Part of
Emotion in Language: Theory – research – applicationEdited by Ulrike M. Lüdtke
[Consciousness & Emotion Book Series 10] 2015
► pp. 367–398
Edited by Ulrike M. Lüdtke
[Consciousness & Emotion Book Series 10] 2015
► pp. 367–398
Mood, aphasia, and affective language comprehension
Understanding the emotional content in the words of others and reacting in an adequate way are basic human competences. This article deals with some of the multiple facets of language comprehension and inferences on protagonists’ emotions depending on mood and neuropsychological factors. The first section asks how moods color our understanding of other people’s emotion expressions, thereby influencing communicative behavior. The second section discusses neuropsychological foundations of emotion perception. Lesions in each hemisphere influence this competence in different aspects. Results from reading tasks will present the specific problems of mild aphasia vs. right hemispheric lesions showing different error patterns to infer the emotional content from small texts. Consequences for patients’ communication strategies and emotive alignment are discussed.
References
Abeni, Ivo, Verhey, Frans, Honig, Adriaan, Lodder, Jan, Lousberg, Richel and Maes, Michael
2001 “Research into the specificity of depression after stroke.” Progress in Neurology, Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 25 (4): 671–689. 
Alloy, Lauren B. and Abramson, Lyn Y
1979 “Judgement of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser?” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108: 441–485.
1988 “Depressive realism: Four theoretical perspectives.” In Cognitive Processes in Depression, Lauren B. Alloy (ed.), 223–265. New York: Guilford Press.
Allen, Lorraine G., Siegel, Shepard and Hannah, Samuel
2007 “The sad truth about depressive realism.” The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60 (3): 482–495.
Alpers, George W., Mühlberger, Andreas and Pauli, Paul
2009 “Psychophysiologie der Emotionen.” In Handbuch der Allgemeinen Psychologie – Motivation und Emotion, Veronika Brandstätter and Jürgen H. Otto (eds), 412–421. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Banse, Rainer and Scherer, Klaus
1996 “Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (3): 614–636.
Beck, Aaron T
2005 “The current state of cognitive therapy.” Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (9): 953–959.
Beck, Aaron T., Rush, A. John, Shaw, Brian F. and Emery, Gary
1979 Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Beeman, Mark J
1993 “Semantic processing in the right hemisphere may contribute to drawing inferences during comprehension.” Brain and Language 44: 80–120.
1998 “Coarse semantic coding and discourse comprehension.” In Right Hemisphere Language Comprehension: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, Mark Beeman and Christine Chiarello (eds), 225–284. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Beeman, Mark J., Bowden, Edward M. and Gernsbacher, M. Anne
2000 “Right and left hemisphere cooperation for drawing predictive and coherence inferences during normal story comprehension.” Brain and Language 71: 310–336.
Blonder, Lee X., Bowers, Dawn and Heilman, Kenneth
1991 “The role of the right hemisphere in emotional communication.” Brain 114: 1115–1127.
Boesel, Rainer
2009s “Neuropsychologie.” In Handbuch der Allgemeinen Psychologie – Motivation und Emotion, Veronika Brandstätter and Jürgen H. Otto (eds), 473–481. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Boles, David B. and Pasquarette, Stephen J
1996 “Correlated auditory asymmetries in lexical and nonlexical tasks.” Cortex 32: 537–545.
Borod, Joan C
1992 “Interhemispheric and intrahemispheric control of emotion.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60: 339–348.
1993 “Cerebral mechanisms of facial, prosodic, and lexical emotional expression: A review of neuropsychological studies and methodological issues.” Neuropsychology 7: 445–463.
Borod, Joan C., Bloom, Rita L. and Haywood, Cornelia S
1998 “Verbal aspects of emotional communication.” In Right Hemisphere Language Comprehension: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, Mark Beeman and Christine Chiarello (eds), 285–307. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Borod, Joan C., Cicero, Barbara A., Obler, Lorraine K., Welkowitz, Joan, Erhan, Hulya M., Santschi, Cornelia, Grunwald, Ilana S., Agosti, Reto M. and Whalen, John R
1998 “Right hemisphere emotional perception: Evidence across multiple channels.” Neuropsychology 12 (3): 446–458.
