Dynamics of realist forms
Nineteenth-century realism is often associated with a mimetic representation of socio-historical reality in the narrative form of the novel. However, a closer look at the wealth of new genres and literary forms that were created by writers and artists within the various factions of realism offers a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of realist art based on new communicative, creative and social challenges and opportunities. In this chapter, we want to explore and analyze different aspects of the simultaneous preoccupation of writers with the new social reality and its changes, tensions and classes on the one hand, and with an ongoing search for literary forms to express these new experiences of reality and convey them to a diverse readership on the other. Taking our point of departure in the notions of ‘composition’ and ‘self-reflexiveness,’ our aim will be to detail the disruptive innovative force of realist writing across literary and non-literary texts as well as across verbal and visual media, both in nineteenth-century realism and into the twentieth and twenty-first century. Over the past one hundred and twenty years, activist and interventionist strategies in various avant-garde movements contribute to redefine realism through literary forms that point both to readers’ literary and social commitment, and this kind of dialogic exchange – an exchange that underpins all contemporary realist practice – becomes a means to transform social reality itself.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: New forms, new realities
- 1.1Reflexiveness and composition
- 1.2Openness
- 2.Giving form to social reality
- 2.1Beyond traditional formal models
- 2.2Poetry and everyday life
- 2.3A pictorial turn
- 3.Popular culture and formal innovation
- 3.1New audiences and the democratization of culture
- 3.2Popular forms and new aesthetic ideals
- 3.3Literary models and systemic worldviews
- 4.Critical positions between fiction and reality
- 4.1Prefaces and the battle of realism
- 4.2Theatricality and irony
- 4.3Narrative masks: Women’s writing and female readership
- 4.3.1Fractured narrative structures
- 4.3.2Defective mirror and social commentary
- 5.Scaling and rescaling
- 5.1Scale, perception and reading
- 5.2Shorter forms
- 6.Concluding perspective: Beyond realism?
- 6.1Collage novels and language poetry
- 6.2Short short stories
- 6.3Concrete poetry
- 6.4Readymades
- 6.5Interactive forms
- 7.The questioning continues
-
Notes
-
Works cited
References (215)
Works cited
Althaus, Thomas, Wolfgang Bunzel and Dirk Göttsche, eds. 2007. Kleine Prosa: Theorie und Geschichte eines Textfeldes im Literatursystem der Moderne. Berlin: De Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Andréoli, Max. 1984. Le Système balzacien. Paris: Aux amateurs de livres.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Apollinaire, Guillaume. 1918. Calligrammes. Paris: Mercure de France.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Aragon, Louis. 1988. Le Paysan de Paris [1926]. Paris: Gallimard-Folio.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Aragon, Louis. 1994. The Paris Peasant, translated by Simon Watson Taylor. Boston: Exact Change.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Armstrong, Nancy. 1999. Fiction in the Age of Photography: The Legacy of British Realism. Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Auerbach, Erich. 1974. Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature [1946], translated by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Austen, Jane. 1995. Northanger Abbey [1818]. London: Penguin.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Austen, Jane. 1997. Jane Austen’s Letters, edited by Deirdre le Faye (third edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Axton, William. 1967. “‘Keystone’ Structure in Dickens’ Serial Novels.” University of Toronto Quarterly, 37.1: 31–50. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baguley, David. 1990. Naturalist Fiction: The Entropic Vision. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1840a. “L’Épicier.” In Les Français peints par eux-mêmes, edited by Léon Curmer, 1–8. Paris: L. Curmer Éditeur.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1840b. “The Grocer”. In Pictures of the French, edited by Jules Janin, (anonymous translator), 9–16. London: William S. Orr and Co.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1886. Eugénie Grandet, translated by Katherine Prescott Wormeley. Boston: Roberts Brothers.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1895. The splendors and miseries of courtesans, anonymous translator. New York: E. B. Hall and Co.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1965. Monographie de la presse parisienne [1843]. Paris: Pauvert.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1969. Théâtre: Œuvres complètes illustrées vol. 22, edited by René Guise. Paris: Les bibliophiles de l’originale.