Index of subjects and terms
A
- address terms59, 68–69, 86, 203
- adjectives
- attributive66, 102, 126,
147, 173, 206–207, 214
- gendered58–60, 70–71, 75, 77–82, 90–108, 201, 218–220, 229, 231–236
- non-gendered66, 92, 95,
102–103
- predicative60, 66, 93,
102
- adverbs3, 10, 15,
17, 25, 231
- agreement4, 58–60, 62, 64–66, 87, 91, 94,
100, 104, 106–107, 193–194, 202–207, 213–214, 216–217, 220–221, 231–233, 236; see also concord
- Altaicization148–149, 166,
230
- Amdo Sprachbund2, 5, 162–164, 167–170, 174–179, 191–192, 194,
230
- anaphora3, 10, 22–26, 33, 47–48, 51, 235
- animacy30, 35, 38,
165, 183–184, 193, 231; see also nouns
- animal terms4, 59, 67,
69, 75–76, 91, 94–104, 107, 231
- ascribing properties to referents32–33, 37,
41, 44–46, 50–51, 234–235
- Assam33, 136, 201–202, 215
B
- bilingualism61, 101, 148,
162, 164, 167,
174, 176–180, 191–192, 194, 201, 216, 230,
233, 238
- borrowability161–162, 177,
191, 232
- borrowing107, 120, 124,
126, 128–133, 135–137, 140, 142–143, 145, 150–151, 162, 174, 177–178, 192–194, 230–231, 233, 237–238; see also loanwords
C
- classification
- of nouns vs. extralinguistic referents6, 24, 226–227
- temporary3, 10, 18–19; see also reclassification
- classificatory particles3, 10, 13,
228, 231
- classifiers
- basis for distinguishing subtypes13–14, 121–122, 228
- borrowing of3–5, 105, 125, 128, 132–133, 136–140, 142–143, 145, 150–151, 164, 169, 174, 178, 193
- categoric162, 175, 184,
186–190, 192, 234
- generic5, 14, 20,
32, 36–38, 41, 43–46, 48, 50, 142–143, 146, 162, 165–166, 171–173, 175, 178–179, 184–190, 235–236
- loss of5, 162–166, 169–173, 175–176, 178–179, 181, 186–194, 230
- mass-designating40, 43–44, 51–52, 228–229, 235
- mensural3, 6, 13–14, 31, 40, 43–44, 51, 114, 164, 173,
183, 185–187, 190, 207, 227–229, 235; see also measure words
- as multiplicand118, 121–122, 228, 237
- numeral1–6, 14,
32, 35, 46,
113–151, 161–166, 168–171, 173–179, 181–183, 190–194, 200–203, 207–209, 211–212, 214, 217–218, 221, 226–230, 232–234, 236–238
- obligatoriness of6, 14–15, 17, 118, 145,
164, 175, 178,
182–183, 192, 210–212, 214, 227, 229, 231–232, 237–238
- origin of5, 52, 118,
127, 141–142, 145–146, 149, 161, 163–164, 170, 175, 177, 179, 191–194, 237
- redundancy of18, 22–23, 213, 226–227
- repeater10, 13, 16,
141, 143–144, 149–150
- sortal3, 6, 13–14, 31–32, 40, 43, 51, 114–115, 118, 141, 164, 168, 183–184, 186–187, 190, 207, 227–229
- clitics35, 64, 203–208, 213, 232, 234
- collectivity21, 25, 33,
84, 86, 96
- compounds70, 74, 172,
205–206
- concord3, 10, 15,
18, 21, 23, 25, 104,
227; see also agreement
- countability4, 51, 118,
149; see also nouns,countable
D
- definiteness4, 30, 36,
40, 47–49, 51–52, 126, 129, 147, 213,
235–236
- deixis15–16, 25–26, 33, 47–48, 51, 62,
214, 235
- derivation46, 73, 144,
234–235
- determiners58, 64, 85,
89
- differentiating referents31, 33, 35–36, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 50–51, 114, 234
- diffusion2, 5, 113–115, 117, 120, 124, 126, 128,
130, 136, 142,
146, 148–149, 151, 192, 233
- dimensionality35, 46, 145,
175, 182, 184–188; see also shape
- diminutive40, 46, 66,
81, 203
- disambiguation6, 47–48, 51, 64, 92,
211, 213–214, 235
- discourse coherence3, 10–11, 22–26, 47
- discourse prominence47–49
E
- expansion of the lexicon2, 41, 46–47, 234–235
F
- foregrounding participants in discourse165, 173, 236
- functional typology30, 32, 41,
52, 165, 234
- functions
- discourse2–3, 5–6, 25, 30,
32–33, 41,
47, 50, 52, 165, 212,
234–235
- lexical2–3, 30,
32–33, 37,
41, 46–47, 50–52, 165, 234
G
- gendersee also noun classes
- borrowing of4, 58, 90–91, 101–108, 161, 163, 193–194, 221, 226, 229, 231, 233
- grammatical4, 6, 32,