Bower, Gordon H
1981 “Mood and Memory.” American Psychologist 36: 129–148.
1987 “Commentary on mood and memory.” Invited essay. Behaviour Research and Therapy 25: 443–455.
Bower, Gordon H. and Morrow, Daniel G
1990 “Mental models in narrative comprehension.” Science 247: 44–48.
Brandstätter, Veronika and Otto, Jürgen H
2009 Handbuch der Allgemeinen Psychologie – Motivation und Emotion. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Breitenstein, Caterina, Daum, Ingo, Ackermann, Hermann, Lütgehetmann, Ralph and Müller, Erich
1996 “Erfassung der Emotionswahrnehmung bei zentralnervösen Läsionen und Erkrankungen: Psychometrische Gütekriterien der ‘Tübinger Affekt Batterie’.” Neurologie & Rehabilitation 2: 93–101.
Brosch, Tobias and Scherer, Klaus
2009 “Komponenten-Prozess-Modell – ein integratives Emotionsmodell.” In Handbuch der Allgemeinen Psychologie – Motivation und Emotion, Veronika Brandstätter and Jürgen H. Otto (eds), 446–456. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Brownell, Hiram H
1988 “Appreciation of metaphoric and connotative word meaning by brain-damaged patients.” In Right Hemisphere Contributions to Lexical Semantics, Christine Chiarello (ed.), 19–32. Heidelberg: Springer.
Brownell, Hiram H. and Martino, Gail
1998 “Deficits in inference and social cognition.” In Right Hemisphere Language Comprehension, Mark Beeman and Christine Chiarello (eds), 309–328. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Buck, Ross
1999 “The biological affects: A typology.” Psychological Review 106: 301–336.
2007 “The evolutionary bases of social and moral emotions: Dominance, submission, and true love.” In The Evolution of the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Social Cognition, Joseph P. Forgas, Martie Haselton and William von Hippel (eds), 89–106. Hove: Psychology Press.
Canli, Turhan, Desmond, John E., Zhao, Zuo, Glover, Gary and Gabrieli, John D.E
1998 “Hemispheric asymmetry for emotional stimuli detected with fMRI.” NeuroReport 9: 3233–3239.
Chepenik, Lara G., Cornew, Lauren A. and Farah, Martha J
2007 “The influence of sad mood on cognition.” Emotion 2 (4): 802–811.
Clore, Gerald L. and Ortony, Andrew
2008 “Appraisal theories: How cognition shapes affect into emotion.” In Handbook of Emotions, 3rd ed., Michael Lewis, Jeanette Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett (eds), 628–642. New York: Guilford Press.
Davidson, Richard J
1995 “Cerebral asymmetry, emotion and affective style.” In Brain Asymmetry, Richard J. Davidson and Kenneth Hugdahl (eds), 361–387. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Doehring, Donald G. and Peck Swisher, Linda
1972 “Disturbances of connotative meaning in aphasia.” Journal of Communication Disorders 5: 251–258.
Duda, Peter D. and Brown, Julie
1984 “Lateral asymmetry of positive and negative emotions.” Cortex 20: 253–261.
Duwe, Ingo and Claußen, Holger
1995 “Eine psychologische Experimentalsteuerung für DOS-PC’s: PESt 1.1.” Technical Report 5, Universität Bielefeld, SFB 360.
Ekman, Paul
1999 “Basic emotions.” In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Tim Dalgleish and Mick Power (eds), 45–60. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Ferstl, Evelyn C., Rinck, Mike and von Cramon, D. Yves
2005 “Emotional and temporal aspects of situation model processing during text comprehension: An event-related fMRI study.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (5): 724–739.
Ferstl, Evelyn C. and von Cramon, D. Yves
2007 “Time, space and emotion: fMRI reveals content-specific activation during text comprehension.” Neuroscience Letters 427 (3): 159–164.
