Historical and Comparative Linguistics

• Introduction | p. ix
• Part I. Background: genetic linguistics in relation to general linguistics and related fields
• 1. Language and linguistics | p. 3
• 2. Writing and language | p. 31
• 3. Linguistic variation | p. 47
• Part II. Historical linguistics: how does language change
• 4. Sound change | p. 57
• 5. Grammar change: analogy | p. 88
• 6. Rule change | p. 109
• 7. Semantic change | p. 133
• 8. External change: borrowing | p. 154
• 9. Why does language change? Social and linguistic factors | p. 179
• Part III. Comparative linguistics (general notions and structure): how can change be reversed?
• 10. Preliminaries to the historical methods | p. 207
• 11. The comparative method (the central concept) | p. 229
• 12. Internal reconstruction | p. 264
• 13. Conclusion to the methods | p. 274
• Part IV. Linguistic reconstruction: A synthesis of various linguistic and cultural notions
• 114. Dialect geography | p. 289
• 15. Alternative relationship models | p. 300
• 16. Classification of languages | p. 310
• 17. Philology and etymology | p. 323
• 18. Reconstructing Phonology | p. 335
• 19. Reconstructing grammar | p. 351
• 20. Reconstructing semology/semantics | p. 364
• Part V. Conclusion: linguistics as part of anthropology
• 21. Change and reconstruction in culture and linguistics | p. 377
• 22. Genetic linguistics and biological genetics | p. 389
• 23. Genetic linguistics and metatheory | p. 399
• Index | p. 449

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