Subject index

• adalid(es) (mediator)92, 118

• Afghanistan War270

• Agency3, 14, 15, 17, 19, 47, 73, 74, 120, 122, 124, 130, 132, 194, 197, 198, 199, 232, 238, 239, 245, 246, 247, 260, 289, 291

• alárabe93

• alfaqueque(s) (captive rescuers)81, 83, 85–88, 92, 113, 116

• allied war effort against Japan163

• ambassador(s)88, 103–104, 107–108, 119, 158, 215, 222, 234, 278, 282

• Anglican missionaries55

• anti-hero19, 238–240, 242, 245, 247, 249, 250, 254, 260, 261, 262, 289

• apprenticeship (dragomans)214, 218, 220, 223

• archival practices235

• archival traces212, 222, 227, 234

• archives5–6, 14, 69, 79, 126, 134, 139–140, 168–170, 175, 192, 222, 269, 285, 294, 297

• artifactualitysee also textual objects226

• asylum19, 277, 282, 284

• asylum seeker282, 283

• atlas1, 4, 7, 10, 14–15, 20, 22, 288–289, 292

• autobiographical subjectivity238, 239, 245, 250

• autobiography166, 240, 245

• avvisi213, 228

• azenegues92, 100

• bailate, Venetiansee also bailo18–19, 212–214, 217–219, 221–228, 230–231, 233–235

• bailo213, 217, 221–223, 235

• bible12, 146, 150–151, 198, 210

• bible translation146

• border(s) / borderland(s)13, 17, 22, 50–51, 54–55, 57–58, 60, 77–79, 87, 92, 122, 141, 172–173, 175, 179, 182, 219, 226, 230, 234, 295

• Buddhism148

• cacique (Indigenous lord)29, 32, 39–41, 46, 51, 55, 57, 59, 61–67, 69–72, 79

• camp guards172

• camps162, 166, 174, 238, 239, 247–249, 253, 255, 257, 258–262, 283

• captives57, 85–87, 89, 93, 96

• cartography1, 5, 7–10, 14, 142

• Christian missions193, 197

• circulation(s)vi, 18, 82, 212, 214, 223, 225, 228–234, 236–237

• class127, 170–172, 215, 220, 228, 259

• colonial governments195

• communicative circuits228, 233–234

• community of practice235

• concentration camp238, 239, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261.

• controlled publicity224, 228, 231

• Convention of Kanagawa (Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity)150

• cultural awareness269

• cultural entanglement199

• defender of the Indians (defensor de indios)26–27, 32, 34–37, 39, 49, 296

• degredado(s) (convicts sent overseas)94, 96, 109, 111

• diplomatic legation(s)215

• diplomatic mission(s)25, 215, 217

• dispatch(es)222, 228, 231

• dragoman(s) 12, 14–16, 18–19, 23, 117–118, 212–237, 290, 297

• dragomanate18, 213, 220, 222, 229, 231, 290

• dynasty(ies)81, 214, 217–220, 225, 229

• embassy99, 102, 104, 107–108, 115, 153, 157, 174, 215, 218, 233, 277

• emissary(ies)102, 122, 124

• emotion(s)232, 251–252, 292

• endogamy219–220

• ethical issues3, 16 (implications), 132, 241, 292

• fidelity (interpreters)29, 35, 40–41

• fixer33

• Florentine Codex146

• gender15, 58, 210, 257, 259, 262, 264, 288–289

• general interpreter(s) (Americas)25–28, 31–32, 36–37, 41, 44–46

• geography1, 7–9, 20, 24, 85, 133, 183, 289, 298

• gift(s) (presents)26, 99, 102, 215, 219, 223, 229, 237

• globalisation15, 82, 117, 144, 293, 298

• governing masculinities227, 236, 290

• governmentality19, 212, 214

• Great Kanto Earthquake164

• Guild220

• gunzoku (Japanese): noncombatant paramilitary personnel172, 173, 182

• habitus19, 212, 214–215

• histoire croisée15, 24

• historical turn1, 4

• homosociality223, 227

• household69, 110, 134, 215, 219, 221–225, 232–234, 236

• icons, Greek226–227, 237

• immigration19, 271, 281–283

• in-betweenness215

• informant(s)17, 33, 67, 85–86, 129–132, 136, 145, 147, 154, 162, 166–167, 225, 273

