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Part of
Developments in English Historical Morpho-Syntax
Edited by Claudia Claridge and Birte Bös
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 346] 2019
► pp. 149–174

Counterfactuality and aktionsart

Predictors for BE vs. HAVE + past participle in Middle English

In Middle English (ME), manner of motion verbs occur in perfect periphrases with both BE and HAVE as auxiliaries (e.g. is/has run, is/has ridden), the BE-variant being the older, the HAVE-variant the more recent form with these verbs. Los (2015) hypothesizes that the choice of auxiliary with manner of motion verbs in ME might depend systematically on aktionsart in that HAVE is chosen when the verb denotes a controlled process (e.g. he has run fast for an hour), and BE when the verb denotes a change of location (e.g. he is run into town), much as in Present-Day Dutch. Also taking into account other factors that have been suggested to influence the choice of BE vs. HAVE in Middle English (such as counterfactuality, infinitive, or past perfect), I test this hypothesis on data from the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. I show that aktionsart is indeed a very reliable predictor, but overridden by counterfactuality.
Keywords: perfect, auxiliary selection, Middle English, counterfactuality, aktionsart, construal, manner of motion verb, mixed logistic regression
Article outline
  • 1.Development of periphrases with BE/HAVE + past participle in English
  • 2. BE/HAVE + past participle with mutative intransitives in Middle English – a case of auxiliary selection in the perfect?
  • 3.Data and classification
  • 4.Results and discussion
    • 4.1General results (N = 257)
      • 4.1.1Period
      • 4.1.2Counterfactuality
      • 4.1.3Aktionsart
      • 4.1.4Form of auxiliary
    • 4.2Controlling for the "counterfactual effect"
      • 4.2.1Period
      • 4.2.2Aktionsart
      • 4.2.3Form of auxiliary
    • 4.3Controlling for counterfactuality and aktionsart (N = 97)
    • 4.4Mixed-effects logistic regression analysis
  • 5.Implications for different accounts of the BE/HAVE-periphrases
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 27 May 2019
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.346.08hub
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2023. Detecting directional forces in the evolution of grammar: A case study of the English perfect with intransitives across EEBO, COHA, and Google Books. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10:1 DOI logo
Hundt, Marianne
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[no author supplied]
2021. “The next Morning I got a Warrant for the Man and his Wife, but he was fled”. In Lost in Change [Studies in Language Companion Series, 218], DOI logo

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