Chapter 4
Meta-linguistic evidence
Variation, attitudes and linguistic repertoires in the pre-Emancipation era
Article outline
- 4.1Introduction
- 4.2Variation in early Sranan
- 4.2.1Ethnicity: nengre tongo and bakra tongo
- 4.2.2Geography: The Creole of the plantations and the Paramaribo Creole
- 4.2.3Ownership: Differences between the language of English, Jewish, and other plantations
- 4.2.3.1The Creole of the ‘old English plantations’
- 4.2.3.2
Djutongo: The Creole of the Jewish plantations
- 4.2.3.3The Creole as spoken on other plantations
- 4.2.4Religion: ‘church Sranan’, the creole variety used by the Moravian missionaries
- 4.2.5Place of birth: Native and non-native Sranan
- 4.2.6Some additional observations
- 4.2.7Summary and conclusion
- 4.3Language choice and attitudes
- 4.3.1Attitudes towards Sranan
- 4.3.2Linguistic repertoires
- 4.3.2.1Sranan
- 4.3.2.2European languages
- 4.3.2.2.1English
- 4.3.2.2.2Portuguese and Spanish
- 4.3.2.2.3Dutch
- 4.3.2.2.4French
- 4.3.2.2.5German
- 4.3.2.3The use of African languages and Arabic
- 4.3.2.4Some miscellaneous observations
- 4.4Appendices
- 4.4.1Lexical items labeled ‘ bakratongo’ in Schumann’s (1783) Sranan dictionary
- 4.4.2Lexical items labeled Djutongo in Schumann’s (1783) Sranan dictionary
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Notes