Chapter 8
Palenquero as a second language
Data and analyses
Article outline
- The language “teaching” environment in San Basilio de Palenque
- More observations of young L2 speakers’ lengua ri Palenge
- Data from interviews
- Results from the translation experiment
- Collection of written samples
- Combinations of a and tan, including non-future uses
- Examples from translation task
- Examples of (a) tan from student writings
- Referential null subjects
- Examples from translation task
- Examples in written assignments
- Possessives
- Examples of over-extended si and preposed possessives from translation task
- Examples in written assignments
- Use of the Palenquero plural marker ma as singular
- Use of ma with singular reference in interviews
- Use of ma with singular reference in picture-naming
- Examples from translation task
- Examples in written assignments
- Spanish-like plural marking
- Examples from translation task
- Examples from written assignments
- Definite articles
- Examples from translation task
- Examples from written assignments
- Conjugated verbs
- Examples of conjugated verbs from translation task
- Examples of conjugated verbs from written assignments
- Misuse and misidentification of Palenquero pronouns
- Examples from interviews
- Examples from translation task
- Examples from written assignments
- Feminine gender agreement
- Preverbal negation
- Examples from translation task
- Examples from written assignments
- L2 Palenquero speakers’ processing and production of phrase-final negation
- Results: Translation of Spanish preverbal negator no to Palenquero
- Another experimental examination of Palenquero negative placement
- Participants
- First experiment: Describing differences between pictures
- Materials
- Method
- Results and discussion
- Second experiment: Responding to questions about videos
- Materials
- Method
- Results and discussion
- Overall discussion of negation experiments
- Insertion of key Palenquero lexical items
- Examples from translation task
- Examples from written assignments
- Intertwined intrasentential code-mixing
- A summary of variation: Principal components and discriminant analyses
- Discussion: The future of lengua ri Palenge
- The least proficient Palenquero speakers
- Young heritage Palenquero speakers
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Notes