Fiehler, Reinhard
1990 Kommunikation und Emotion. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fischer, Kurt W., Shaver, Phillip R. and Carnochan, Peter
1990 “How emotions develop and how they organise development.” Cognition and Emotion 4: 81–127.
Gainotti, Guido
1999 “Neuropsychology of emotion.” In Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Gianfranco Denes and Luigi Pizzamiglio (eds), 613–633. London: Taylor & Francis.
Gardner, Howard and Denes, Gianfranco
1973 “Connotative judgements by aphasic patients on a pictorial adaptation of the semantic differential.” Cortex 9: 183–196.
Gasquoine, Philip Gerard
2014 “Contributions of the insula to cognition and emotion.” Neuropsychology Review.
George, Marc S., Parekh, Priti I., Rosinsky, Ned, Ketter, Terence A., Kimbrell, Tim A., Heilman, Kenneth M., Herscovitch, Peter and Post, Robert M
1996 “Understanding emotional prosody activates right hemisphere regions.” Archieves of Neurology 53: 665–670.
Gernsbacher, Morton Ann
1995 “The structure-building framework: What it is, what it might also be, and why.” In Models of Text Understanding, Bruce K. Britton and Arthur C. Graesser (eds), 289–311. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gernsbacher, Morton Ann, Goldsmith, H. Hill and Robertson, Rachel R.W
1992 “Do readers mentally represent characters’ emotional states?” Cognition and Emotion 6: 89–111.
Gilligan, S.G. and Bower, Gordon H
1994 “Cognitive consequences of emotional arousal.” In C. Izard, J. Kagan, and R. Zajonc (eds), Emotion, cognition & behavior (pp. 547–588). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Glenberg, Arthur, Webster, Bryan, Mouilso, Emily, Havas, David and Lindemann, Lisa M
2009 “Gender, emotion, and the embodiment of language comprehension.” Emotion Review 1: 151–161.
Goldstein, Kurt
1939 The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology, Derived from Pathological Data in Man. New York: American Books.
Gygax, Pascal, Tapiero, Isabelle and Carruzzo, Emmanuelle
2007 “Emotion inferences during reading comprehension: What evidence can the self-pace reading paradigm provide?” Discourse Processes 44: 33–50.
Hartley, Laurence, Ireland, L.K., Arnold, Pauline K. and Spencer, Jennifer
1991 “Chlorpromazine and the lateralisation of the perception of emotion.” Pysiology & Behavior 50: 881–885.
Hatfield, Elaine, Cacioppo, John T. and Rapson, Richard L
1994 Emotional Contagion. Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction. London: Cambridge University Press.
Heilman, Kenneth M
2014 “Disorders of emotional communication.” In The Behavioral Consequences of Stroke, Tom A. Schweizer and R. Loch MacDonald (eds), 119–133. Heidelberg: Springer.
Hess, Ursula and Kirouac, Gilles
2000 “Emotion expression in groups.” In Handbook of Emotions, (2nd ed.), Michael Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones (eds), 368–381. New York: Guilford Press.
Hielscher, Martina
1996 Emotion und Textverstehen. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Hielscher-Fastabend, Martina
2001 Emotionskonzepte und Prozesse Emotionaler Sprachverarbeitung. Habilitationsschrift, Universität Bielefeld.
2003 “Sprachrezeption und affektive Bewertung.” In HSK Psycholinguistik. Ein Internationales Handbuch, Werner Deutsch, Gert Rickheit and Theo Herrmann (eds), 677–706. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2004 “Comprehension of emotional information in patients with aphasia.” Folia Phoniatrica 56: 14–26.
Holland, Audrey L
1977 “Some practical considerations in aphasia rehabilitation.” In Rationale for Adult Aphasia Therapy, Michael Sullivan and Mary Kommers (eds), 167–180. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska.
Huber, Walter
1990 “Text comprehension and production in aphasia: Analysis in terms of micro- and macroprocessing.” In Discourse Ability and Brain Damage, Yves Joanette and Hiram H. Brownell (eds), 154–179. Heidelberg: Springer.
