Cover not available
Review article published In:
Chinese Language and Discourse
Vol. 9:2 (2018) ► pp.109–135
Review article

Singapore Mandarin Chinese

Its variations and studies

| Nanyang Technological University
| Nanyang Technological University

Given the historical and linguistic contexts of Singapore, it is both theoretically and practically significant to study Singapore Mandarin (SM), an important member of Global Chinese. This paper aims to present a relatively comprehensive linguistic picture of SM by overviewing current studies, particularly on the variations that distinguish SM from other Mandarin varieties, and to serve as a reference for future studies on SM. This paper notes that (a) current studies have often provided general descriptions of the variations, but less on individual variations that may lead to more theoretical discussions; (b) the studies on SM are primarily based on comparisons with Mainland China Mandarin; (c) language contact has been taken as the major contributor of the variation in SM, whereas other factors are often neglected; and (d) corpora with SM data are comparatively less developed and the evaluation of data has remained largely in descriptive statistics.

Keywords: Global Chinese, Singapore Mandarin Chinese, grammatical variations
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Singapore Mandarin: History
  • 3.Singapore Mandarin: Its variations
    • 3.1Lexical variation
    • 3.2Grammatical variations
      • 3.2.1Grammatical categories
      • 3.2.2Grammatical process and structures
        • 3.2.2.1Reduplication
        • 3.2.2.2Aspect marking
        • 3.2.2.3Special constructions
          • V + directional complement
          • Comparative construction
          • Double object construction
          • Other constructions
        • 3.2.2.4Word order
    • 3.3Pragmatic and discourse variations
      • 3.3.1Code-switching and mixing
      • 3.3.2Sentence-final particles
      • 3.3.3Variations in conjunctive devices
  • 4.Possible gaps in current research
    • 4.1Factors leading to variation
    • 4.2Data sources and analysis
    • 4.3The varieties under comparison
  • 5.Summary
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
Published online: 13 December 2018
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.18007.lin
References
Arcodia, Giorgio F., Bianca Basciano, and Chiara Melloni
2015 “Areal Perspectives on Total Reduplication of Verbs in Sinitic.” Studies in Language 39(4): 836–872. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy D., and Lionel Wee
2007 “Language Planning in Singapore: On Pragmatism, Communitarianism and Personal Names.” Current Issues in Language Planning 8(3): 324–343. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan
2015 Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cai, Ming-Hong
2014 “Xinjiapo Huazu dui Huayu de rentongdu kaocha – jiyu wenhua heliu shijiao [A diachronic study of the Chinese-language identity of the Chinese ethnic group in Singapore in the perspective of acculturation].” Yunnan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Duiwai Hanyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu ban) [Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Teaching and Research of Chinese as a Foreign Language] 121: 81–87.Google Scholar
Cavallaro, Francesco, and Bee Chin Ng
2014 “Language in Singapore: From Multilingualism to English Plus.” In Challenging the Monolingual Mindset, ed. by Hajek John and Slaughter Yvette, 33–48. Bristol: Multilingual Matters Ltd. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cavallaro, Francesco, Mark Fifer Seilhamer, Ho Yen Yee and Bee Chin Ng
2018 “Attitudes to Mandarin Chinese Varieties in Singapore.” Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chappell, Hilary, and Alain Peyraube
2015 “The Comparative Construction in Sinitic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic Variation.” In Diversity in Sinitic Languages, ed. by Hilary Chappell, 134–154. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chen, Chung-yu
1983 “A Fifth Tone in the Mandarin Spoken in Singapore.” In Journal of Chinese Linguistics 111: 92–119.Google Scholar
1984 “Certain Lexical Features of Singapore Mandarin.” In New Papers on Chinese Language Use, ed. by Beverly Hong, 93–104. Canberra: Contemporary China Centre, The Australian National University.Google Scholar
1986a “Salient Segmental Features of Singapore Mandarin.” Journal of Chinese Linguistics 14(1): 114–152.Google Scholar
1986b “Xinjiapo Huayu yufa tezheng [Syntactic features of Singapore Mandarin].” Yuyan Yanjiu [Studies in Language and Linguistics]: 138–152.Google Scholar