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1976a. “Avant-Propos de La Comédie Humaine” [1842] and La Maison du chat-qui-Pelote [1830]. In Œuvres complètes vol 1, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 7–20; 39–94. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1976b. Le Colonel Chabert [1832] and Eugénie Grandet [1833]. In Œuvres complètes vol. 3, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 311–73. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1976c. “Préface: Le Cabinet des Antiques” [1839]. In Œuvres complètes vol. 4, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 959–64. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1976d. “Préface: Une fille d’Ève” [1839]. In Œuvres complètes vol. 2, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 261–72. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1977a. Illusions perdues [1837–1843]. In Œuvres complètes vol 5, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 123–732. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1977b. Les Chouans [1829]. In Œuvres complètes vol. 8, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 905–1211. Paris: Bibliothéque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 1977c. Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes. In Œuvres completes, vol 6, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 429–935. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 2004. Lost Illusions, translated by Herbert J. Hunt. London: Penguin Classics.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 2010. Colonel Chabert [1845], translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell. Accessed January 30, 2021. [URL]
Balzac, Honoré de. 2018. At the Sign of the Cat and the Racket, translated by Clara Bell. London: Forgotten Books.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balzac, Honoré de. 2020. “Author’s Introduction.” In The Human Comedy: Introductions and Appendix, anonymous translator, 41–52. Milton Keynes: Dodo Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barrish, Philip J. 2011. The Cambridge Introduction to Literary Realism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barthes, Roland. 1981. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, translated by Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baudelaire, Charles. 1919. Poems in Prose from Charles Baudelaire, translated by Arthur Symons, 38–39. London: E Mathews.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baudelaire, Charles. 1955. “Comes the Charming Evening,” translated by David Paul. In Flowers of evil (selection), edited by Marthiel and Jackson Mathews, 97–99. New York: A New Directions Paperbook.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baudelaire, Charles. 1975a. Œuvres complètes vol. 1, edited by Claude Pichois. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baudelaire, Charles. 1975b. Œuvres complètes vol. 2, edited by Claude Pichois. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baudelaire, Charles. 1989. The Poems in Prose, vol. 2, translated by Francis Sharpe. Southampton: Anvil Press Poetry.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baudelaire, Charles. 1992. Selected Writings on Art and Literature, translated by P. E. Charvet. London: Penguin Books.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baudelaire, Charles. 2015. The Flowers of Evil / Les Fleurs du mal, translated by William Aggeler. Digireads.com Publishing.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beaumont, Matthew. 2007. “Introduction: Reclaiming Realism.” In Adventures in Realism, edited by Matthew Beaumont, 1–12. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Becker, Colette and Francis Claudon. 1997. “Le réalisme. Éléments de définition et de poètique.” In Histoire des poétiques, edited by Jean Bessière, Eva Kushner, Roland Mortier, Jean Weisgerber. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Becker, Colette. 2019a. “Le naturalisme de Zola, avatard dogmatique du réalisme?” In Trésors de la culture, sept-nov. 2019: 45.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Becker, Colette. 2019b. “Zola: Maître du naturalisme.” In Trésors de la culture, sept-nov. 2019: 42–44.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beer, Gillian. 1977. “‘Coming Wonder’: Uses of Theatre in the Victorian Novel.” In English Drama Forms and Development, edited by Marie Axton and Raymond Williams, 164–85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Benjamin, Walter. 1969. Illuminations, translated by Harry Zohn, edited by Hannah Arendt. New York: Schocken.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bernd, Clifford Albrecht. 1981. German Poetic Realism. Boston: Twayne Publishers.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Birke, Dorothee, Stella Butter and Peter Auer, eds. 2013. Realisms in Contemporary Culture. Berlin: de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Blackmur, Richard P. 1934. “Introduction.” In Henry James: The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces, vii–xxxix. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bleton, Paul. 2016. “Reconfiguration: L’ère médiatique et la migration du récit populaire du théâtre à l’imprimé au XIXème siècle.” In Itinéraires: Livre, sérialité et transmédialité, vol. 2. Accessed February 6, 2021. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Borny, Geoffrey. 2006. Interpreting Chekhov. Canberra: ANU Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bourriaud, Nicolas. 1998. Esthétique relationelle. Paris: Les Presses du réel.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bourriaud, Nicolas. 2002. Relational Aesthetics, translated by Simon Pleasance and Fronza Woods. Paris: Les Presses du réel.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Boyd, William. 2005. Bamboo. London: Bloomsbury.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brecht, Bertolt. 1976. Poems 1913–1956, edited by John Willett and Ralph Manheim with Erich Fried. London: Eyre Methuen.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brecht, Bertolt. 1981. “Lob des Lernens.” In Die Mutter, 44–45. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rohwolt.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brecht, Bertolt. 1988. Gedichte. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brecht, Bertolt. 2008. “In Praise of Learning.” Accessed January 30, 2021. [URL]
Bridges, Furman A. 1950. “Faire concurrence à l’état civil.” Revue d’Histoire littéraire de la France 60.2: 241–48.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brooks, Peter. 1992. Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative [1985]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brooks, Peter. 1995. The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama and the Mode of Excess [1976]. New Haven: Yale University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Butor, Michel. 1964. “Le Roman comme recherche.” In Essais sur le roman, 7–14. Paris: Gallimard.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Butor, Michel. 1969. “The Novel as Research.” In Inventory, 26–30. New York: Simon and Schuster.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Butt, John and Kathleen Tillotson. 1957. Dickens at Work. London: Methuen.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Byrne, Paula, ed. 2004. [excerpts from Walter Scott’s review in Quarterly Review, October 14, 1815, and from his journal, 1826.] In Jane Austen’s Emma: A Sourcebook, 38–40. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Carver, Raymond. 1992. Will You Please Be Quiet, Please [1963]. New York: Vintage.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Charles, Michel. 2018. Composition. Paris: Seuil.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Charrière, Isabelle de. 1979–1984. Œuvres complètes, 10 vols, edited by Jean Daniel Candoux, C. P. Courtney, Pierre Dubois et al. Amsterdam: van Oorschot.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Charrière, Isabelle de. 1993. Letters of Mistress Henley Published by Her Friend, introduction by Joan Hinde Stewart and Philip Stewart, translated by Philip Stewart and Jean Vaché. New York: Modern Language Association.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chekhov, Anton. 1962. “Dama s sobachkoy” [1903] and “Nevesta” [1903]. In Sobranije sotjinenij v 12 tomakh, vol. 8, edited by V. V. Jermilova, K. D. Muratovoj, S. S. Papernogo, A. I. Revjakina, 389–405 and 482–501. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoje isdatelstvo khudosjestvennoj literatury.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chekhov, Anton. 2002. “The Lady with the Little Dog” and “The Bride.” In The Lady with the Little Dog and Other Stories, translated by Ronalds Wilks, 223–40 and 310–29. London: Penguin.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Citron, Pierre. 1977. “Introduction: Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes.” In Honoré de Balzac : La Comédie humaine, vol. 6, edited by Pierre-Georges Castex, 395–424. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cohen, Margaret. 1999. The Sentimental Education of the Novel. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Compagnon, Antoine. 1990. Les Cinq paradoxes de la modernité. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Compagnon, Antoine. 2001. “Septième leçon: La Triade romantique des genres.” Accessed January 30, 2021. [URL]
Contentsou, Bernadette, eds. 1986. 1960: Les Nouveaux Réalistes. Paris: Musée d’Art Moderne de la ville de Paris.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Copfermann, Emile. 1969. Le théâtre populaire pourquoi? Paris: François Maspero.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Couleau-Maixent, Christelle. 2009. ““Suivez le guide!” Le commentaire esthétique du romanesque dans le récit balzacien.” In Romantismes. L’esthétisme en acte, edited by Jean-Louis Cabanès, 311–24. Paris: Presses Universitaires de Paris-Nanterre. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Courbet, Gustave. 2021. “Préface” [1855]. Accessed January 30, 2021. [URL] (French); [URL] (English).
