The Interpreter. Memoirs of Doktor Eugen Dollmann. Translated by J. Maxwell Brownjohn. London: Hutchinson.
Dunn, David H.
. (ed) 1996 Diplomacy at the Highest Level. The Evolution of International Summitry. London: Macmillan Press.
Eco, Umberto
1994 La recherche de la langue parfait dans la culture européenne. Translated by Jean-Paul Manganaro. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. Originally published as La ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea
.
Eden, Anthony
1962 Facing the Dictators (The Memoirs of Anthony Eden). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1965 Memoirs. The Reckoning. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Ekvall, Robert E.
1960 Faithful Echo. New York: Twayne.
Eubank, Keith
1966 The Summit Conferences, 1919–1960. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Flanner, Janet
1979 Janet Flanner’s World. Uncollected Writings, 1932–1975. Edited by Irving Drutman. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
François-Poncet, André
1949 The Fateful Years. Memoirs of a French Ambassador in Berlin, 1931–1938. Translated by Jacques LeClercq. New York: Reynal& Hitchcock.
Gaiba, Francesca
1998 The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation. The Nuremberg Trial. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
Galbraith, John Kenneth
1981 A Life in Our Times. Memoirs. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Gáler, Raúl
1974 “A Vindication of Shorthand.” AIIC Bulletin 2 (1).
Gaskin, Hilary
(ed) 1990 Eyewitnesses at Nuremberg. London: Arms.
Gerver, D. and W. H. Sinaiko
(eds) 1978 “Language Interpretation and Communication.”
Proceedings of the NATO Symposium on Language Interpretation and Communication
. New York: Plenum.
Gibberd, K.
1936 The League, its Successes and Failures. London:J. M. Dent & Sons.
Glenn, Edmund S. and Christine G. Glenn
1981 Man and Mankind: Conflict and Communication between Cultures. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Goldstein, Erik
1996 “The Origins of Summit Diplomacy.” In Diplomacy at the Highest Level. The Evolution of International Summitry, edited by David H. Dunn, 23–37. London: Macmillan Press.
Gore-Booth, Lord
(ed) 1979. Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice. London and New York: Longman.
Grew, Joseph C.
1952 Turbulent Era. A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945, vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press.
Haensch, Günther
1965 Técnica y picardía del intérprete diplomático. Munich: Max Hueber Verlag.
Hankey, Lord Maurice
1946 Diplomacy by Conference. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
1963 The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Harriman, W. Averell
1975 Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946. New York-Toronto: Random House.
Harris, Brian
1993 “Un intérprete diplomático inglés en el siglo XIX en Japón.” Livius 3: 115–136.
Harris, H. W.
1927 What the League of Nations is. London: George Allen & Unwin.
1929 The League of Nations. New York: Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith.
Harris, Whitney R.
1954 Tyranny on Trial. The Evidence at Nuremberg. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.
Hayes, Carlton J. H.
1946 Wartime in Spain, 1942–1945. New York: MacMillan.
Henderson, John A.
1980 “Traducteur et interprète. Siblings observed.” Babel 26 (4): 217–225.
1987 Personality and the Linguist. A Comparison of the Personality Profiles of Professional Translators and Conference Interpreters. Leeds: Bradford University Press.
Henderson, Sir Neville
1940 Failure of a Mission. Berlin, 1937–1939. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Herbert, Jean
1952 Manuel de l’interprète. Comment on devient interprète de conférences. Preface by S. Stelling-Michaud. Geneva: Librairie de l’Université Georg.
1978 “How Conference Interpretation Grew.” In Gerver and Sinaiko, Language Interpretation, 5–10.
Herbert, Josette
1979 “Un auteur et son œuvre.” Les carnets du yoga 5: 2–14.
Hill, N. L.
1929 The Public International Conference. California: Stanford University Press; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.
Hobsbawm, E.
1994 The Age of Extremes. New York: Pantheon Books.
House, E. M. and C. Seymour
(eds) 1921 What Really Happened at Paris. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Howard-Ellis, C.
1928 The Origin, Structure and Working of the League of Nations. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Hudson, Manley O.