1993 Huayu yanjiu lunwenji [Aspects of Mandarin Chinese]. Singapore: Xinjiapo Guoli Daxue Huayu Yanjiuzhongxin [Chinese Language and Research Centre of National University of Singapore].Google Scholar
Chen, Mei Ling
1998 “Xinjiapohuayu zhong de yuma jiaza xianxiang [Code-mixing in Singapore Mandarin]”. Yuyan Jianshe [Language planning] (10): 36–40.Google Scholar
Chen, Qi
2008 Xinjiapohuayu cihui yanjiu [Research on Singapore Chinese words and expressions]. Shanghai: Fudan University.Google Scholar
Chew, Cheng Hai
2002 “Xinjiapohuayu bianyi gaishuo [An outline of variations in Singapore Mandarin].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] (6): 508–514.Google Scholar
2007 “Lun quanyiuhua huanjing xia huayu de guifan wenti [Standardization of the Chinese Language: A global perspective].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies] (4): 91–96.Google Scholar
2008 “Huayu yanjiu yu huayu jiaoxue [Challenging issues in Chinese language teaching].” Jinan Daxue Huawenxueyuan Xuebao [Journal of College of Chinese Language and Culture of Jinan University] (3): 20–28.Google Scholar
2014 “Huayu jiaoxue yu xiandai hanyu yufa yanjiu [Chinese language teaching and researches in Modern Chinese Grammar].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies] (5): 1–9.Google Scholar
2016 “Dahuayu de yanjiu he fazhan qushi [Studies of ‘Greater Chinese and their developmental trends].” Hanyu Xuebao [Chinese Linguistics] 11: 13–19.Google Scholar
Chew, Cheng Hai, and Rong Ji Liang
1995 “Zici pinlv yu yuwen xuexichengxiao de xiangguan yanjiu [Studies on relations between word frequencies and effects on learning].” Fourth Conference of The International Society for Chinese Language Teaching.Google Scholar
Chew, Cheng Hai, and Guozheng Xiao
1999 “Xinjiapohuayu de cixing, ciyi he ciyong xuanze [Word class, word meanings and word usage in Singapore Mandarin].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] (4): 255–262.Google Scholar
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
2005 Xiandai Hanyu Cidian [Contemporary Chinese Dictionary]. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Chong, Rachael Hui-Hui, and Ying-Ying Tan
2013 “Attitudes toward Accents of Mandarin in Singapore.” Chinese Language and Discourse 4(1): 120–140. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Choo, Yuen
2015 Bian yu bubian zhijian: Xinijapohuayu yu xinjiapohuayu de xingcheng jizhi [Variant and Invariant: A preliminary approach to the exploration of the emergence of Singapore Mandarin]. PhD Dissertation. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.Google Scholar
Chu, Suat Bee
1996 Xinjiapo huayu yufa, cihuizhong de fangyan chengfen [Dialectal elements in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nantional University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Chua, Chee Lay
2003 The Emergence of Singapore Mandarin: A Case Study of Language Contact. PhD Dissertation. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Chua, Siew Kheng Catherine
2010 “Singapore’s Language Policy and Its Globalised Concept of Bi(tri)lingualism.” Current Issues in Language Planning 11(4): 413–429. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Department of Statistics
2011 Singapore Census of Population 2010. (Ed.) Department of Statistics. Singapore: Department of Statistics.Google Scholar
Diao, Yanbin
2013 “Liang’an sidi ‘(zai+) VP+zhong’ xingshi kaocha [A study of the ‘(zai+) VP+zhong’ across two shores and four places].” In Liang’an sidi xiandaihanyu duibi yanjiu xinshouhuo [New findings from studies on modern Mandarin across two shores and four places], ed. by Yanbin Diao, 269–289. Beijing: Language and Culture Press.Google Scholar
2015 “Lun quanqiu huayu de jichu yu neiyan [On the foundation and connotation of Global Chinese].” Global Chinese 11: 227–244.Google Scholar
2017 “Lun quanqiuhuayushi ji qi yanjiu [On the history of Global Chinese and its research].” Global Chinese 3(2): 217–229.Google Scholar
Dixon, L. Quentin
2009 “Assumptions behind Singapore’s Language-in-education policy: Implications for Language Planning and Second Language Acquisition.” Language Policy 8(2): 117–137. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Dong, Sicong, and Jie Xu
2015 “Putonghua quyu bianti de tedian yu putonghua chacuo de fenji [Re-defining the criteria of “Standard” Mandarin Chinese: Distinction between regional variety features and mistakes].” Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences] 141: 598–606.Google Scholar
