Subject index

• abductive change 67, 70, 197–199, 204, 216

• abessive case217

• abruptness 101, 357, 389, 392–393, 398

• abrupt change see abruptness accretion see phonological accretion

• accusative 9, 11–13, 42, 183, 185, 292–293, 295, 298–299, 306, 323

• adaptation 2–9, 14, 28, 57, 60–77, 82, 86–88, 94–95, 136, 164, 173, 178, 185–186, 191, 199, 228, 281, 319, 346, 348, 377–379, 386–390, 392–398

• adaptive change see adaptation

• adfunctionalization 11, 230

• adjacent possible27

• adjective 20, 23, 25–26, 48, 82–85, 100, 109–110, 112, 124–125, 156, 165, 169, 172, 175–177, 181–184–191, 206–210, 217, 220, 233, 237, 245, 249, 254, 264, 287, 292–294, 296, 298, 301–302, 305–307, 326, 381, 387

• allomorph see allomorphy

• allomorphy 85–86, 103, 107, 214–215, 267, 270–271, 276–280, 322, 324–325

• analogical change see analogy

• analogical extension 38, 45–46, 166, 219, 320, 334, 387 ; see also extension

• analogical levelling 123, 335

• analogical spread see analogical

• extension analogization see analogy

• analogy 2, 5, 16, 19, 29, 37, 39–41, 43–47, 51–52, 94, 99, 146, 150–151, 155–157, 165, 210, 216, 242, 254, 270, 274, 277, 279, 327, 332, 348, 364, 377, 379, 386, 391, 395–396, 398 ; see also analogical extension, analogical levelling

• animacy 20, 205, 210, 364

• aptive21

• arhizotonic (stress) 267, 270, 276–277

• article 15, 20, 95–96, 165, 171–172, 175, 178–179, 181, 185, 187–189, 197, 206–209, 291, 306–308, 331, 341–344, 348–351, 353–355, 357–360, 363–368

• auxiliary 20, 58–59, 77, 129, 137–138, 199, 201, 214–216, 264, 380–381

• auxiliation see auxiliary

• backshift 378–379, 382, 384–386, 388–390, 392, 395–396

• Balkan Sprachbund 242, 245, 247

• bilingualism 230, 253

• bleaching 59, 82, 129–130

• borrowability see borrowing

• borrowing 26, 49–50, 83, 94, 227, 230–235, 238–239, 241–250, 252, 274, 326 ; see also loan, structural borrowing

• bricolage 26, 86, 96, 134, 155–156, 368

• causative 16–17, 102–108, 263

• child language acquisition see language acquisition

• cline 13, 15, 51, 97, 99–100, 113, 139–140, 249, 253, 276, 308, 320, 344, 347–350, 366–367, 379

• cline of grammaticalization see cline

• clitic 12–13, 21, 100, 109, 111–112, 129–131, 135, 137, 139, 172, 182,199–200, 208, 215, 217, 249, 308

• cliticization see clitic

• comitative (case) 147, 157, 217, 249

• comparative (adjective)217

• complex adaptive system 28, 65, 189

• compositional (linking) vowel / stem 326–328, 332–335

• compound 19, 22, 75, 86, 145, 240, 274, 297, 318, 320–322, 325–336, 333–334

• concept innovation86

• construction grammar 163, 165–166, 168, 170–171

• construction morphology 163, 166

• constructional change 163, 167, 170, 177–178, 189, 191–192

• constructional networks 163, 166, 168–170, 180–181, 192

• constructional schema 139, 176–177, 181, 186

• constructionalization 39, 85, 167, 174

• contact-induced change see language contact

• contextual inflection 176, 248

• cooptation see co-optation

• co-optation 1, 3–4, 6, 10, 14, 38, 63, 87, 96, 147, 282, 377–378, 387–393, 396

• count nouns 206–207, 349–350

• counterdirectional(ity) 23, 60, 85, 99, 109, 209, 212, 218, 220

• creole 18, 190, 244, 249–250 ; see also creolization

• creolization 199, 203–204, 220

• cultural evolution 1, 9, 27–28, 156, 368

• dative 11, 13, 19, 164–165, 198, 292, 323

• debonding 201–202, 216–218, 220, 251–252

• decategorialization86

• declension class 106, 244, 321–325, 328, 234–236, 244, 272, 323–325, 335

• definite article see also definiteness see article

• definiteness 21, 25, 171, 174–175, 177–178, 181–182, 188–191, 298, 341–342, 353–354, 363

