Index

• ablative37, 46, 49–50

• accomplishment 118–121 , 123, 125, 153, 202, 210–211 , 220

• activity150, 153, 155, 210–211 , 220

• addressee 48–49

• adjective36, 38–41 , 45–48 , 51, 57–60 , 202, 204, 210, 249, 257, 270, 275, 279–280 , 282–283 , 287, 289, 291–297 , 299–302 , 305
  • attributive60, 272, 276–279 , 282–283 , 288
  • complemented 276–278
  • predicative272, 276–280 , 282–283 , 289–290 , 293

• adverb42, 143, 203, 225, 231, 236–242 , 270, 305
  • manner 279–280 , 282–283 , 288
  • phrase 232–233

• adverbial39, 157, 223–242 , 249, 290
  • accompaniment44
  • clause 253–254
  • instrument 44–45
  • manner 43–45 , 47
  • time40, 42, 44–45 , 47, 52, 54, 225, 236–243

• agentivity201, 211

• aktionsart 153–159 ; , 161, 163–168 ; , 170–171 ; , 208see also activityaccomplishmentsituation type

• alternation of case39, 50

• although 247–250 , 252, 254–255 , 257–264 , 267

• analogy11, 20–21 , 25, 27, 30–31 , 41–42

• Anglo-Frisian 77–81 , 84–87 , 90–91 , 99, 101, 103, 105

• anterior past168, 170

• articleSee definite article

• association 42–44 , 49–51 , 169
  • strength of43
  • measure of43

• atelic155, 169, 209

• atelicity155, 157, 169

• auxiliary79, 84, 87, 89, 90–91 , 93, 101, 105, 112–113 , 116, 118, 120, 125, 130–131 , 150–151 , 156, 158–169 , 171, 175–193 , 197–198 , 203, 214, 216, 270
  • selection 151–152 , 154–155 , 167
  • selection hierarchy (ASH) 150–152 , 154–155 , 157

• Bayesian inference256

• bleachingSee semantic bleaching

• borrowing 82–83 , 86, 88, 90

• British-American contrasts 299–304

• caseSee ablativedativeinstrumentallocative

• change of location 149–158 , 161, 163–170

• change of state149, 151, 153, 155, 176, 202, 210

• clause ordering 247–248 , 250–251 , 254–255

• climb 155–156 , 170, 228

• Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse 61, 65, 67, 69, 72, 130, 151, 155–156 , 159, 170

• coercing42

• cognitive accessibility 293–294

• cognitive grammar169

• cognitive linguistics 176–177 , 181

• collexeme39, 43–44 , 49
  • analysis36
  • distinctive collexeme analysis43

• colligation52

• collocates40, 42–43 , 45–47 , 49, 52, 142

• collocation21, 51, 145, 279, 280

• colloquialization201, 207

• come 101, 149–150 , 155, 164, 167, 176, 179–181 , 185–192

• complex predicative287

• complexity269, 291, 300, 303, 305
  • constraint289, 291, 293–298 , 304
  • morphological 21–22
  • principle279, 289–290 , 304
  • syntactic228, 231–232 , 234, 245, 255–256 , 264, 289

• concessive143, 247–248 , 250, 253–254 , 256, 263–264
  • content 251–252 , 257–258 , 261–263
  • epistemic 251–252 , 257–258 , 261
  • speech act 251–252 , 254, 257–258 , 262–263

• conclusive 209–210 , 220

• constraints82, 88, 253, 270, 284, 289, 291see also complexity constraint
  • morphological293
  • syntactic293, 297–298

• construal152, 169–171

• controlled process 150–151

• counterfactual statements153, 167see also hypothetical statements

• counterfactuality117, 154, 159–163 , 165–168

• creep 155–156 , 170

• dative17, 35–40 , 42–44 , 46, 48–50 , 52–54

• definite article 57–60 , 64–68 , 70–73

• Dictionary of Old English Corpus 113, 118, 125

• double articulation 59–60 , 70–72

• DP cycle 59–60 , 70, 72–73

• drift79, 84–87 , 89, 101, 105, 269

• durative150, 153–154 , 158–159 , 209

• Dutch95, 97–98 , 152–154 , 169, 224

• dynamic 114–116 , 118–121 , 125

• end weightSee principle of end weight

• entrenchment16, 30, 51–52 , 169

• even though 248–250 , 254–263

• experiencer39, 43, 49, 134, 143

• extensibility52

• external possessor construction48

• figure176, 181–183 ; , 186–189 ; , 191–193 ; see also ground, path

• form-to-function mapping263, 269

• fossilization39, 51–52 , 72

• frequency24, 27–31 , 82, 289, 294, 299, 304–305
  • of occurrence (use)10, 16–21 , 24, 27–30 , 43
  • token10, 16–17 , 19–21 , 27, 30, 51
  • type10, 17, 21, 27, 30, 51–52

• Frisian 77–81 , 84–87 , 89–91 , 94, 97–99 , 101, 105

• functionality11, 16, 30–31

• function word113, 304

• generalizationSee morphosyntactic generalization

• genre52, 54, 81, 125, 178, 180, 201–203 , 206–208 , 210–213 , 215–216 , 230–231 , 239, 255–256

• given-before-new236, 240–242
  • principle of236, 240–242

• go 100–101 , 135, 176, 181, 188, 190–192

• good 278–279

• grading284, 295

• grammaticalization 79–82 , 84–95 , 98, 104–105 , 113, 116, 119, 122, 125, 129–130 , 132, 146, 150, 154, 159, 170, 199–202 , 214–216