Fu, Xin Qing, and Jin Hai Hu
2012 “Hanyu fangyan danyinjie dongci chongdieshi bijiao yanjiu [Comparative study of verbal reduplication in Chinese dialects].” Nanchang Daxue Xuebao (Renwen Shehuikexue ban) [Journal of Nanchang University (Humanities and Social Sciences)] 43(5): 143–150.Google Scholar
Goh, Yeng-Seng
1986 Xinjiapohuayu yufa yanjiu [Aspects of Singapore Mandarin: a preliminary study in vocabulary and syntax]. Undergraduate Thesis. Taiwan: National Taiwan University.Google Scholar
Goh, Yeng Seng
2010 Hanyu guoji chuanbo – Xinjiapo shijiao [The Globalisation of Chinese – A Singapore Perspective]. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Goh, Yeng Seng and Qing Ming Luo
2009 “Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu sanshinian huigu yu zhanwang: Hanyu guoji chuanbo shijiao [A retrospect and prospect of 30 years of Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies: A perspective on the global spread of Mandarin].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies] (5): 7–14.Google Scholar
Huang, Chu-Ren, Jingxia Lin, Menghan Jiang, and Hongzhi Xu
2014 “Corpus-based study and Identification of Mandarin Chinese Light Verb Variations.” Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, 1–10.Google Scholar
Huang, Chu-Ren, and Dingxu Shi
2016 A Reference Grammar of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Huang, Min, and Francis Bond
2016 “Comparison and Contrast of Chinese Curricula between China and Singapore: Challenges and Prospects.” Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 1(1): 1–17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, Xuexia
2011 Xinjiapo huayu cihui wushinian fazhan bianhua yanjiu [A study of the 50 years development of Singapore Chinese Lexicon]. PhD Dissertation. Wuhan: Central China Normal University.Google Scholar
Jia, Yi-min, and Ying-chun Xu
2005 “Xinjiapohuayu teyoucihui buli ji qi yu putonghua ciyu chayi fenxi [The supplementary examples of Singapore Chinese and its variance analysis with Mandarin].” Jinan Daxue Huawenxueyuan Xuebao [Journal of College of Chinese Language and Culture of Jinan University] (4): 32–49.Google Scholar
Ke, Yonghong
2009 “Malaixiya he Xinjiapo huayu jiaoyu zhengce zhi bijiao [The contrast of educational policies for Chinese language teaching in Malaysia and Singapore].” Dongnanya Zongheng [Around Southeast Asia] 101: 48–52.Google Scholar
Khoo, Yong Kang
2018 “A Corpus-based Study of the Singapore Mandarin le-particle.” The 26th Annual Conference of International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-26). Wisconsin, USA.Google Scholar
Khoo, Yong Kang, and Jingxia Lin
2016 “Motion Constructions in Singapore Mandarin Chinese: A Typological Perspective.” In Chinese Lexical Semantics (Selected Papers of CLSW 2016), ed. by Minghui Dong, Jingxia Lin and Xuri Tang, 743–750. Cham: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kwong, Oi Yee, and Benjamin K. Tsou
2006 “Regional Variation of Domain-specific Lexical Items: Toward a Pan-Chinese Lexical Resource.” Proceedings of the Fifth SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing, 9–16.Google Scholar
Lee, Cher Leng
2003 “Motivations of Code-switching in Multi-lingual Singapore.” Journal of Chinese Linguistics 31(1): 145–176.Google Scholar
2015 “Compliments and Compliment Responses of Singapore Chinese University Students.” Global Chinese 1(1): 169–201. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Li, Linding & Cheng Hai Chew
2002 “Xinjiapohuayu cihui he Zhongguo putonghua cihui bijiao [Constrastive study of Mandarin in Singapore and China].” In “Xinjiapohuayu cihui yu yufa” [Lexicon and grammar of Singapore Mandarin], ed. by Cheng Hai Chew, 151–338. Singapore: Lingzi Media.Google Scholar
Li, Yuming
2010 Quanqiu Huayu Cidian [Dictionary of Global Huayu (Chinese Language)]. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
2016 Quanqiu Huayu Dacidian [21st century contemporary Chinese dictionary]. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
2017 “Dahuayu: Quanqiu huaren de gongtongyu [Greater Chinese: the lingua franca of the Chinese across the world]”. Global Chinese 11: 2–13.Google Scholar
Lim, Jie Ni
2017 Xinjiapohuayu zhong de daozhishuangbin jiegou [Inverted double object construction in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.Google Scholar
Lin, Chun Hai
2015 Xinjiapohuayu ‘weici+hui+(NP)’ jiegou yanjiu [The investigation of ‘verbal items+hui+(NP)’ structure in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Lin, Jingxia