• degeneracy 12, 169, 173

• degrammaticalization 10, 23, 50, 60, 84–85, 97, 99, 114, 116, 144, 146, 197–206, 209, 216, 220, 227–229, 232, 246, 248, 251–254, 274–275, 308–309, 311, 320, 368–369

• degrammation 144, 146, 200–201, 209, 252

• deinflectionalization 85, 201–202, 216, 252–254

• demonstrative 15, 96, 164, 182, 206–209, 291, 344, 348, 350, 359, 366, 381

• demorphologization11

• determiner 20, 165, 171, 173–175, 177–178, 181, 188, 191, 200, 211, 342, 349, 353, 358–359

• directionality vii, 16, 27, 51, 66, 73, 94, 99, 102, 106, 115, 146, 204, 249, 308, 344, 348–349, 368–369 ; see also counterdirectional(ity), unidirectional(ity)

• discourse referent 79, 293, 295, 298

• dynamic morphology252

• dynamic system151 see also complex adaptive system

• economy 57, 63, 71, 74–76, 87, 154

• emancipation11

• emergent grammar 13, 65, 151, 153

• entrenchment 19, 47, 73, 122, 130, 152, 157, 170, 180–181, 186–187

• epigenetic(s)7

• epistemicity, epistemic modality 250–251, 308

• erosion 27, 59, 74, 129–130, 135–138

• evidential 108–109, 114, 218, 250–251

• expansion 13, 46, 66, 94, 104, 128, 136, 139, 155, 165, 178, 185, 191, 217, 270, 292–293, 298, 301, 358, 361–362, 364–365, 387 ; see also extension

• expressiveness114

• extension 17, 19, 27, 38, 41–42, 44, 47–48, 50, 74, 97, 106, 108–109, 130, 169, 200, 215, 220, 228–230, 234, 243, 251, 302, 311, 320, 341, 349–350, 358, 360–361, 365, 396

• extravagance 73–74

• factive, factivity 355, 362–363

• final particle 9, 377–388, 390–398

• first language acquisition see language acquisition

• focus 79–80, 110–111, 293–295, 298, 301, 306, 349, 380–381

• foreground information 293, 295–296, 298, 301, 305–306

• free relative208

• fruit-suffix 9–10

• functional renewal 10, 14, 29, 57–59, 96, 116, 144–146, 169, 186, 199, 262, 268, 309, 311

• generic(ity) 205, 331, 341, 350, 354, 364–365

• genitive 19, 84, 86, 131, 147–148, 165–166, 170–182, 186, 191–192, 201, 292, 297, 317, 323–324, 327–334, 336

• grammaticalization vii, 2, 9–10, 13, 15–19, 26, 29, 37, 39–40, 50–52, 58–60, 66, 73–77, 80–82, 85–87, 93–102, 105–107, 109, 113–116, 122–145, 157, 163–165, 170, 199–200, 205, 209, 227–229, 231, 246, 248–251, 253–254, 262, 275, 277, 281–282, 307–311, 319–320, 335, 341–342, 344, 347–350, 353, 358–369, 379, 396 ; see also secondary grammaticalization

• grammaticalization cycle 139, 344, 347–350

• grammaticalization-from-below 10, 19, 59, 77

• hypoanalysis 10, 144–146, 348, 366

• iconicity 75, 114

• ideational function 186, 288, 291

• imperative 232, 244, 247–248

• improper (secondary)

• compound 318, 326–331, 333–335

• indefinite article see article

• indefinite pronouns 197–198, 206–207, 211, 220

• infinitive 26, 84–85, 201, 124, 232–241, 247–248, 264, 270, 277–278, 357–358, 360, 364–365

• inflation(ary effect)74

• inflectional class see declension class

• inherent inflection248

• innovation 6, 9, 20, 27–28, 37–38, 41, 46–47, 53, 59, 74, 86, 97, 149, 155–156, 165, 170, 203, 206, 208, 211, 217–218, 253, 261, 268–269, 309–310, 318, 320, 335, 349–351, 353 ; see also novelty

• integration stem241

• integration suffix242

• interpersonal function 288, 291

• interrogative pronoun 210–211

• inversion 23–24, 79–80, 387

• invisible hand 151, 156

• Jespersen Cycle12

• junk vii, 1, 10, 17, 21–27, 37–38, 41, 44, 52, 57, 77, 93, 96–98, 144, 146–149, 153–156, 164, 170, 190, 202–203, 229–230, 253, 261–262, 268–269, 271, 275, 280, 307, 309–310, 318–320, 322, 325, 335–336, 367, 387

