Chapter published in:
Language and Slavery: A social and linguistic history of the Suriname creoles
Jacques Arends
[Creole Language Library 52] 2017
► pp. 163–236

Chapter 4
Meta-linguistic evidence

Variation, attitudes and linguistic repertoires in the pre-Emancipation era

Article outline
  • 4.1Introduction
  • 4.2Variation in early Sranan
    • 4.2.1Ethnicity: nengre tongo and bakra tongo
    • 4.2.2Geography: The Creole of the plantations and the Paramaribo Creole
    • 4.2.3Ownership: Differences between the language of English, Jewish, and other plantations
      • 4.2.3.1The Creole of the ‘old English plantations’
      • 4.2.3.2 Djutongo: The Creole of the Jewish plantations
      • 4.2.3.3The Creole as spoken on other plantations
    • 4.2.4Religion: ‘church Sranan’, the creole variety used by the Moravian missionaries
    • 4.2.5Place of birth: Native and non-native Sranan
    • 4.2.6Some additional observations
    • 4.2.7Summary and conclusion
  • 4.3Language choice and attitudes
    • 4.3.1Attitudes towards Sranan
    • 4.3.2Linguistic repertoires
      • 4.3.2.1Sranan
      • 4.3.2.2European languages
        • 4.3.2.2.1English
        • 4.3.2.2.2Portuguese and Spanish
        • 4.3.2.2.3Dutch
        • 4.3.2.2.4French
        • 4.3.2.2.5German
      • 4.3.2.3The use of African languages and Arabic
      • 4.3.2.4Some miscellaneous observations
  • 4.4Appendices
    • 4.4.1Lexical items labeled ‘ bakratongo’ in Schumann’s (1783) Sranan dictionary
    • 4.4.2Lexical items labeled Djutongo in Schumann’s (1783) Sranan dictionary
  • Notes
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