2018 “Grammaticalization of shuo and jiang in Singapore Mandarin Chinese: A Spoken-Corpus-Based Study.” The 19th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop (CLSW2018). Chiayi, Taiwan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lin, Jingxia, Dingxu Shi, Menghan Jiang, and Chu-Ren Huang
2018 “Variations in World Chineses.” In The Routledge Handbook of Applied Chinese Linguistics, ed. by Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt and Barbara Meisterernst. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lin, Jingxia, Hongzhi Xu, Menghan Jiang, and Chu-Ren Huang
2014 “Annotation and Classification of Light Verbs and Light Verb Variations in Mandarin Chinese.” Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing, 75–82. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liu, Hui Bo
2010 Xinjiapohuayu yu putonghua de fenqiyanjiu [Constrastive study of Putonghua and Singapore Mandarin]. Master’s Thesis. Harbin: Heilongjiang University.Google Scholar
Liu, Zhenping
2014 “Xinjiapo zhongxuesheng shiyong hanyu changyong jieci de tedian yu pianwu [A study of characteristics and errors of frequently-used Chinese prepositions by Singapore Secondary Students].” Huawen jiaoxue yu yanjiu [TCSOL Studies] (4): 16–31.Google Scholar
Lock, Graham
1989 “Aspects of Variation and Change in the Mandarin Chinese Spoken in Singapore.” Australian Journal of Linguistics 9(2): 277–294. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Lu, Jianming
2001 “Xinjiapohuayu jufa tedian ji qi guifan wenti (shang) [Aspects of Singapore Mandarin grammar and its standardization (1)].” Haiwai Huawen Jiaoyu [Overseas Chinese Education] (4): 1–11.Google Scholar
2002 “Xinjiapohuayu jufa tedian ji qi guifan wenti (xia) Aspects of Singapore Mandarin grammar and its standardization (2).” Haiwai Huawen Jiaoyu [Overseas Chinese Education] (1): 1–10.Google Scholar
2005 “Hanyu zouxiang shijie yu ‘Dahuayu’ gainian [Chinese intergration into the world and the concept of Dahuayu].” Zhongguo Shehui Yuyanxue [Journal of Chinese Sociolinguistics] 21.Google Scholar
2015 “Dahuayu gainian shiying Hanyu zouxiang shijie de xuyao [The concept of Dahuayu meets the demands of Chinese integration into the world].” Global Chinese 11: 245–254. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Lu, Jianming, Chu Hao Zhang, and Ping Qian
2002 “Xinjiapo huayu yufa de tedian [Characteristics of Singapore Mandarin grammar].” In Xinjiapohuayu cihui yu yufa [Lexicon and grammar of Singapore Mandarin], ed. by Cheng Hai Chew, 77–147. Singapore: Lingzi Media.Google Scholar
Lu, Shao-chang
1990 Huayu lunji xuji [Essays on Mandarin Part 2]. Singapore: Chinese Language & Research Centre, National Univerity of Singapore.Google Scholar
Lua, Yi Wen
2014 Xinjiapohuayu de le [The le particle in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.Google Scholar
Newman, John
1988 “Singapore’s Speak Mandarin Campaign.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 9(5): 437–448. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ng, Patrick Chin Leong
2006 An Evaluation of the Speak Mandarin Campaign within a Dialect-speaking Community. PhD Dissertation. Leicester: University of Leicester.Google Scholar
Pak, Xin Yan, Jingxia Lin, and John Newman
2014 “Statistical Comparison of Singaporean and Mainland Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-based Study on Sentence Final Particles.” The 3rd International Symposium on Chinese Language and Discourse. Birkbeck, UK.Google Scholar
Pan, Jia Fu
2008 Xinjiapo huashe de duoyu xianxiang yu yuyan jiechu yanjiu [Studies of the Multilingual Phenomenon and language contact in the Singapore Chinese community]. PhD Dissertation. Shanghai: Fudan University.Google Scholar
Phua, Chiew Peng, and Wen Ying Liang
To appear. “Xinjiapohuayu de chongdie xianxiang [Reduplication in Singapore Mandarin].” In Quanqiu Huayufa Yanjiu‧ Xinjiapojuan [Studies on Mandarin varieties across the world – Singapore edition]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Shang, Guowen, and Shouhui Zhao
2017 “Standardising the Chinese language in Singapore: Issues of Policy and Practice.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38(4): 315–329. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shao, Hongliang
2010 “Xinjiapohuawen jiaocai zhong de quyu cihui ji qi jiaoxue chuli [Regional words in Singapore Chinese education materials and its pedagogical implications].” In Shijie Hanyu jiaoxue de xinjiaocai yu xin jiaofa: Dishijie guoji hanyu jiaoxue yantaohui [Teaching of World Chinese and its current pedagogical approaches and materials: the Tenth Seminar on teaching of Mandarin internationally], ed. by Xu Jia Lu, 434–439. Shenyang: Wanjuan Chuban Jituan.Google Scholar