• integration277

• intellectual sovereignty200

• intelligence officers156, 163

• internment camps162, 166

• interpreter heroes28

• interpreter invisibility269

• intimidation protection scheme276

• Japanese interpreters16, 162–164, 167, 173, 190, 191

• Japanese translators152, 158

• Jesuit(s)8, 49, 64, 77, 106–107, 146–149, 168, 170, 219, 236, 298

• Jew(s)85, 88–89, 96–97, 108–109, 113, 210, 253

• Johore Bahru; the Police Training School183, 184

• Kempeitai (Japanese): military police corps176, 177, 179, 181

• Kinabalu Guerrillas182

• kinship/ping14, 58, 63, 66, 214–215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 229, 233, 235

• ladino (bilingual Indian)32, 44, 49

• lançado(s) (Portuguese left behind in Africa who learned local languages)81, 83, 96–97, 107, 111–113

• language arbitration board (Tokyo Trial)161

• language instructors154

• language learning148, 151, 258

• language/linguistic intermediary(ies)13, 15, 18, 26, 34–35, 52, 79, 81, 86, 93–94, 96, 111, 113, 117, 120–121, 124, 134–135, 142, 193–194, 196–197, 233–234, 257, 291, 294–295

• lengua (literally “tongue”, for interpreter, in Spanish)36–37, 49–50, 86

• lenguaraz (plural lenguaraces) (interpreter(s), in Spanish) 55, 57, 59–60, 63–65, 69–70, 72, 74, 79

• letter(s)4, 29–30, 33–34, 43–47, 64–66, 73, 78, 86–89, 91, 98, 100, 112, 119, 136–137, 150, 156, 163–167, 169, 199, 213, 219, 222, 227–228, 270, 272, 277–279, 284, 286–287, 296

• lingua franca/ linguae francae83, 97, 113, 249, 291–292

• língua(s) (literally “tongue(s)”, for interpreter(s), in Portuguese)36, 85, 89–90, 97–98, 101, 104, 117

• longue durée10–11, 291

• loyalty (interpreters’) 14, 18, 62, 65, 212, 214, 219–220, 230, 270, 279

• Lutheran missionaries158

• machine translation2

• Mapuche (people)16, 51, 53–67, 69–70, 72–75, 77–80, 291, 298

• media flows214

• mediation5, 17, 25, 28, 32, 37–38, 41–43, 46–48, 51, 54, 58–60, 63–67, 69, 76, 78–79, 81, 83, 85, 88, 92, 108, 113, 120, 122, 136, 138–139, 142, 196, 200, 208, 212, 214–215, 221–222, 226, 233–235, 249, 251, 257–259, 261, 269, 273, 281, 296–298

• memoirs (by interpreters)vi, 5, 14, 19, 21, 238–242, 244–247, 250–252, 254, 259, 262–263, 265–266, 289, 296

• methodist missionaries155

• military interpreters18–19, 126, 143, 166, 171–174, 178–180, 185, 187–189, 248, 270, 274.

• missionariesv, 8, 17–18, 53–56, 59, 64, 69–70, 72, 77, 98, 100, 102, 104–107, 118, 123, 145–155, 157–158, 161, 163–164, 166–170, 193–205, 207–211, 289

• missionary children145, 155, 157, 163

• missionary-connected wartime linguists165, 166

• Moslem(s)/Muslim(s)v, 17, 81–83, 86, 89, 91, 112, 114, 120–122, 124, 126, 128–129, 133–139, 142–143, 280, 297

• multilingualism200

• nahuatlato(s) (interpreter(s)) 34, 48, 52, 116

• Nisei linguists158, 159, 161, 162, 166.

