Chapter published in:
Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond
Edited by Robert Crellin and Thomas Jügel
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 352] 2020
► pp. 123–214

Chapter 5
Perfects in Baltic and Slavic

| Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences | Russian State University for the Humanities | Vilnius University
| Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

This survey presents a comprehensive account of perfect constructions (based on an anteriority participle and an often optional auxiliary) in Baltic and Slavic over space and time, including dialects and high-contact minority varieties. Based on a classification by participle types and their combinations with be- and have-verbs, it provides a systematic check of renowned functions of perfect grams and evaluates accepted parameters of grammaticalisation. The most consistent common denominator of perfects in Baltic and Slavic lies in the irrelevance of most such parameters but an increase in admissible lexical input and a decrease in paradigmatic variability. The two most salient differences between Slavic and Baltic are (i) the high level of stability of voice orientation of participles in Baltic vs. the diathetic lability and repeated changes in voice orientation in Slavic, and (ii) stable systems of perfects of likely great antiquity in Baltic vs. the lack of consistently employed perfect systems in most Slavic languages.

Keywords: Baltic languages, Slavic languages, grammaticalisation, be-perfects, have-perfects
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Perfects in Baltic
    • 2.1Formal issues
    • 2.2Functions of perfect constructions
      • 2.2.1Resultative proper
      • 2.2.2The perfect proper
      • 2.2.3Pluperfect
      • 2.2.4Future perfect
      • 2.2.5Counterfactual perfect
      • 2.2.6Possessive perfects
      • 2.2.7Interim summary
    • 2.3Issues of grammaticalisation
      • 2.3.1Lexical input
      • 2.3.2Morphosyntactic parameters of grammaticalisation
    • 2.4Issues of diachrony
  • 3.Slavic
    • 3.1Basic morphosyntactic classification
      • Type A
      • Type B
      • Type C
    • 3.2The provenance of the participles
    • 3.3Functional distinctions, range of lexical input and areal spread
    • 3.4Intersections with related domains
      • 3.4.1Evidential extension
      • 3.4.2Objective resultatives as distinct from the actional passive
      • 3.4.3Recipient passive
    • 3.5Diachronic development
      • 3.5.1The perfect in ancient Slavic
      • 3.5.2Auxiliation
      • 3.5.3Diathetic orientation of participles
      • 3.5.4Range and extension of lexical input
    • 3.6Pluperfect, future perfect and related constructions
      • 3.6.1Old Slavic
      • 3.6.2South Slavic
      • 3.6.3Modern West Slavic
      • 3.6.4Modern East Slavic
      • 3.6.5Future perfect
    • 3.7Summary on Slavic
  • 4.Bringing the threads together
    • 4.1Main lines of diachronic development and patterns of areal spread
    • 4.2On grammaticalisation parameters
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
  • Sources
Published online: 23 September 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.352.05ark
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Arkadiev, Peter M.
2021. Chapter 6. Perfect and negation. In The Perfect Volume [Studies in Language Companion Series, 217], ► pp. 138 ff. DOI logo

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