. (ed) 1931 International Legislation. A Collection of the Texts of Multipartite International Instruments of General Interest. vol. 1, no. 1–64. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
. (ed) 1943 The Permanent Court of International Justice, 1920–1942. A Treatise. New York: MacMillan.
Hunt, E. E.
1925 Conferences, Committees, Conventions and How to Run Them. New York and London: Harper & Brothers.
ILO (International Labour Organization)
1927a “Communication from the German Government Representative on the Governing Body of the International Labour Office to the Governing Body.” In Minutes of the 35th Session of the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. March. Geneva: ILO.
1927b Minutes of the 36th Session of the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. May-June. Geneva: ILO.
Jacob, Hans
1962 Kind meiner Zeit; Lebenserinnerungen. Cologne-Berlin: Kiepenhener & Witsch.
Kelen, Emery
1949 “Push Button Diplomacy.” UN World, the International Magazine 3 (3): 60–62.
1963 Peace in Their Time. Men Who Led Us In and Out of War, 1914–45. Drawings by Derso and Kelen. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Kennan, George F.
1967 Memoirs, 1925 –1950. Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown.
Kennedy, Aubrey L.
1922 Old Diplomacy and New (1876–1922). London: John Murray.
Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone
1964 Mussolini. Study of a Demagogue. Long Acre, London: Odhams Books.
Korchilov, Igor
1997 Translating History. New York: Scribner.
Kurz, Ingrid
1996 “Simultaneous Interpretation in 1935—An Eyewitness Report. Magda van Emde Boas (née Starkenstein), interviewed by Ingrid Kurz.” The Jerome Quarterly 11 (4): 2 and 12.
Lansing, Robert
1921 The Peace Negotiations, a Personal Narrative. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin.
La Pradelle, Albert de
1947 La paix moderne (1899–1945). De La Haye à San Francisco. Paris: Les Éditions Internationales.
Lloyd George, David
1938 The Truth about the Peace Treaties, vol. 1. London: Victor Gollancz.
LON (League of Nations)
1920 International Labor Conference. First Annual Meeting. Washington: Government Printing Office.
1921.
Procès-verbaux [Minutes from the 4th session of the 4th Committee on September 15, 1921, at 3:30 PM and from the 8th session of the 4th Committee on September 20, 1920]. In
Procès-verbaux des commissions de la deuxième Assemblée de la Société de nations
. No. 7. September 26.
.
Staff List of the Secretariat, Showing Nationalities and Salaries
. For the following dates of publication, with call numbers: 1922, C.246(a). M.137(a).1922. X.; 1923, C.354. M.157.1923. X.; 1924, C.183(1). M.52(1).1924. X.; 1925, C.459. M.170.1925.; 1926, C.245(1). M.92(1).1926.; 1927, C.184(1). M.62(1).1927.; 1928, C.146(1). M.37(1).1928.; 1929, C.132. M.47.1929.; 1930, C.186(1). M.87(1).1930.; 1931, C.399. M.161.1931.; 1932, C.460. M.235.1932.; 1933, C.394. M.201.1933.; 1934, C.215. M.83.1934.; 1935, C.215. M.111.1935.; 1936, C.262. M.155.1936.; 1937, C.277. M.180.1937.; 1938, C.213. M.118.1938.; 1939, C.216. M.144.1939.
1922
L’esperanto comme langue auxiliaire internationale
. Rapport du Secrétariat général adopté par la troisième Assemblée de la Société des Nations. September 21.
1926
Translation of Speeches at Committee Sessions
. Special circular 15.1926. June 21.
1927
Conditions actuelles de travail au Secrétariat
. Report by the Secretary General. doc. A.21.1927. June 27.
1930
Improvement of Material Arrangements for Sessions of the Assembly
. doc. A.47.1930. September 12.
[1931 or 1932?]
Le système Filene-Finlay de traduction téléphonique des discours
. Pamphlet.
1932
Assembly Arrangements
. Report by the General Committee. doc. A.63.1932. October 11.
MacDonald, R. Ross
1967 “Léon Dostert.” In Papers in Linguistics in Honor of Léon Dostert, edited by William M. Austin, 9–14. The Hague-Paris: Mouton.