• ground176, 181–183 ; , 186–191 ; , 193see also figurepath

• host class 51–52

• human subject201, 211–213 , 215–216

• hypothetical statements150, 153, 159see also counterfactual statements

• iconic254

• i-mutation 10–12 , 17–18 , 22–26 , 27–28 , 30

• inferenceSee Bayesian inference

• information structure 240–241 , 253

• Ingvaeonic77

• inheritance 79–83 , 85–87 , 89, 92, 105

• instrumental 35–40 , 42–54

• intensifier 269–284 , 295, 305–306
  • unmarked / zero270
  • suffixed271, 273–282

• iterative150, 153–154 , 158–159 , 209

• lag and overtake scenario299, 304

• language contact 82–83 , 86, 242

• Latin 46–47 , 51–52

• leap 155–156 , 170

• length
  • clause 250–251 , 255–257 , 259–263
  • word 294–295

• likelihood ratio test167

• location in space49, 225, 246

• location in time49, 52, 54, 225

• locative 37–38 , 49

• logistic regression
  • Bayesian260, 267
  • binary231
  • mixed-effects151, 159, 166, 171

• manner of motion verbSee motion verb

• merger 36–39 , 49, 54

• metaphorical 49–50 , 176, 181, 183, 188, 287

• Middle English Dictionary (MED)58, 64–65 , 130, 135–139 , 141

• modality111, 113–121 , 123–127 , 143
  • deontic 114–116 , 118–119 , 123, 125
  • dynamic 114–116 , 118–121 , 125
  • epistemic 113–116 , 118–119 , 124–125

• modal verb86, 89–90 , 97, 100–101 ,104, 112, 116, 118, 125, 131–133 , 135–136 , 150, 152, 154, 156–157 , 159

• modifier42, 51–52 , 63, 71, 131, 282

• morpho-phonological salience 21–29 , 30

• morphosyntactic generalization199, 201–202 , 214

• motion verb151, 182–183 , 227–228 , 231, 234–235
  • manner of151, 154–170 , 228

• mutative intransitive verb 149–152 , 155, 164, 167

• need 129–148

• nominal morphology 9–10

• non-conclusive220

• noun phrase (NP) 37–38 , 39–40 , 42–45 , 47–49 , 51–53 , 59–60 , 63, 66, 68, 71–73 , 134, 146, 225–226 , 228, 231, 236, 240, 280–281 , 288–289 , 290–291 , 293, 297–298 , 301–303 , 305
  • predicative use281

• obligatoriness 225–227 , 231, 233–235 , 242–243 , 245

• Oxford English Dictionary (OED) 63–65 , 71, 91, 112, 135–139 , 248, 270–271 , 274–277 , 289–293 , 296–297 , 300–301

• passive209, 211, 215, 272
  • BE-passive199, 203–204 , 206–207 , 210, 212–214
  • central passive 204–205 , 206, 208
  • pseudopassive 204–205 , 216
  • semipassive 204–206 , 208, 215
  • scale272

• passivity gradient204

• pastSee anterior past

• past perfect150, 152, 154, 159, 164

• past participle98, 117, 133, 149–150 , 152, 154, 156, 170, 175, 184, 200–204 , 206, 213–214 , 216, 249, 272–277 , 279–281 , 283, 292, 294–296 , 299–300 , 302, 305

• present participle89, 96–101 , 101–105 , 133, 249, 272, 274–276

• path176, 181–183 ; , 186–191 ; , 193, 225, 246see also figureground

• Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English 69, 72, 139

• Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English 61, 138, 231

• perfect87, 149–152 , 154–156 , 159, 166–171 , 176, 178, 180–182 , 184–186 , 190, 192–193
  • experiential170
  • infinitive154, 159

• periphrastic113, 119, 143

• prefix157

• prepositional phrase20, 36, 49–50 , 118, 134, 225, 228, 231, 236–238 , 240–242 , 280–281 , 283–284 , 288, 290, 305
  • predicative use 280–81

• Present-day English63, 70, 255, 299, 303

• priming168, 171

• principle of end weight240, 242, 263

• productivity10, 14, 21, 51–52 , 214, 216

• proximity principle 235–236 , 242

• punctual209

• recipient39, 43, 48–49

• reinterpretation42

• resultative149, 154–155 , 164, 167–168

• ride 155–157 , 170, 228

• run 155–157 , 170, 176, 180–181 , 185–190 , 192, 214

• sail 155–156 , 170

• salienceSee morpho-phonological salience

• sculan 113, 116, 118, 122, 125, 132–133

• semantic bleaching125, 199–201 , 216

• semantic network36, 54

• semantic roleSee addresseeexperiencerrecipient

• situation type 201–202 ; , 208–211 ; , 215see also aktionsartstativedynamicconclusivenonconclusivedurativepunctual

• stative 209–210 , 213

• style123, 175, 177, 179, 183, 204, 206–207

• stylistic proscription207

• subjectification263

• subordinate clause122, 229, 248–258 , 260–264

• Swedish 59–60

• swim 155–156 , 170

• syncretic, syncretistic37, 50

• syncretism9, 13, 30

• telic155, 157, 169–171 , 209

• telicity169

• text types54, 207, 230, 238–240 , 271, 291
  • contrasts between292, 296–297 , 300–301

• time reference112, 119, 121–125 , 131–132

• tharf 130–146

• though 248–250 , 254–263

• though-attraction 249–250 , 257–259 , 262–263

• though-movement249

• topos 251–252 , 254

• verbality270, 274, 282–283

• verbless clause 249–250 , 255, 257–258 , 288

• walk 151, 155–156 , 170

• weight16, 21, 228, 231–232 ; , 234, 236, 240–242 ; , 256, 264see also principle of end weight

• willan 113, 116–118

• word order84, 86, 131, 225–226 , 235, 242

• York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose 36, 38–40 , 81, 231