Huber, Walter, PoeckM, Klaus, Weniger, Dorothea and Willmes, Klaus
1983 Aachener AphasieTest. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Hülshoff, Thomas
1999 Emotionen. München: Ernst Reinhardt.
Ingram, Rick E
1984 “Toward an information-processing analysis of depression.” Cognitive Therapy and Research 8: 443–478.
Ingram, Rick E. and Ritter, Jennifer
2000 “Vulnerability to depression. Cognitive reactivity parental bonding in high-risk individuals.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (4): 588–596.
Isen, Alice M
1984 “Toward understanding the role of affect in cognition.” In Handbook of Social Cognition, Robert Wyer and Thomas Srull (eds), 179–236. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
1999 “Positive affect.” In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Tim Dalgleish and Mick J. Power (eds), 521–540. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
2001 “An influence of positive affect on decision making in complex situations: Theoretical issues with practical implications.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 11 (2): 75–85.
2008 “Some ways in which positive affect influences decision making and problem solving.” In Handbook of Emotions, 3rd ed., Michael Lewis, Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett (eds), 548–573. New York: Guilford Press.
Jaecks, Petra, Damm, Oliver, Hielscher-Fastabend, Martina, Malchus, Karoline, Stenneken, Prisca and Wrede, Britta
2013 “What is the link between emotional and communicative alignment in interaction?” In Alignment in Communication: Towards a New Theory of Communication, Ipke Wachsmuth, Jan de Ruiter, Petra Jaecks and Stefan Kopp (eds), 205–224. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Jansari, Antoine, Tranel, Daniel and Adolphs, Ralph
2000 “A valence-specific lateral bias for discriminating emotional facial expressions in free field.” Cognition and Emotion 14: 341–353.
Johnson, Björn H. and Hugdahl, Kenneth
1993 “Right hemisphere representation of autonomic conditioning to facial emotional experessions.” Psychophysiology 30: 274–278.
Kensinger, Elizabeth A. and Schacter, Daniel L
2008 “Memory and emotion.” In Handbook of Emotions, (3rd ed.), Michael Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones (eds), 159–179. New York: Guilford Press.
Killgore, William D.S. and Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A
2014 “The right-hemisphere and valence hypotheses: Could they both be right (and sometimes left)?” SCAN 2: 240–250.
Kintsch, Walter
1988 “The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model.” Psychological Review 95: 163–182.
Kotz, Sonja A., Meyer, Martin, Alter, Kai, Besson, Mireille, von Cramon, D. Yves and Friederici, Angela D
2003 “On the lateralization of emotional prosody: An event-related functional MR investigation.” Brain and Language 86: 376–386.
Kousta, Stavroula-Thaleia, Vigliocco, Gabriella, Vinson, David P., Andrews, Mark and Del Campo, Elena
2011 “The representation of abstract words: Why emotion matters.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 140: 14–34.
Larsen, Jeff T., Berntson, Gary G., Poehlmann, Kirsten M., Ito, Tiffany A. and Caccioppo, John T
2008 “The psychophysiology of emotion.” In Handbook of Emotions, (3rd ed.), Michael Lewis, Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett (eds), 47–67. New York: Guilford Press.
LeDoux, Joseph
1994 “Emotion, memory and the brain.” Scientific American 1994 June, 32–39.
1998 The Emotional Brain. London: Phoenix.
LeDoux, Joseph and Phelps, Elizabeth
2000 “Emotional Network in the Brain.” In Handbook of Emotions, (2nd ed.), Michael Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones (eds), 157–172. New York: Guilford Press.
LeDoux, Joseph and Phelps, Elizabeth A
2008 “Emotional Network in the Brain.” In Handbook of Emotions, (3rd ed.), Michael Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones (eds), 159–179. New York: Guilford Press.
Leventhal, Howard and Scherer, Klaus R
1987 “The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy.” Cognition and Emotion 1: 3–28.