Madariaga, Salvador de
1937 Theory and Practice in International Relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1974 Memorias (1921–1936). Amanecer sin mediodía. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.
Maisky, Ivan
1967 Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador. The War: 1939–43. Translated by Andrew Rothstein. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Mantoux, Paul
1946 “Interpréter, c’est d’abord comprendre.” L’interprète 1946: 2–3.
1955 Les délibérations du Conseil des Quatre, 2 vols. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Marston, F. S.
1944 The Peace Conference of 1919. Organization and Procedure. London-New York-Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Mathieu, Georges
1949 “Words Before Peace—The Problem of the UN Interpreter.” UN World 3 (1): 58–59.
McCormick, Vance
. n.d.
Diaries of Vance McCormick, Member of the American War Mission to Inter-Allied Conference in London and Paris in 1917; and Adviser to President Wilson at the Peace Conference in Paris, in 1919
. Copy in the Woodrow Wilson Collection of the United Nations Library in New York.
Medina, Manuel
1979 Las organizaciones internacionales. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Mee, Charles L., Jr
1975 Meeting at Potsdam. New York: M. Evans.
Mezes, S. E.
1921 “Preparation for Peace.” In What Really Happened in Paris, edited by E. M. House and C. Seymour, 1–14. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Miller, D. H.
1928 The Drafting of the Covenant, 2 vols. New York-London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Moats, H. M.
1936 “The Secretariat of the League of Nations: International Civil Service or Diplomatic Conference?” PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Monnet, Jean
1976 Mémoires, vol. 1. Paris: Fayard.
Nicolson, Harold
1933 Peacemaking, 1919. London: Constable.
1939 Diplomacy. London: Thornton Butterworth.
1966 Diaries and Letters, 1930–1939. Edited by Nigel Nicholson. New York: Atheneum.
Nilski, Thérèse
1967 “Translators and Interpreters—Siblings or a Breed Apart?” META 12 (2): 45–49.
O’Davoren, W.
1943
Post-War Reconstruction Conferences. The Technical Organisation of International Conferences
. With a prologue by A. Velleman. London: P. S. King & Staples.
Oline, Evelyn
1958 Let’s Take Another Look at Language. Language and World Peace. New York: Exposition Press.
Ossorio, Ángel
1946 Mis memorias. Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada.
Ostrower, Alexander
1965 Language, Law and Diplomacy. A Study of Linguistic Diversity in Official International Relations and International Law, 2 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Palazchenko, Pavel
1997 Gorbachev and Shevardnadze. The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Pastuhov, V. D.
1945 A Guide to the Practice of International Conferences. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Paul-Boncour, J.
1945 Entre deux guerres. Souvenirs sur la IIIe République. Les lendemains de la victoire, 1919–1934. Paris: Librairie Plon.
Pearl, Stephen
1995 “Lacuna, Myth and Shibboleth in the Teaching of Simultaneous Interpreting.” Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 2: 161–90. University of Copenhagen: Museum of Tusculanum Press.
Persico, Joseph E.
1994 Nuremberg. Infamy on Trial. New York: Viking Penguin.
Pink, Gerhard P.
1942 “The Conference of Ambassadors (Paris 1920–1931).” In vol. 12 of Geneva Studies, 4–5. Geneva: Geneva Research Centre.
Preston, Paul
1994 Franco. A Biography : BasicBooks, a division of Harper Collins.
Ranshofen-Wertheimer, Egon F.
1945 The International Secretariat. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Riddell, Lord George A. R.
1933 Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, 1918–1923. London: Victor Gollancz.
Roditi, Edouard
1982 Interpreting: Its History in a Nutshell. National Resource Center for Translation and Interpretation paper. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.
Roland, Ruth
1982 Translating World Affairs. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
1999 Interpreters as Diplomats. A Diplomatic History of the Role of Interpreters in World Politics. Edited by Jean Delisle. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
Salomon, Jean-Jacques
1993 “Paul Mantoux et la Révolution industrielle.” Les Cahiers du CNAM 2: 119–54. Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers.
Sánchez, James J.. et al.
. (comps) 1995 Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, vol. 1. Aristarchus International Law Database Series. Seattle: Aristarchus Knowledge Industries. CD-ROM.