• oath220, 226, 231

• occupation of Japan (1945-1952)17, 145, 152, 157, 164, 166.

• official interpreter(s)69, 81, 83, 88–89, 113, 134–135, 151

• oral testimony226

• orality29, 200

• Pacific War (1941-1945)17, 145, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, 166, 172, 185

• parlamento(s) (Hispano-Mapuche)54–55, 59, 61–65, 69–70, 78, 80, 291

• patronage63, 212, 214, 217–219, 222–223, 235

• Pearl Harbor attack153, 158, 162, 163, 172.

• personal interpreter25, 32–33, 40, 44, 46–47

• petition(s)37, 42, 45, 134, 213, 217, 221, 227–228, 231

• Portuguese expansion (1415-1600)17, 81, 83, 114

• postcolonialism146

• POW: prisoners of war247

• power relations3, 28, 48, 53, 76, 121, 139, 232, 288, 293

• Presbyterian missionaries155

• records (historical)3, 5–6, 13, 17, 26–29, 39, 58, 66, 68–69, 74, 76, 88–90, 94, 96, 114, 126, 129–130, 133–134, 138, 164, 168–170, 175–176, 180, 186–187, 189, 192, 203, 215, 217, 222, 234, 241, 268–269, 273, 289

• redundancy scheme282

• “reeducation” center for Japanese POWs163

• relocation275, 276, 282

• remote interpreting2

• resistance181, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199

• sacramental confessions (through interpreters)104

• scale8–9, 11, 172, 233, 289

• secrecy18, 104, 212, 214, 226

• self-image238, 239, 242

• self-representation132, 247, 261

• serial portraiture229

• signed language14, 22, 292

• silence(s) (historical)10, 14–15, 132–133, 140, 143–144

• slave trade94–96, 98–100, 125, 132, 291

• slave-interpreter(s)13, 81, 95, 100–101, 111

• slave(s)82–83, 85–86, 92–96, 98–101, 105, 107, 111–114, 125, 132, 224, 246, 290–291

• slavery85, 113, 225, 290

• songlines5, 205.

• sources1, 5–7, 10, 14–17, 20, 22–23, 25–26, 28–29, 46, 55–56, 58, 65, 68, 76, 78, 99, 115–116, 120–121, 123, 131–133, 138, 140–141, 147, 248, 262–263, 269, 285, 289, 292

• sovereignty75, 97, 198, 200, 208, 222, 233, 294

• space(s)4, 6–7, 9–11, 19–20, 23, 25, 29, 33, 35, 54, 58, 60, 68, 73, 80, 122, 124, 142, 167, 177–178, 188, 198, 204, 207–208, 212, 214, 221, 223–224, 227, 231, 235, 240–241, 245–247, 251, 256–257, 262, 268, 271, 278, 292–295

• Spanish Civil War238, 247, 248, 249, 251, 254, 261.

• Special Status282, 283, 284.

• spy(ies)64, 85, 147, 154, 164, 169, 219, 224, 236

• statement(s)26, 28–29, 34, 37–40, 42–43, 45–46, 127, 183, 213, 224, 231–232

• subaltern (status) (interpreters)5, 13, 121–122, 139, 221, 239, 266, 288–290

• “Suggestions for Japanese Interpreters Based on Work in the Field” (1943)154

• Superior Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP)161

• supervisors of Nisei linguists158, 161

• Taiwanese Christians167

• textual objectssee also artifactuality235

• Tokyo War Crimes Trial161

• trans-imperial subjects12, 23, 212, 217, 219, 297

• trujaman(es) (language intermediaries)93

• trust/ing (in interpreters)3, 14, 16–17, 23, 25, 29, 33–35, 40, 47, 51, 55, 89, 97, 114, 118, 162–163, 166–167, 214, 219, 237, 257, 270

• turgimão (pl. turgimões) (interpreter)88, 97

• war crime trials18, 171, 173, 175, 190, 191

• War of Crete213

• work stoppage212, 214, 220, 222, 231