Part I.Theory
9
Chapter 2.The five senses folk model
11
2.1Introduction
11
2.2Issues with the five senses model
12
2.3A useful fiction
13
2.4Conclusions
14
Chapter 3.Sensory semiotics
17
3.1The sensory semiotic toolkit
17
3.2Depicting sensory perceptions with icons
18
3.3Identifying perceptual qualities with indices
23
3.4Describing perceptual qualities with arbitrary symbols
26
3.5Technical language
26
3.6Metaphor
28
3.7Summary
29
Chapter 4.Ineffability
31
4.1Introduction
31
4.2Ineffability and related notions
32
4.3Ineffability of what?
33
4.3.1Differential ineffability of the senses
33
4.3.2Proper and common sensibles
34
4.3.3Ineffability of subjective experience
36
4.3.4The ineffability of fine perceptual detail
37
4.3.5Ineffability of multisensory experience
38
4.3.6Why ineffabilities are necessary
38
4.4Explanations of the ineffability of the senses
40
4.4.1Cognitive-architectural explanations
41
4.4.2Limits of language explanations
42
4.4.3Communicative need explanations
43
4.4.4Evaluating explanations of ineffability
46
4.5Shifting semiotic strategies
47
4.6Conclusion
48
Chapter 5.The Embodied Lexicon Hypothesis
51
5.1Introduction
51
5.2Embodiment, mental imagery, and perceptual simulation
51
5.3The evidence for perceptual simulation
54
5.4The Embodied Lexicon Hypothesis
59
5.5Relations to other theories
61
5.6Emotional meaning
63
Chapter 6.Synesthesia and metaphor
67
6.1Introduction to synesthesia
67
6.2Characterizing synesthetic metaphors
68
6.3The importance of terminology
70
6.4Canonical synesthesia and metaphor
71
6.4.1The prevalence criterion
72
6.4.2Different mappings
73
6.4.3Deliberate versus involuntary mappings
75
6.4.4No evidence for a connection
75
6.5Summary of differences
76
Chapter 7.Synesthetic metaphors are not metaphorical
79
7.1Introduction
79
7.2Conceptual metaphor theory
79
7.2.1Primary metaphor
82
7.2.2Metonymy
83
7.3What are synesthetic metaphors?
84
7.4The extent of the literal
87
7.4.1The role of multisensory perception
87
7.4.2Categorical intuitions
90
7.5Evaluation and conceptual conflict
92
7.5.1Conceptual conflict
92
7.5.2The role of evaluation
92
7.5.3The metaphor way of dealing with evaluation
94
7.6Conclusions
96
Chapter 8.The hierarchy of the senses
99
8.1Introduction
99
8.2Different versions of the hierarchy
100
8.3Conclusions
102
Chapter 9.Explaining the hierarchy of the senses
105
9.1A multicausal approach
105
9.2Overview of explanatory accounts
106
9.2.1Perceptual accounts
106
9.2.2Lexical composition and ineffability
108
9.2.3Evaluation
109
9.2.4Gradability
110
9.2.5Iconicity
111
9.2.6Idiosyncratic explanations
111
9.3Evaluating the different explanatory accounts
112
9.3.1Evaluating perceptual accounts
112
9.3.2Evaluating ineffability-based accounts
115
9.3.3Evaluating evaluation-based accounts
116
9.3.4Evaluating gradability-based accounts
117
9.3.5Evaluating iconicity-based accounts
117
9.3.6Evaluating idiosyncratic explanations
118
9.4The multivariate road ahead
118
Part II.A case study of sensory adjectives
121
Chapter 10.Methodological foundations
123
10.1Theory and method
123
10.2Cognitive linguistic commitments
124
10.3The Reproducibility Commitment
126
10.4Reproducibility: Two examples
127
10.4.1Synesthetic metaphors
127
10.4.2Semantic prosody
130
10.5A manifesto for norms
132
10.6“Fuck nuance”?
135
10.7Comparison to other approaches in empirical semantics
136
10.8Limitations
138
10.9Statistics
139
Chapter 11.Norming the senses
141
11.1Classifying sensory words
141
11.2Avoiding circularity
147
11.3Comparison to other approaches
148
Chapter 12.Dominance relations and specialization of sensory words
153
12.1Introduction
153
12.2Dominance relations between the senses
153
12.2.1Predictions
153
12.2.2Dominance in perceptual strength ratings
154
12.2.3Dominance relations in categorical word counts
155
12.2.4Dominance in distributional characteristics
155
12.3Modality exclusivity
157
12.3.1Specialization of sensory vocabulary
157
12.3.2A baseline for modality exclusivity
158
12.3.3A better baseline for modality exclusivity
158
12.3.4Modality exclusivity differences between the senses
160
12.4Conclusions
161
Chapter 13.Correlations and clusters
163
13.1Introduction
163
13.2Correlations between the senses
163
13.3Clustering the senses
166
13.4Revisiting the five senses model
173
Chapter 14.Semantic preferences of sensory words
175
14.1Introduction
175
14.2Cosine similarities
176
14.3Correlations within adjective–noun pairs
179
14.3.1Predictions
179
14.3.2Correlation analysis
182
14.4The structure of multisensoriality
184
Chapter 15.Frequency, semantic complexity and iconicity
187
15.1Introduction
187
15.2Word frequency
188
15.3Dictionary meaning counts
190
15.4Iconicity
193
15.5Conclusions
195
Chapter 16.The evaluative dimension
199
16.1Introduction
199
16.2Existing linguistic evidence for taste and smell emotionality
200
16.3Absolute valence of sensory words
201
16.4The semantic prosody of sensory words
204
16.5Positive versus negative valence
206
16.6Conclusions
208
Chapter 17.Re-evaluating the hierarchy of the senses
213
17.1Introduction
213
17.2New evidence
214
17.3What counts as evidence for the hierarchy?
216
17.4Analysis and results
223
17.5The hierarchy and ineffability
226
17.6Conclusions
230
Part III.Conclusion
233
Chapter 18.Conclusion
235
18.1Core themes
235
18.1.1The five senses folk model redux
235
18.1.2The Embodied Lexicon Hypothesis
237
18.1.3Metaphor
238
18.1.4Ineffability and the composition of the sensory vocabulary
240
18.1.5Methods
241
18.2Applications
243
18.3Future directions
245
18.4Conclusions
246