Cournos, John. 1965. “Introduction.” In American Short Stories of the Nineteenth Century, edited by John Cournos. London: Dent.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Curran, Stuart. 1988. “Romantic Poetry: The I Altered.” In Romanticism and Feminism, edited by Anne K. Mellor 185–207. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Davis, Rebecca Harding. 1985. Life in the Iron Mills and Other Stories [1861], edited by Tillie Olsen. Old Westbury: Feminist Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dean, Anne. 1990. David Mamet: Language as Dramatic Action. London and Mississauga: Associated University Presses.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Diaz, José-Luis. 2009. “Préface et manifestes du XIXème siècle: la réflexion critique comme ‘agir communicationnel.’” In Préfaces et manifestes du XIXe siècle. Revue des Sciences Humaines, 9–16. Lille: Septentrion-Presses Universitaires.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dickens, Charles. 1954. Little Dorrit [1857]. London: Collins![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dickinson, Emily. 1930. The Poems of Emily Dickinson, edited by Martha Dickinson Bianchi and Alfred Leethe Hampson. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Doody, Margaret Anne. 1996. The True Story of the Novel. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Pres.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Duchamp, Marcel. 1975. Duchamp du signe. Paris: Champs-Flammarion.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dufour, Philippe. 1998. Le réalisme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dumas, Alexandre père. 1849. Le Collier de la reine. Paris: François Gaillardet.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Eagleton, Terry. 1982. The Rape of Clarissa: Writing, Sexuality and Class Struggle in Samuel Richardson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Eckermann, Johann Peter. 1981. Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens. 1823– 1832 [1836], edited by Fritz Bergemann. Frankfurt a. M.: Insel Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Eckermann, Johann Peter. 2010. Conversations of Goethe [1906], translated by John Oxenford. Acessed January 30, 2021. [URL]
Eliot, George. 2008. Adam Bede [1859]. London: Penguin. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1961. “Letter to Walt Whitman, July 21, 1855.” In Walt Whitman. The Correspondence, edited by Edwin Haviland Miller, 41. New York: New York University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Felski, Rita. 1989. Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ferrier, Jean-Louis. 1980. Courbet. Un Enterrement à Ornans. Anatomie d’un chef-d’œuvre. Paris: Denoël-Gonthier.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ferrier, Jean-Louis. 1991. L’Aventure de l’art au XIXième siècle. Paris: Hachette.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Flaubert, Gustave. 1944. Three Tales, translated by Arthur McDowall. Norfolk: New Directions–The New Classics.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Flaubert, Gustave. 1964. Madame Bovary, translated by Mildred Marmur. New York: Signet Classic.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Flaubert, Gustave. 1972. Madame Bovary [1857]. Paris: Gallimard-Folio.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Flaubert, Gustave. 1998. Trois contes [1877]. Paris: Gallimard-Folio.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fontane, Theodor. 1995. Effi Briest, translated by Hugh Harrison and Helen Chambers. London: Angel Books.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fontane, Theodor. 2017. Effi Briest [1895]. Ditzingen: Reclam.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fowler, Alastair. 1982. Kinds of Literature. An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes. Oxford: Clarendon.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Galef, David. 2016. Brevity: A Flash Fiction Handbook. New York: Columbia University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gefen, Alexandre. 2021. L’Idée de littérature. De l’art pour l’art aux écritures d’intervention. Paris: Éditions Corti-les essais.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gelz, Andreas. 2010. “Microfiction et romanesque dans littérature française contemporaine.” In Un Retour des normes romanesques dans la littérature contemporaine, edited by Wolfgang Asholt and Marc Dambre, 91–106. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Genette, Gérard. 1987. Seuils. Paris: Seuil.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gide, André. 1939. Journal 1889–1939. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gide, André. 1948. The Journals of André Gide, vol. I: 1889–1913, translated by Justin O’Brien. London: Secker and Warburg.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Glaspell, Susan. 1916. Trifles. New York: Frank Shay.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Glaspell, Susan. 1917. “A Jury of Her Peers.” Every Week, March 5: 4–7, 21–22.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Goncourt, Edmond de. 1879. Les Frères Zemganno. Paris: Charpentier et Fasquelle.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Göttsche, Dirk. 2018. “‘Zeitbilder’ zwischen Zeitroman und Kleiner Prosa: Zur Modellierung zeitgeschichtlichen Erzählens im 19. Jahrhundert.” In Darstellungsoptik: Bild-Erfassung und Bilderfülle in der Prosa der 19. Jahrhunderts, edited by Thomas Althaus, 247–66. Bielefeld: Aisthesis.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Göttsche, Dirk. Forthcoming. In Karl Gutzkow: Kleinere Erzählerische Werke II, edited by Dirk Göttsche (unter Mitarbeit von Joanna Neilly (= Gutzkows Werke und Briefe. Kommentierte digitale Gesamtausgabe, I. Abteilung: Erzählerische Werke, Bd. 9). Münster: Oktober Verlag.