Ley, Robert G. and Bryden, M. Philip
1982 “A dissociation of right and left hemispheric effects for recognizing emotional tone and verbal content.” Brain and Cognition 1: 3–9.
MacLean, Paul
1949 “Psychosomatic disease and the ‘visceral brain’: Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion.” Psychosomatic Medicine 11: 338–353.
1952 “Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain).” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 4: 407–418.
Massaro, Dominic W. and Egan, Peter B
1996 “Perceiving affect from the voice and the face.” Psychonomic Bulletin Review 3: 215–221.
Molinari Marotto, Carlos, Barreyro, Juan Pablo, Cevasco, Jazmin and van den Broek, Paul
2011 “Generation of emotional inferences during text comprehension: Behavioral data and implementation through the Landscape Model.” Escritos de Psicologia 4 (1): 9–17.
Mitchell, Rachel L.C. and Phillips, Louise H
2007 “The psychological, neurochemical and functional neuroanatomical mediators of the effects of positive and negative mood on executive functions.” Neuropsychologia 45: 617–629.
Morris, William N
1989 Mood. The Frame of Mind. Heidelberg: Springer.
Morrow, Daniel G., Greenspan, Steven L. and Bower, Gordon H
1987 “Accessibility and situation models in narrative comprehension.” Memory Language 26: 165–187.
Niedenthal, Paula M
2008 “Emotion concepts.” In Handbook of Emotions, (3rd ed.), Michael Lewis, Jeanette Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett (eds), 587–600. New York: Guilford Press.
Niedenthal, Paula M. and Barsalou, Lawrence W
2009 “Embodiment.” In The Oxford Companion to Emotion and the Affective Sciences, David Sander and Klaus R. Scherer (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Panksepp, Jaak
2000 “Emotions as natural kinds within the mammalian brain.” In Handbook of Emotions, (2nd ed.), Michael Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones (eds), 137–156. New York: Guilford Press.
Parkinson, Brian, Totterdell, Peter, Briner, Rob B. and Reynolds, Shirley
2000 Stimmungen. Struktur, Dynamik und Beeinflussung eines Psychologischen Phänomens. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Perlman Lorch, Marjorie, Borod, Joan C. and Koff, Elissa
1998 “The role of emotion in the linguistic and pragmatic aspects of aphasic performance.” Journal of Neurolinguistics 11 (1–2): 103–118.
Phillips, Louise H., Bull, Rebecca, Adams, Ewan and Fraser, Lisa
2002 “Positive mood and executive function: Evidence from stroop and fluency tasks.” Emotion 2 (1): 12–22.
Pickering, Martin J. and Garrod, Simon
2004 “Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27: 169–190.
Plutchik, Robert
1980 Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
Power, Mick J
1999 “Sadness and its disorders.” In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Tim Dalgleish and Mick J. Power (eds), 497–519. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Pulvermüller, Friedemann
2013 “How neurons make meaning: Brain mechanisms for embodied and abstract-symbolic semantics.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (9): 458–470.
Pulvermüller, Friedemann, Kherif, Ferath, Hauk, Olaf, Mohr, Bettina and Nimmo-Smith, Ian
2009 “Distributed cell assemblies for general lexical and category-specific semantic processing as revealed by fMRI cluster analysis.” Human Brain Mapping 30 (12): 3837–3850.
Reisenzein, Rainer
2009 “Theoretische Ansätze der Emotionspsychologie: Einschätzung.” In Handbuch der Allgemeinen Psychologie – Motivation und Emotion, Veronika Brandstätter and Jürgen H. Otto (eds), 435–445. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Robinson, Robert G. and Forrester, Alfred W
1993 “Neuropsychiatrische Aspekte der zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen.” In Handbuch der Neuropsychiatrie, Robert E. Hales and Stuart Yudofsky (eds), 244–268. Weinheim: Beltz.
Rodway, Helen, Llanos, Susana, Rowe, Janice and Peters, Gordon
2004 “Stability of nucleolar versus non-nucleolar forms of human.” Oncogene 23: 6186–6192.