• L1 acquisition see language acquisition

• language acquisition 7, 22, 75, 95, 158, 198, 202, 220

• language contact 25–26, 49, 81, 189–190, 220, 227, 231, 238, 241, 244, 247, 249, 310, 353

• language decay243

• language processing 71, 73, 218, 360

• late specialization367

• lateral change, conversion, shift 10, 51, 59, 99, 144–145, 152, 157, 185, 249

• layering 40, 58–59, 74, 209, 273, 344

• lexical phonology218

• lexicalization 25, 99, 102, 104–105, 113–115, 124, 163, 200, 272–274, 333

• linear(ity), linearization 81–82, 385, 386, 396, 398

• lingueme 66, 68

• linguistic area see Balkan Sprachbund

• linker see linking element

• linking element 19, 79, 86, 145, 317–322, 326–329, 331–337

• linking vowel see linking element

• loan 232–245, 247–249, 297, 330 ; see also borrowing

• medio-passive see passive

• metafunctions 288, 291

• metaphor 17, 29, 37, 41, 61, 63–64, 68–69, 74, 80, 125, 140, 146, 149–150, 152, 155–156, 346–347, 377, 384, 386, 395–398

• metonymy 74, 80, 240

• micro-constructions 165–166, 169–170, 178, 180, 184–186

• minimalism214

• morphological paradigm see paradigm

• morphologization 10, 14

• morphome, morphomic 261, 266–267, 273, 276, 278–279, 281

• morpho-phonogenesis86

• multiple source construction 106–107, 110, 169

• nativization 233, 240

• negation 12–13, 15–16, 21, 108, 214, 216, 294, 298, 346, 352

• newly-returned topic see topic

• newness see novelty

• nominalization 22, 83, 100, 125, 171, 183, 185–186, 287

• nominative 9, 12, 170, 182–183, 185–186, 210, 287, 290–303, 305–306, 323, 387

• non-junk see junk

• Northern Subject Rule213

• novelty 2, 18–21, 38–41, 44, 51, 53, 58, 97–98, 148, 163–166, 170, 185, 204, 216, 230, 251, 262, 269, 271, 280, 345, 378

• number (morphology) 9, 23–24, 166, 188, 199, 201–202, 204, 212–215, 301, 305, 322–324, 337

• numeral 188, 206–207, 209, 212, 219–220, 296, 305

• obligatorification 59, 348, 350, 359, 364

• oblique 294–297

• obsolescence 2, 14, 22–24, 26–27, 97, 101, 113, 163–164, 166, 170, 178, 197–199, 201, 203–205, 213, 215–217, 220–221, 309, 348, 353–354, 365, 367

• ontogeny 7, 62, 75

• opacity 19, 24–25, 98, 101–104, 106, 110, 113, 114, 169, 197, 199, 201–202, 204, 210, 220

• paradigm(atic) 51, 61, 97–98, 140, 142, 148–149, 154, 182, 186, 198–199, 201, 210–213, 216, 220, 263–267, 269–280, 292, 296–297, 320–325, 336, 353, 359, 364, 366

• parsing 218–220

• partitive 147–148, 165, 174–178, 181

• passive 105–107, 242

• perfective 16, 95–96, 112, 131, 232, 241–243, 248, 250, 278

• permissive environment 377, 393–394, 398

• person 201–202, 204–205, 212–214, 216, 224, 266, 272

• phonetic reduction 71, 107, 129–131, 135, 137–138, 323, 325, 335

• phonogenesis 51, 86

• phonological accretion 103, 105, 107–108, 113

• phonological alternations 59, 211, 218, 277

• phonological erosion see erosion

• phonologization 14, 67

• phrasal affix 172, 201, 220

• plasticity 57, 71, 74–76, 87

• polarity 12–13, 23, 171, 197–199, 204, 213–216, 220

• portmanteau 11, 170, 292

• pre-adaptation 6, 57, 64–65, 77–78, 80, 82, 86–87, 346

• present indicative 17, 58, 263, 267, 271–272, 274, 277–278

• primary suffix 317–318, 320–326, 328–329, 331–333, 335–336

• processing see language processing

• productivity 23–26, 83–84, 97–98, 102–109, 113–114, 124, 171, 174–176, 178, 180–183, 185, 191, 210, 218, 220, 233–234, 236–238, 252, 243, 264, 267, 274–276, 292, 296, 302, 304, 317, 320–322, 324, 331–332, 358

