Different cultures, different attitudes
But how different is “the African situation” really?
The maintenance or restoration of vitality to endangered languages has become
an important part of many current language documentation projects, and the
development of orthographies and primers is often seen as a key instrument in
this endeavor. The present contribution, which focuses on endangered languages
on the African continent, takes a somewhat different perspective on this
issue. First, it is argued that the situation in many African countries differs from
that in the United States or Australia in that language loss in these latter countries
often leads to monolingualism; many people in Africa on the other hand
are multilingual, and consequently they have a more utilitarian attitude towards
the obsolescence of specific languages, also because primary language and
ethnicity are not necessarily linked to each other. In spite of these differences,
it is claimed here that the situation with respect to African minorities speaking
endangered languages is not all that different from that in First World countries.
The Tima language in Sudan and attempts to revitalize this endangered language
is taken as an example here. As argued below, language loss may be delayed
in some cases, but in all cases it is an irreversible consequence of globalization.
Consequently, language revitalization as such is a hopeless cause.
References
Alamin, Suzan
2012 Tima Morphology: Noun and Verb. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
Amery, Rob
1994 Heritage and second language programs. In
Aboriginal Languages in Education,
Deborah Hartman &
John Henderson (eds), 140–162. Alice Springs: IAD Press.
Bakker, Peter & Mous, Maarten
1994 Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT.
Bamgbose, Ayo
1987 When is language planning not planning? Journal of West African Languages 17: 6–14.
Bamgbose, Ayo
2000 Language and Exclusion: The Consequences of Language Policies in Africa. Münster: LIT.
Bashir, Abeer
2010 A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Tima. PhD dissertation, University of Khartoum.
Bentahila, Abdelai & Davies, Eierlys
Chumbow, Beban Sammy
1987 Towards a language planning model for Africa.
Journal of West African Languages 17(1): 15–22.
Comaroff, John L. & Comaroff, Jean
2009 Ethnicity, Incorporated. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J
1988 On language death in eastern Africa. In
Investigating Obsolescence, Studies in Language Contraction and Death,
Nancy C. Dorian (ed.), 13–31. Cambridge: CUP.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J
2009 Introduction. In
Coding Participant Marking: Construction Types in Twelve African Languages [
Studies in Language Companion Series 110],
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (ed.), 1–22. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J
2009 Esoterogeny and localist strategies in a Nuba Mountain community. In
Language Contact, Language Change and History Based on Language Sources in Africa,
Wilhelm J.G. Möhlig, Frank Seidel &
Marc Seifert (eds), 75–95. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J
2013 Where have all the noun classes gone in Tima? In
In and Out of Africa. Languages in Question in Honour of Robert Nicolaї, Vol. 2: Contact and Language Change in Africa,
Carole de Feral,
Maarten Kossmann &
Mauro Tosco (eds), 104–125. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J
To appear.
Linguistic isolates. In
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages,
Rainer Vossen and Dimmendaal J Gerrit eds) Oxford OUP
Dorian, Nancy C
1994 Stylistic variation in a language restricted to private-sphere use. In
Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register,
Douglas Biber &
Edward Finnegan (eds), 217–232. Oxford: OUP.
Evans, Nicholas & Levinson, Stephen C
2009 The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32: 429–49.
Fafunwa, Aliu Babs & Iyabo, Juliet
(eds) 1989 Education in Mother Tongue: The Ife Primary Education Resarch Project. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
Greenberg, Joseph H
1963 The Languages of Africa. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press. Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics & Mouton.
Grenoble, Lenore A. & Whaley, Lindsay J
2006 Saving Languages. Cambridge: CUP.
Hall, Robert A
1958 Creolized languages and ‘genetic relationship’.
Word 14: 367–373.
Hinton, Leanne & Hale, Ken
(eds) 2001 The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice. San Diego CA: Academic Press.
Kihore, Yared Magori
2000 Historical and linguistic aspects of Kihacha. In
Lugha za Tanzania/ Languages of Tanzania,
Kulikoyela Kahigi,
Yared Kihore &
Maarten Mous (eds), 67–80. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies.
Kipp, Darrell
2009 Encouragement, guidance and lessons learned: 21 years in the trenches of indigenous language revitalization. In
Indigenous Language Revitalization: Encouragement, Guidance & Lessons Learned,
John Reyhner &
Louise Lockhard (eds), 1–10. Flagstaff AZ: Northern Arizona University.
Meerpohl, Meike
2013 The Tima: An Anthropological Documentation of an Ethnic Group in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
Miller, Catherine & Abu-Manga, Al-Amin
1992. Language Change and National Integration: Rural Migrants in Khartoum. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press.
Mous, Maarten
2003 Loss of linguistic diversity in Africa. In
Language Death and Language Maintenance, Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches [
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 240],
Mark Janse &
Sijmen Tol (eds), 303–341. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mugaddam, Abdelrahim Hamid & Abdelhay, Ashraf Kamal
2013 Exploring the sociolinguistic profile of Tima in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan. In
Thilo C. Schadeberg and
Roger M. Blench (eds.),
Nuba Mountain Language Studies, 297–324. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
Namyalo, Saudah
2010 Terminological Modernization of Luganda in the Field of Linguistics. PhD dissertation, Makerere University, Kampala.
Newman, Paul
2003 The endangered languages issue as a hopeless cause. In
Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches [
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 240],
Mark Janse &
Sijmen Tol (eds), 1–13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Reyhner, John and Lockhard, Louise
(eds) 2009 Indigenous Language Revitalization: Encouragement, Guidance & Lessons Learned. Flagstaff AZ: Northern Arizona University.
Schneider-Blum, Gertrud
2012 Don’t waste words. In
Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on African Linguistics,
Matthias Brenzinger &
Anne-Marie Fehn (eds), 529–536. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
Schneider-Blum, Gertrud
2013 A Tima-Arabic-English Dictionary. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
Schneider-Blum, Gertrud & Dimmendaal, Gerrit J
To appear.
Lexicography of endangered languages in Africa. In
International Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography,
Patrick Hanks &
Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (eds) New York NY Springer
Skattum, Ingse
2006 The introduction of the national languages into the educational system of Mali; objectives and consequences of the reform.
Mande Studies 8: 95–110.
Spolsky, Bernard
1995 Conditions for language revitalization: A comparison of the cases of Hebrew and Maori.
Current Issues in Language & Society 2(3): 177–201.
Tsunoda, Tasaku
2006 Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
H. Ekkehard Wolff
2019.
The Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics,
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 20 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.