Ross, Eliott D., Homan, Richard W. and Buck, Ross
1994 “Differential hemispheric lateralization of primary and social emotions.” Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 7: 1–19.
Ross, Elliot D., Prodan, Calin I. and Monnot, Marilee
2007 “Human facial expressions are organized functionally across the upper-lower facial axis.” Neuroscientist 13 (5): 433–46.
Schlanger, Bernard B
1976 “The perception of emotionally toned sentences by right-hemisphere-damaged and aphasic subjects.” Brain and Language 3 (3): 396–403.
Schwarz, Manuela
1999 Die Verarbeitung sprachlich-emotionaler Information bei Patienten mit erworbener Hirnschädigung. Bern: Peter Lang.
Scherer, Klaus R
1993 “Studying the emotion-antecedent appraisal process: An expert system approach.” Cognition and Emotion 7: 325–355.
1999 “Appraisal theory.” In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Tim Dalgleish and Mick J. Power (eds), 637–663. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Schmitt, Joachim J., Hartje, Wolfgang and Willmes, Klaus
1997 “Hemispheric asymmetry in the recognition of emotional attitude conveyed by facial expression, prosody and propositional speech.” Cortex 33: 65–81.
Shaver, Phillip R., Schwartz, Judith C., Kirson, Donald and O’Connor, Cary
1987 “Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 1061–1086.
Singer, Jefferson A. and Salovey, Peter
1988 “Mood and memory. Evaluating the network theory of affect.” Clinical Psychology Review 8: 211–251.
Stein, Nancy, Hernandez, Marc W. and Trabasso, Tom
2008 “A goal appraisal theory of emotional understanding: Implications for developement and learning.” In Handbook of Emotions, (3rd ed.), Michael Lewis, Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett (eds), 47–67. New York: Guilford Press.
Swithenby, Steve J., Bailey, Anthony J., Bräutigam, Sven, Josephs, O.E., Jousmäki, Veikko and Tesche, Claudia D
1998 “Neural processing of human faces.” Experimental Brain Research 11: 501–510.
Teasdale, John D., Howard, Robert J, Cox, Sally G., Ha, Yvonne, Brammer, Michael J., Williams, Steven C.R. and Checkley, Stuart A
1999 “Functional MRI study of the cognitive generation of affect.” American Journal of Psychiatry 156: 209–215.
Tompkins, Conny A., Baumgaertner, Annette, Lehman, Margaret T. and Fassbinder, Wiltrud
2000 “Mechanisms of discourse comprehension impairment after right hemisphere brain damage.” Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 43: 62–78.
Tucker, Don M., Derryberry, Douglas and Luu, Phan
2000 “Anatomy and physiology of human emotion: Vertical integration of brain stem, limbic, and cortical systems.” In The Neuropsychology of Emotion, Joan C. Borod (ed.), 56–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van Lancker, Diana
1997 “Rags to riches: Our increasing appreciation of cognitive and communicative abilities of the right cerebral hemisphere.” Brain and Language 57: 1–11.
van Zerssen, Detlev
1975 Die Befindlichkeits-Skala. Weinheim: Beltz.
Vigliocco, Gabriela, Kousta, Stavroula-Thaleia, Della Rosa, Pasquale Anthony, Vinson, David P., Tettamanti, Marco, Devlin, Joseph T. and Cappa, Stefano F
2013 “The neural representation of abstract words: The role of emotion.” Cerebral Cortex.
Zhang, Jinlu, Yang, Xiaohong and Yang, Yufang
2013 “How do emotional cues modulate readers’ perception of emotional arousal during text comprehension: An ERP study.” In Advances in Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems. 6th International Conference BICS 2013, Derong Liu, et al. (eds), 21–29. Heidelberg: Springer.
Zaidel, Eran, Zaidel, Dahlia W. and Bogen, Joseph E
1999 ”The split brain.” In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, (2nd ed.), George Adelman and Barry Smith (eds), 1027–1032. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.