Introduction: Translation, interpreting, and the brain behind it all
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I.Stepping into the attic
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II.Why should TIS be concerned with neurocognition?
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III.Aims and target audience
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IV.The contents, at a glance
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V.Conceptual delimitations
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Chapter 1.Mind and brain in the study of translation and interpreting
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1.1Minding the brain, braining the mind
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1.2Outside the head: Non-neural cognitive approaches
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1.2.1Rationalizing translation: Insights from analytical
linguistics
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1.2.2See but don’t touch: The observational trend
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1.2.3Take a look at yourself: Introducing TAPs
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1.2.4From product to process: Corpus-based studies
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1.2.5Quantifying performance
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1.2.5.1Word by word: Psycholinguistic paradigms
1.2.5.2Type your mind away: Keylogging experiments
1.2.5.3Windows to the (translating) soul: Eye-tracking
studies
1.2.5.4The non-verbal side of IR: Executive-function
assessments
1.3Within the mind, without the brain: Appraising non-neural cognitive
approaches
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1.4Not black, not a box: Enter the brain
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1.5Historicizing brain-based research on IR
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1.5.1Milestones from the mid-twentieth century
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1.5.2Milestones from the late twentieth century
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1.5.3Milestones from the twenty-first century
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1.6A role for neuroscience in contemporary TIS
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Chapter 2.The toolkit
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2.1Beyond MacGyver’s knife
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2.2A matter of design
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2.2.1Single-case designs
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2.2.2Single-group designs
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2.2.3Between-group designs
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2.2.4Pre/post designs
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2.3Mind games: A sampler of experimental paradigms
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2.3.1Keeping it real
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2.3.2Piece by piece
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2.3.2.1Verbal paradigms
2.3.2.2Non-verbal paradigms
2.4The craft of manipulation
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2.5Do it well, do it fast
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2.6System breakdown
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2.7The brain, in vivo
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2.7.1Non-invasive techniques
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2.7.1.1Functional neuroimaging
2.7.1.1.1fMRI
2.7.1.1.2Pet
2.7.1.2EEG methods
2.7.1.2.1ERPs
2.7.1.2.2Oscillatory activity
2.7.1.2.3Functional connectivity
2.7.2Invasive techniques
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2.7.2.1Direct electrostimulation
2.7.2.2Intracranial recordings
2.8How (not) to interpret the data
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2.9Final remarks
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Chapter 3.Prolegomena to the translating and interpreting brain
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3.1Laying the groundwork
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3.2A primer on neurology
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3.2.1The neocortex
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3.2.2Some language-related subcortical structures
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3.2.3Two key language-related networks
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3.2.4Neurons and synapses
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3.2.5Cognitive processing as neuronal teamwork
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3.3The verbal brain
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3.3.1Tell me where: The functional neuroanatomy of language
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3.3.1.1A tale of two hemispheres
3.3.1.2Functions of frontostriatal networks and their
connections
3.3.1.3Functions of temporo-parietal regions and their
connections
3.3.2Electrified words: The neurophysiology of language
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3.3.2.1ERP signatures
3.3.2.2Oscillatory signatures
3.3.2.3Functional connectivity signatures
3.4It takes two to tango: The prerequisite of bilingualism
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3.4.1Linguistic mechanisms in the bilingual brain
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3.4.2Executive mechanisms in the bilingual brain
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3.5In a nutshell
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Chapter 4.Building up from breakdown
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4.1Lessons from lesions
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4.2Disruptions of IR
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4.2.1Compulsive translation
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4.2.2Inability to translate
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4.2.3Paradoxical translation behavior
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4.2.4Translation without comprehension
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4.3Charting the territory
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4.3.1Taking sides
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4.3.2A thing unto itself
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4.3.3Coming and going
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4.3.4Of words and concepts
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4.3.5The unit determines the network
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4.4Piecing it all together
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4.4.1A neuroarchitectural model of translation routes
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4.4.2A neural model of the systems subserving simultaneous
interpreting
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4.5Interpretive remarks
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4.6From static maps to dynamic pictures
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Chapter 5.The dynamics of directionality
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5.1A sense of direction
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5.2Multidimensional signatures of directionality
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5.2.1Functional neuroimaging evidence
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5.2.2Electrophysiological evidence
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5.2.3Psycholinguistic evidence
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5.3Back and forth
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5.4In the right direction
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Chapter 6.Process is as unit requires
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6.1The process’s raw material
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6.2Conceiving translation units
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6.3Spatiotemporal correlates of lexical and sentential translation
units
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6.3.1Functional neuroimaging evidence
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6.3.2Electrophysiological evidence
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6.3.3Psycholinguistic evidence
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6.4Uniting it all
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6.5From unitary to unit-sensitive
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Chapter 7.The interpreter’s brain
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7.1The art of self-sculpting
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7.2Simultaneous interpreting, or extreme bilingual processing
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7.3
En route to expertise
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7.3.1So different, so fast
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7.4Keep the change (and make it broader)
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7.4.1Brains interpreting interpreting brains
7.5The plastic nature of IR systems
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Chapter 8.A story in the making
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8.1The tale of the attic
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8.2Q&A
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8.3The good…
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8.4… and the bad
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8.5Needs assessment
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8.5.1More, better science
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8.5.2An institutional architecture
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8.6Parting words
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