Gretz, Daniela, ed. 2011. Medialer Realismus. Freiburg: Rombach Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Grojnowski, Daniel. 1993. Lire la nouvelle. Paris: Dunod![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Grojnowski, Daniel. 2007. “Présentation: Huysmans et l’art de la nouvelle.” In Joris-Karl Huysmans: Nouvelles, 7–33. Paris: Flammarion.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Grøtta, Marit. 2015. Baudelaire’s Media Aesthetics: The Gaze of the Flâneur and 19th-Century Media. London: Bloomsbury.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Guise, René. 1973. “Introduction.” In Balzac, Honoré de. Une ténébreuse affaire. Paris: Gallimard-Folio.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hamann, Richard and Jost Hermand. 1973. Naturalismus [1972]. München: Nymphenburger Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hamon, Philippe. 1991. “Littérature et architecture: tout, parties et dominante.” In De l’architecture à l’épistémologie, edited by Philippe Boudon, 147–66. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hamon, Philippe. 2015. Puisque réalisme il y a. Genève: Éditions de La Baconnière.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Harris, Jocelyn. 2010. “Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park.” In The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen (second edition), 39–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hazell, Stephen, ed. 1978. The English Novel: Developments in Criticism since Henry James. London: MacMillan.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Higonnet, Margaret R. 2019. “Realism.” In Bloomsbury Handbook of Twenty-First Century Feminist Theory, edited by Robin T. Goodman, 205–16. London: Bloomsbury. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Holland, Kate. 2015. “The Russian Rougon-Macquart: Degeneration and Biological Determinism.” In The Golovlev Family.” In Russian Writers and the Fin de Siècle, edited by Kahterine Bowers and Ani Kokobobo, 15–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hugo, Victor. 1872. L’Année terrible. Paris: M. Lévy frères.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Iser, Wolfgang. 1971. “Indeterminacy and the Reader’s Response in Prose Fiction.” In Aspects of narrative, edited by J. H. Miller, 1–45. New York: Columbia University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
James, Henry. 1962. The Art of the Novel [1934], edited by Richard P. Blackmur. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
James, Henry. 1984. “Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve.” In Literary Criticism: French Writers, Other European Writers. The Prefaces to the New York Edition, edited by Leon Edel, 664–95. New York: Library of America.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
James, Henry. 1985. What Maisie knew [1897]. New York: Penguin Classics.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
James, Henry. 2005. “Brooksmith” [1891]. In 50 Great Short Stories, edited by Milton Crane, 53–70. New York: Bantam Classic.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jameson, Fredric. 2015. The Antinomies of Realism. London and New York: Verso.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jørgensen, Steen Bille. 2016. “Lire La Belle et la bête: Des jeux d’échelles, des modèles narratifs et des formules littérales dans l’œuvre de Georges Perec.” In Relire Perec, edited by Christelle Reggiani, 201–16. Poitiers: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jørgensen, Steen Bille. 2020. “Rewriting the Real: Dialogic Perspectives of Interventionist Strategies in Contemporary French Literature.” In Realisms of the Avant-Garde, edited by Moritz Baßler, Benedikt Hjartarson, Ursula Frohne, Sascha Bru and David Ayers. European Avant-Garde and Modernism Studies 6: 561–74. Berlin: De Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jouet, Jacques. 2000. Poèmes de métro. Paris: P.O.L Éditions![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jouet, Jacques. 2001. Subway Poems, translated by Ian Monk. SubStance 30.3: 64–70.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jouet, Jacques. 2005. Cantates de proximité. Paris: P.O.L Éditions.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kernmayer, Hildegard and Simone Jung, eds. 2017. Feuilleton: Schreiben an der Schnittstelle zwischen Journalismus und Literatur. Bielefeld: Transcript. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Klotz, Volker. 1975. Geshclossene und Offene Form im Drama [1960]. Munich: Hanser.