Situ, Yilong
2014 Xinmahuayu liangci ‘li’ de fanhua yanjiu [A case study on the generalization of Chinese noun classifier “li” in Singapore and Malaysia]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas, Cornelia Stroh, and Aina Urdze
2011 Total Reduplication: The Areal Linguistics of a Potential Universal. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tan, Liling, and Francis Bond
2011 “Building and Annotating the Linguistically Diverse NTU-MC (NTU-multilingual corpus).” Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, 362–371.Google Scholar
Tang, Zhixiang
2009 “Zhongguo dalu zhuti huayu xishou haiwai Huayu ciyu de cengji, leibie ji qi bili de kaocha [Study of the extent of the absorption of overseas Chinese words].” In Haixia liangan xiandai hanyu yanjiu [Studies on modern Mandarin across the straits], ed. by Hung Kai Lee, Zilin Tian, and Tzu Pin Hsu. Hongkong: Wenhua Jiaoyu Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Teo, Yi Sheng, and Helena Hong Gao
2015 “Xinjiapohuayu de yunmu [-əŋ] bian [-ən] de xianxiang ji qi shehuiyuyanxue yiyi [The Sound Change From [-əŋ] to [-ən] In Singapore Chinese and Its Sociolinguisitc Implications].” The 23rd Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-23). Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Tin, Siu-lam
2016 “Guanyu cihui xueshuyu “shequci” de mingming [The foundation of the term “Community Expression”].” Global Chinese 2(1): 103–113. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Tsou, Benjamin K., and Rujie You
2010 Quanqiu Huayu Xinci Cidian [A dictionary of Global Chinese neologisms]. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Huidi
1999 “Huayu teyou cihui: Xinjiapo shehui xiezhen [Regional words in Chinese: A reflection of Singapore’s society].” Yangzhou Daxue Xuebao· Renwen Shehui Kexue ban [Journal of Yangzhou University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)] (4): 44–51.Google Scholar
2002 “Xinjiapohuayu teyou ciyu tanwei [An investigation of regional words in Singapore Mandarin].” In Xinjiapohuayu cihui yu yufa [Lexicon and grammar of Singapore Mandarin], ed. by Cheng Hai Chew, 25–74. Singapore: Lingzi Media.Google Scholar
Xing, Fuyi
2005 “Xinjiapohuayu shiyongzhong yuanfangyan de qianxing yingxiang [Potential influences of the Mother Tongue dialect in using Chinese Language in Singapore”]. Fangyan [Dialect] (2): 175–181.Google Scholar
Xu, Jie, and Sicong Dong
2013 “Hanminzu gongtongyu de yuyin biaozhun ying weitiao wei “yi Beijingyuyin wei jichunyin” [Re-defining the Beijing dialect status in describing the Standard Mandarin]”. Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences] 51: 460–468.Google Scholar
Xu, Jie, and Hui Wang
2004 Xiandai Huayu Gailun [The structure of Chinese language: characters, words and sentences]. Singapore: Global Publishing.Google Scholar
Yiu, Carine Yuk-man
2014 “Typology of Word Order in Chinese Dialects: Revisiting the Classification of Min.” Language and Linguistics 15(4): 539–573. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Xuelian, and Jingxia Lin
2016 “Classifiers in Singapore Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus based Study.” In Chinese Lexical Semantics (Selected Papers of CLSW 2016), ed. by Minghui Dong, Jingxia Lin and Xuri Tang, 65–75. Cham: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Hongming, Min Zhang, and Chunshen Zhu
2004 “Speak Mandarin Campaign (1979–1989) and Senior Citizens among Chinese Singaporeans: Linguistic Perspective.” Journal of Chinese Sociolinguistics 2(2): 26–44.Google Scholar
Zhou, Lieting
1999 “Cong jige lizi kan Xinjiapohuayu he putonghua de ciyi chabie [Discrepancy in meanings of the same lexical items between Singapore Mandarin and Putonghua: Several examples].” Yuyan Wenzi Yingyong [Applied Linguistics] (1): 99–102.Google Scholar
Zhu, Dexi
1982 Yufa jiangyi [Lecture notes on grammar]. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Zhu, Xiaohong
2008 Xinjiapohuayu yufa bianyi yanjiu [A study of grammatical variation in Singapore Mandarin]. PhD Dissertation. Guangzhou: Jinan University.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Siew, Savannah K H, Madeline F Y Han, Rathi Mahendran & Junhong Yu
2022. Regression-Based Norms and Validation of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery among Community-Living Older Adults in Singapore. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 37:2 ► pp. 457 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.