Table of contents
Prefaceix
Chapter 1Survival machines for memes
1
1.1Introducing memes
1
1.2Five translation supermemes
3
1.2.1Source-target
3
1.2.2Equivalence
4
1.2.3Untranslatability
6
1.2.4Free-vs-literal
8
1.2.5All-writing-is-translating
9
1.3The locus of memes
10
1.4A Popperian meme
12
1.5Update
13
Chapter 2The evolution of translation memes
17
2.1Words
18
2.2The Word of God
19
2.3Rhetoric
21
2.4Logos
24
2.5Linguistic science
27
2.6Communication
31
2.7Target
34
2.8Cognition
38
2.9Theory in the current meme pool
40
2.10Update
44
Chapter 3From memes to norms
49
3.1Normative vs. prescriptive
50
3.2Norm theory
52
3.3Norms of language
54
3.4What counts as a translation?
56
3.5Translation norms
61
3.5.1Toury’s norms
61
3.5.2Expectancy norms
62
3.5.3Professional norms
65
3.6General translation laws and normative laws
68
3.6.1Translation laws
68
3.6.2Normative laws
71
3.6.3Explanations
72
3.7Norms as constraints
75
3.8On expectancy norms for English
79
3.9Update
82
Chapter 4Translation strategies 85
4.1General characteristics of strategies
85
4.2A classification
89
4.2.1Syntactic strategies
91
4.2.2Semantic strategies
98
4.2.3Pragmatic strategies
104
4.3Motivation
109
4.3.1The significance threshold
110
4.3.2Compensation
112
4.4Update
112
Chapter 5Translation as theory
115
5.1Tentative Theory, Error Elimination and translational competence
115
5.2Retrospective assessment
121
5.3Prospective assessment
125
5.4Lateral assessment
130
5.5Introspective assessment
133
5.6Pedagogical assessment
135
5.7Mind the gap!
138
5.8Update
141
Chapter 6The development of translational competence
145
6.1Stages of expertise
145
6.2The significance of memes
148
6.3Suggestions for teaching
150
6.4Ontogenetic = phylogenetic?
156
6.5Bootstraps
163
6.6Update
164
Chapter 7On translation ethics
167
7.1Background issues
167
7.2Norms, actions and values
170
7.3Clarity
173
7.4Truth
176
7.5Trust
178
7.6Understanding
181
7.7The Translator’s Charter
184
7.8Emancipatory translation186
7.9Update191
Epilogue
195
Appendix
197
References
201
Author index
219
Subject index
223
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