34, 46–47, 52, 58–59, 96, 102–105, 161, 191, 193–194, 200–202, 214, 231–232, 238
- loss of3–4, 32,
80, 105, 163,
193–194, 202, 214, 216–217, 226, 232
- natural33, 58–60, 64, 67–72, 86, 92–99, 102–104, 107, 203, 218–219, 233–234
- origin of2, 6, 214,
218–221, 232
- pronominal214, 218–220, 233
- grammaticalization31, 46, 49,
169, 214, 216–218, 220–221, 232
H
- Himachal Pradesh58, 60, 70
- honorifics35, 37–38, 44–45, 64–66, 235
- humanness42, 75–76, 78, 81, 91,
94, 138, 165, 169, 171–172, 178, 183–184, 186–188, 192–193, 208, 217, 234
I
- individuation3, 10, 18–21, 30, 41,
51–52, 213,
229, 234–235
K
- Kinnaur58–62, 70,
75, 78, 81, 83–84, 90–91, 105–107
- kinship terms4, 33, 45,
59, 67–71, 181
L
- language attrition161–162, 179,
181, 186, 189,
191–194; see also language obsolescence
- language contact
- social context of5–6, 33,
133, 175–177, 179, 192, 194, 201–202, 229–230, 238–239
- language obsolescence179, 186, 190–191, 230–231; see also language attrition
- lingua franca33, 90, 167,
170
- loanwords59–60, 71–78, 80, 82–84, 90–91, 101, 104–105, 107–108, 128, 130, 145, 174,
177, 230–231, 233; see also borrowing
M
- measure words14, 31, 114,
121–122, 133,
141, 144, 146,
164, 168–169, 208, 228, 237; see also classifiers,mensural
- Meghalaya33, 200–201, 215
- minority languages166, 170, 177
- mixed languages5, 162, 170,
230
- multilingualismSee bilingualism
N
- nominal classification
- concurrent systems of1–2, 6
- diachrony of1–2, 4,
6, 33–34, 163, 179, 194,
232, 238
- functions ofSee functions
- typologies of1, 3, 30, 32, 41, 52, 165, 234
- nominalization3, 10, 21–23, 25, 89,
170, 204
- noun classes30, 46, 113,
125, 234–235; see also gender
- nouns
- abstract46, 76–77, 91, 94, 165,
204
- animate4, 14, 32–33, 36–38, 41, 45, 58, 64,
71, 75–76, 101, 104, 181,
184, 204, 209,
231–232; see also animacy
- countable43, 51, 149,
171, 173, 184,
208–210, 212–214, 227–229, 234–235; see also countability
- as generic in classifier languages20–21, 229
- inanimate4, 32, 36–39, 41–42, 45, 50, 60, 62,
75, 82, 94–96, 101–103, 108, 142, 178, 184–185, 204, 209, 232, 234; see also animacy
- mass4, 40, 43,
51, 164, 173,
183, 227–229, 234–235; see also countability
- numerals3–5, 10,
15, 17–18, 20–23, 25, 30–31, 35–37, 46, 50–51, 181, 231, 233
O
- oracle bone inscriptions127, 141, 145,
149–150
P
- pluralization3, 6, 15,
21–22, 64–66, 88, 105,
170–172, 204,
206, 211–213, 217, 220–221, 229, 232–233
- obligatory marking of6, 211–212, 229, 232, 236, 238
- pronouns4, 6, 10,
13–14, 25,
48–49, 62,
64–65, 86–87, 147–148, 201, 203–207, 213, 216–221, 231, 233, 236
- demonstrative14–16, 18, 20–26, 50, 62, 64, 164,
171, 173, 205–207, 210–211, 213–214, 220, 231–233
Q
- quantifiers13–14, 113,
123, 164, 171,
181, 211, 214,
228
R
- reclassification20, 22–25; see also classification,temporary
- reference management41, 47
- referentiality2, 18, 20,
22–23, 47,
165, 172–173, 234–236
- referent identification2, 21, 23–25, 41, 47–49
- referent tracking47, 51, 205,
235, 238
- re-presentation of referents41, 47, 50–51, 235
- Russification179–180, 190,
230
S
- shape20, 30, 32–33, 35–38, 40–41, 43, 45–46, 165, 178, 183–184, 228; see also dimensionality
- sign languages, classifiers in3, 6, 11,
26–27, 115,
238
- simplification41, 148–149, 181, 190, 230,
234
- single origin hypothesis113, 115–116, 120–121, 124–126, 129, 136, 140,
151
- specialization217, 219–220
T
- tone59, 148, 166,
168, 170
U
- unitizationSee individuation
W
- word formation3, 10, 14–15, 18, 25–26
- word order4, 12, 15,
36, 49, 51–52, 117, 121–124, 129–134, 138, 143–145, 147–150, 166–168, 170–171, 173, 181, 189, 207–208, 210–211, 213–214, 236–238
- harmonization of122–124, 131, 138, 145, 150, 233, 237