• progressive 58–59, 74, 135, 217–218, 387

• propagation 66, 73, 87–88, 152

• proper (primary) compound 325–326, 331, 333–334

• quantifier 165, 176–178, 188

• reanalysis vii, 2, 12–13, 15, 20–22, 24, 26–29, 38–40, 45, 48, 51–52, 86, 94, 99, 103, 105, 107, 143–144, 146, 173, 177, 183, 186, 197–205, 209–210, 212, 214–215, 219, 228–229, 242, 244–245, 254, 287, 290–291, 298, 306, 309–311, 322, 324–325, 328, 330–331, 333, 335, 337, 350, 363–364, 366, 377, 379, 384–386, 390–391, 395–396, 398

• reborrowing 49–50

• reduplication 41–45, 47, 103, 105, 107–108, 114

• refunctionalization 8–9, 11, 13, 19–21, 25, 57, 60, 63–64, 76–80, 82, 86–87, 149, 152–153, 156–157, 170, 189, 229–230, 248, 250, 261–262, 271, 280–281, 310, 318, 320, 335–336

• regrammaticalization 10, 96, 115–116, 143, 145–146, 152, 272–274, 366–367

• regrammation 11, 143–144, 214, 229

• remorphologization214

• renewal see functional renewal

• renovation 10, 60, 86, 309, 317–320, 335–336, 379

• replication 66–68, 72, 122, 151, 156, 158, 210, 231, 281

• replicator8

• resultative 96, 112, 167

• retraction 17, 361–362, 365

• rhizotonic stress 266–267, 270, 276–279

• routinization 73–74, 86, 235, 243, 365

• salience 24, 73, 75, 185, 252–253, 293, 298

• scope 109, 125, 217–220, 294, 298, 346

• S-curve356

• secondary grammaticalization 94–95, 99, 115–116, 121–123, 129–136, 138, 140, 142–143, 145, 157–158, 227–229, 246, 250–251, 253, 262, 281–282, 344, 348, 365, 368

• secretion 11, 22, 104, 202–203, 216

• selection 2–3, 5–7, 63–67, 69, 151, 164, 281, 346–348, 379, 386, 388–389

• semantic bleaching see bleaching

• semantic scope see scope

• sentence-final particle see finale particle

• size principle72

• spandrel 5, 7, 21, 26–27, 64, 86–87, 126, 130, 153–156, 346

• spatialization 385, 391, 395–396

• specialization 13, 281, 292, 318, 336, 359–360, 362, 364, 367–368

• Sprachbund see Balkan Sprachbund

• static morphology252

• stembuilding suffix 24–25

• stress 13–14, 18, 77–78, 211, 217, 237, 239, 241, 261, 265–272, 276–277, 279–280, 291–292, 327, 336, 351

• stress-aligning device see stress

• stress-alignment see stress

• structural borrowing 227, 247

• subjectification 15–16, 134

• subjunctive 17, 58–59, 263, 267, 272, 277, 354, 363

• subordinating conjunction, subordinator 12–13, 15–16, 21, 377–379, 381–384, 388, 390, 392–394, 396–398

• successive adaptation 377, 392–394, 397–398

• suffix conglomerate 238, 245

• suffix extraction233

• system disruption see Systemstörung

• Systemstörung 28, 198, 349, 353

• teleology 27–28, 58, 61, 63–65, 68, 72, 74, 77, 155, 347

• textual function 185, 292–293, 301, 305–306, 309, 378

• tinkering 27, 155–156

• tonogenesis 76–77, 82, 87

• topic 78, 80, 185, 293, 296, 306, 341, 349, 352–353, 363–366, 380

• transitive 16–17, 102–108, 113, 128, 132, 173, 202, 244, 263, 387

• transitivization 102–104, 106, 387

• transparency 24, 104, 167, 187, 201, 210–211, 252–254

• truncation 101, 378, 382, 384–386, 388, 390–392, 395

• Umlaut 19, 39, 43, 59–60, 77, 154–156, 166, 218, 324

• unidirectional(ity) vii, 75–76, 80–82, 134, 136, 145, 308

• univerbation 129–131, 135, 137–138

• V1 13, 79

• V2 12–14, 23–24, 78–79

• verb-final12

• vestigiality 27, 77, 174, 189, 263, 272, 275

• V-late see verb-final

• vowel reduction see phonetic reduction