Labeille, Véronique. 2020. “Le théâtre dans le roman.” Accessed February 2, 2021. [URL]
Larsen, Svend Erik. 2017. Literature and the experience of globalization. London: Bloomsbury.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Laplantine, François. 2003. De tout petits liens. Paris: Mille et une nuits.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lawrence, D. H. 1960. Three novellas [1923]. London: Penguin.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lemaitre, Henri. 1982. Du romantisme au symbolisme. Paris: Bordas![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lyotard, Jean-François. 1971. Discours, figure. Paris: Éditions Klincksieck.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mansfield, Katherine. 1947. “The Doll’s House.” In The Doll’s House and other Stories, 198–207. London: The Albatros.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Martin, Wendy. 1988. “Emily Dickinson.” In Columbia Literary History of the United States, edited by Emory Elliott, 609–26. New York: Columbia University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maupassant, Guy de. 1902. Pierre and Jean, translated by Clara Bell. New York: Collier.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maupassant, Guy de. 1908. “Les Soirées de Médan: Comment ce livre a été fait” [1880]. In Boule de suif-Correspondance, edited by Louis Conard, 81–88. Paris: Conard.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maupassant, Guy de. 1999. Pierre et Jean [1888]. Paris: Éditions Mille et une nuits.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Melville, Herman. 1998. Selected Poems of Herman Melville, edited by Robert Penn Warren. New York: Barnes and Noble.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Merchant, Paul. 1971. The Epic. London: Methuen.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mérimée, Prosper. 1905. The Double Mistake, translated by W. M. Arnold, O. E. Palmer and E. M. Waller. New York: Croscup and Holby Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mérimée, Prosper. 1998. La Double méprise [1833]. Paris: Maxi-Livres.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Moers, Ellen. 1976. “Money, the Job, and Little Women: Female Realism.” In Literary Women, 67–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Moretti, Franco. 2006. “Serious Century: From Vermmer to Austen.” In The Novel, edited by Franco Moretti, 364–400. Princeton: Princeton University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Morson, Gary Saul. 1987. Hidden in Plain View: Narrative and Creative Potentials in War and Peace. Stanford: Stanford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mustazza, Leonard. 1989. “Generic Translation and Thematic Shift in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles and ‘A Jury of Her Peers.’” Studies in Short Fiction 26.4: 489–96.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nochlin, Linda. 1990. Realism. Penguin: London.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Noiray, Jacques. 2007. Préfaces des romans français du XIXième siècle: Anthologie. Paris: Le livre de poche.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nord, Deborah. 1999. “The ‘Epic Age’: Realism and Rebellion in Ellen Moers’s Literary Women.” Signs 34.3: 749–55. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Novak, Daniel A. 2008. Realism, Photography and 19th Century Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Padgett, Ron. 2015. Alone and Not Alone. Minneapolis: Coffee House Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Perec, Georges. 1974. Espèces d’espaces. Paris: Galilée.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Perec, Georges. 1978. La Vie mode d’emploi. Paris: P.O.L.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Perec, Georges. 1988. W or the Memory of childhood, translated by David Bellos. Boston: D. R. Godine![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Perec, Georges. 1987. Life a User’s Manual, translated by David Bellos. London: Vintage.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Perec, Georges. 1990. “Pouvoirs et limites du romancier contemporain.” In Parcours Perec, edited by Mireille Ribière, 31–39. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Perec, Georges. 1994. W ou le souvenir d’enfance [1975]. Paris: Gallimard, coll. L’imaginaire.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Perloff, Marjorie. 2004. Differentials. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Petrey, Sandy. 1993. “George and Georgina Sand: Realist Gender.” In Textuality and Sexuality: Reading Theories and Practices, edited by Michael Worton and Judith Still, 133–47. Manchester: Manchester University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Petrey, Sandy. 1989. “1877: Nature Society and the Discours of Class.” In A New History of French Literature, edited by Denis Hollier, 774–80. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Prince, Gerald. 2012. “Récit minimal et narrativité.” In Le récit minimal, edited by Sabrinelle Bedrane et al., 23–32. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Queneau, Raymond. 1992. Odile [1937]. Paris: Gallimard, coll. L’imaginaire.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rancière, Jacques. 2014. Le Fil perdu: Essai sur la fiction moderne. Paris: La Fabrique éditions.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Renker, Elizabeth. 2018. Realist Poetics in American Culture, 1866–1900. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Revel, Jacques, ed. 1996. Jeux d’échelles: La micro-analyse à l’expérience. Paris: Gallimard.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Reynolds, Margaret. 2008. “Introduction.” In George Eliot, Adam Bede, ii–xxxviii. London: Penguin.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Riha, Karl. 2009. “Vorwort.” 