Sanz, Jésus
1930 “Le travail et les aptitudes des interprètes parlementaires.” Anals d’orientació professional 4: 303–18.
Schmidt, Dana
1946 “Pick Your Language,”
The New York Times, section VI, August 25, 1946.
Schmidt, Paul Otto
1954 Sprachen lernen, warum und wie?Bonn: Athenäum Verlag.
1958 Europa entre bastidores. De Versalles a Nuremberg. Rev. ed. Translated by Manuel Tamayo. Barcelona: Ediciones Destino. Originally published as Statist auf der diplomatischen Bühne
.
Scott, James Brown
1924 Le français, langue diplomatique moderne. Paris: A. Pedone Éditeur.
Serrano Súñer, Ramón
1973 Entre Hendaya y Gibraltar. Barcelona: Ediciones Nauta.
1977 Entre el silencio y la propaganda. La Historia come fue. Memorias. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta.
Seymour, Charles
1926 The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, vol. 4. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin.
1965 Letters from the Paris Peace Conference. Edited by Harold B. Whiteman Jr. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Shenton, Herbert N.
1933 Cosmopolitan Conversation. The Language Problems of International Conferences. New York: Columbia University Press.
Skinner, William and Thomas F. Carson
1990 “Working Conditions at the Nuremberg Trials.” In Interpreting: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, edited by David Bowen and Margareta Bowen, 14–22. American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series IV. Binghamton: State University of New York.
Skuncke, Marie-France
1989 “Tout a commencé à Nuremberg…” Parallèles 11: 5–7. Université de Genève: Cahiers de l’École de Traduction et d’Interprétation.
Stimson, Henry L. and McGeorge Bundy
1948 On Active Service in Peace and War. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Tardieu, André
1921 La paix. Paris: Payot.
Taylor, A. J. P.
. (ed) 1971 Lloyd George. A Diary by Frances Stevenson. New York: Harper & Row.
Taylor, Telford
1949 Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on Nuernberg War Crimes under Control Council Law No. 10. Washington: US Government Printing Office.
Thayer, Charles W.
1959 Diplomat. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Torre, Augusto
1940 Versailles, storia della conferenza della pace. Milan: Instituto per gli studi di politica internazionale.
Traz, Robert de
1929 L’esprit de Genève. Paris: Bernard Grasset Éditeur.
Tusa, Ann and John Tusa
1983 The Nuremberg Trial. London: MacMillan.
USGPO (United States Government Printing Office)
1941–47. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. The Paris Conference, 1919, vols. 3–10. Washington: US Government Printing Office.
1946–49 Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946–April 1949, vol. 15. Washington: US Government Printing Office.
Vassiltchikov, Marie
1987 Berlin Diaries, 1940–1945. Editor’s foreword by George Vassiltchikov. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Velleman, Antoine
1943 “L’École d’interprètes de l’Université de Genève.” Die Friedens-warte 3 (4): 167–76.
Walters, Vernon A.
1978 Silent Missions. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
West, Rebecca
1977 A Celebration. A Selection of Her Writings. With an introduction by Samuel Hynes. New York: Viking Press.
Wilson, Francis G.
1934 Labor in the League System. A Study of the International Labor Organization in Relation to International Administration. California: Stanford University Press; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.
Wiskemann, Elizabeth
1949 The Rome-Berlin Axis. A History of the Relations between Hitler and Mussolini. London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press.
1973 Europe of the Dictators, 1919–1945. London: Collins.
Xammar, Eugeni
1974 Seixanta anys d’anar pel món. Converses amb Josep Badia i Moret. Barcelona: Editorial Pòrtic.
Videos
AIIC
1992 Interview with Peter Ernest Uiberall by Rosalinda Meza-Steel. Recorded August 22. Hollin Hills, video-cassette.
1996 The Interpreters: A Historical Perspective. Coordinated by E. Moggio. Shrewsbury, NJ: Euro Pacific Film & Video Productions, Inc.
Subjects
Linguistics
BIC Subject: CFP – Translation & interpretation
BISAC Subject: LAN023000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Translating & Interpreting
U.S. Library of Congress Control Number: 2014011199