2009. In Dada: 113 Gedichte [1982], edited by Karl Riha, 9–16. Berlin: Wagenbach.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Roberts, Jennifer L. 2016. “Introduction: Seeing Scale.” In Scale, edited by Jennifer L. Roberts, James Goggin and Shan James, 10–24. Chicago and Paris: Terra Foundation for American Art.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Roberts, Morris. 1946. “Henry James and the Art of Foreshortening.” In The Review of English Studies 22. 87: 207–14. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin. 1839. “De la littérature industrielle.” Revue des Deux Mondes 19: 675–91.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sand, George. 1976. Indiana [1832], edited by Georges Lubin. Paris: Editions d’aujourd’hui.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sand, George. 1993. Indiana, introduction by Marilyn Yalom, translated by Eleanor Hochman. New York: Signet.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Saumont, Annie. 2012. Le Tapis du salon. Paris: Julliard.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schaeffer, Jean-Marie. 1999. Pourquoi la fiction? Paris: Seuil.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schor, Naomi. 2007. Reading in Detail [1987]. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schwitters, Kurt. 1973. “Cigarren [elementar].” In Kurt Schwitters, Das Literarische Werk vol. 1, edited by Friedhelm Lach, 199. Köln: DuMont Buchverlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Spoerri, Daniel. 1966. An Anecdoted Topography of Chance, translated by Emmett Williams. New York: Something Else Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stam, Robert. 1992. Reflexivity in Film and Literature: From Don Quixote to Jean-Luc Godard. New York: Columbia University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stendhal. 1830. Le Rouge et le noir. Paris: Levasseur.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stendhal. 1916. The Red and the Black, translated by Horace B. Samuel. New York: Dutton.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stevick, Philip. 1970. The Chapter in Fiction: Theories of Narrative Division. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Storm, Theodor. 1920. “Eine zurückgezogene Vorrede aus dem Jahre 1881.” In Sämtliche Werke vol. 8, edited by Albert Köstner, 122–23. Leipzig: Insel Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Strindberg, August. 1888. Fröken Julie. Stockholm: Jos. Seligmanns Förlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Strindberg, August. 1992. Miss Julie, translated by Edwin Björkman. New York: Dover Publications.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Todd, William Mills. 2006. “The Ruse of the Russian Novel.” In The Novel vol. I, edited by Franco Moretti, 401–23. Princeton: Princeton University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth. 1843–1844. The Wrongs of Woman, 4 vols. New York: Dodd.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vachon, Stéphane. 1992. Les Travaux et les jours d’Honoré de Balzac: Chronologie de la création balzacienne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vuillaume, Marcel. 1990. Grammaire temporelle des récits. Paris: Editions de Minuit.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Walker, Philip. 1971. “Zola’s Hellenism.” In The Persistent Voice: Essays on Hellenism in French Literature Since the 18th Century, edited by Walker Langlois, 61–77. New York: New York University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Warhol, Robyn R. 1986. “Toward a Theory of the Engaging Narrator: Earnest Interventions in Gaskell, Stowe, and Eliot.” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 101.5: 811–18. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Whitman, Walt. 2005. Leaves of Grass [1855], edited by David S. Reynolds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Williams, Raymond. 1977. “Social Environment and Theatrical Environment: The Case of English Naturalism.” In English Drama: Forms and Development, edited by Marie Axton and Raymond Williams, 203–23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Woolf, Virginia. 1947. The Death of a Moth [1942]. London: The Hogarth Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Young, Josette P. 1983. “Emile de Girardin, le ‘journal à deux sous’ et la littérature romanesque à l’époque romantique.” In The French Review 56.6: 869–75.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 1868. Thérèse Raquin [1867]. Paris: A. Lacroix, Verboeckhoven & Cie.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 1880. Les Soirées de Médan. Paris: G. Charpentier Éditeur.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 1883. Shop Girls of Paris, translated by Mary Neal Sherwood. London: T. B. Peterson & Bros.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 1915. The Fat and the Thin, translated by Alfred Vizetelly. New York: The Marion Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 1969. L’Assomoir [1877]. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 1971. Le Ventre de Paris [1873]. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 1984. Au Bonheur des dames [1883]. Paris: Livre de poche.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 2008. Thérèse Raquin, translated by Andrew Rothwell. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zola, Émile. 2020. “Mes souvenirs sur Gustave Flaubert.” Le Figaro, Supplément litteraire, Saturday September 11, 1880. Accessed August 5, 2020. [URL]
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Hutson, James, Jason Lively, Bryan Robertson, Peter Cotroneo & Martin Lang
2024.
Painting by Numbers: A Brief History of Art and Technology. In
Creative Convergence [
Springer Series on Cultural Computing, ],
► pp. 37 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.