Cover not available
Part of
Advances in Contact Linguistics: In honour of Pieter Muysken
Edited by Norval Smith, Tonjes Veenstra and Enoch O. Aboh
[Contact Language Library 57] 2020
► pp. 179–216

Areal diffusion of applicatives in the Amazon

ORCID logo | LUCL, Universiteit Leiden
ORCID logo | Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

Many genetically unrelated languages of (North)western Amazonia share certain specific characteristics, which may be due to areal diffusion. Especially the eclectic classifier systems encountered across this region have been in focus lately, as well as valency changing strategies, in particular applicatives involving forms resembling -tA, which show conspicuous similarities across (North)western and Southern Amazonia. Ongoing research in Southern Amazonia has led to the identification of a number of very similar traits and even some striking formal similarities. Even though the (North)western and Southern Amazon may not constitute a single linguistic area, certain grammatical traits such as classifier systems and valency-changing strategies can be considered as areal features of the Amazon region as a whole, and beyond. In this article we will discuss correspondences between the expressions of valency change in the (North)western and Southern Amazon regions.

Keywords: applicatives, valency-changing morphemes, areal diffusion, Amazonia
Article outline
  • 1.Background
  • 2.Applicatives in the Amazon
    • 2.1(North)western Amazon
    • 2.2Southern Amazon
    • 2.3Bolivian Andean foothills
    • 2.4Andean
  • 3.Discussion
  • 4.By way of conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 29 October 2020
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/coll.57.06cre
References
Adelaar, W. F. H. with Muysken, P. C.
2004 The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Adelaar, W. F. H. & van de Kerke, S.
2009 Puquina. In Lenguas de Bolivia I: Ámbito andino, M. Crevels & P. C. Muysken (eds), 125–146. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, A. Y.
2001 Dicionário Tariana-Português e Português-Tariana. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Antropologia) 17(1): 3–433.Google Scholar
2002 Language Contact in Amazonia. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Alves, F. de Castro
2014 Aumento de valência em Canela. In Incremento de valencia en las lenguas amazónicas, F. Queixalós, S. Telles & A. C. Bruno (eds), 191–209. Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Alves, P. M.
2004 O Léxico do Tuparí: Proposta de um dicionário bilíngüe. PhD dissertation, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita”.Google Scholar
Angenot de Lima, G.
2002 Description phonologique, grammaticale et lexicale du Moré, Langue Amazonienne de Bolivie et du Brésil, 2 vols. Porto Velho: Editora da Universidade Federal de Rondônia.Google Scholar
Bacelar, L. N.
2004 Gramática da língua Kanoê. PhD dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Baker, M. C.
1988 Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Birchall, J. T. R.
2014a Argument Marking Patterns in South American Languages [LOT Dissertation Series 352]. Utrecht: LOT Publications. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
2014b Verbal argument marking patterns in South American languages. In The Native Languages of South America: Origins, Development, Typology, L. M. O’Connor & P. C. Muysken (eds), 223–249. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Boswood, J.
1974 Algumas funções de participante nas orações Rikbaktsa. Série Lingüística 3: 7–33. SIL Brazil.Google Scholar
Brandão, A. P.
2014 Causatives in Paresi-Haliti (Arawak). In Incremento de valencia en las lenguas amazónicas, F. Queixalós, S. Telles & A. C. Bruno (eds), 19–31. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Bybee, J. L.
1985 Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form [Typological Studies in Language 9]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cacique Coronado, L.
2016 Guia teórica asheninka, G. Zerdin (ed.). Atalaya: Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae.Google Scholar
Campbell, L.
1998 Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: EUP.Google Scholar
2006 Areal linguistics: A closer scrutiny. In Linguistic Areas: Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective, Y. Matras, A. McMahon & N. Vincent (eds), 1–31. Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Campbell, L. & Grondona, V.
2012 Languages of the Chaco and Southern Cone. In The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide [The World of Linguistics 2], L. Campbell & V. Grondona (eds), 625–667. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cerrón-Palomino, R.
2009 Chipaya. In Lenguas de Bolivia, I: Ámbito andino, M. Crevels & P. C. Muysken (eds), 29–77. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
Cerrón-Palomino, R. & Carvajal Carvajal, J.
2009 Aimara. In Lenguas de Bolivia I: Ámbito andino, M. Crevels & P. C. Muysken (eds), 169–213. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
Coler, M.
2014 A Grammar of Muylaq’ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru [Brill’s Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas 8]. Leiden: Brill. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Comrie, B.
1989 Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Comrie, B., Golluscio, L. A., González, H. & Vidal, A.
2010 El Chaco como área lingüística. In Estudios de lenguas amerindias, 2: Contribuciones al estudio de las lenguas originarias de América, Z. Estrada Fernández & R. Arzápalo Marín (eds), 85–130. Hermosillo, Sonora: Universidad de Sonora.Google Scholar
Crevels, M.
2006 Verbal number in Itonama. In What’s in a Verb? Studies in the Verbal Morphology of the Languages of the Americas [LOT Occasional Series 5], G. J. Rowicka & E. B. Carlin (eds), 159–170. Utrecht: LOT Publications. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
2011 Who did what to whom in Magdalena (Itonama). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 577–594. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 Itonama. In Lenguas de Bolivia, II: Amazonía, M. Crevels & P. C. Muysken (eds), 233–294. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
Crevels, M. & van der Voort, H.
2008 The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics [Studies in Language Companion Series 90], P. C. Muysken (ed.), 151–179. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Danielsen, S.
2007 A Grammar of Baure [Indigenous Languages of Latin America 6]. Leiden: CNWS Publications.Google Scholar
2012 Baure. In Lenguas de Bolivia, II: Amazonía, M. Crevels & P. C. Muysken (eds), 295–339. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
2014 Multiple valency derivation in Baure (Arawakan). In Incremento de valencia en las lenguas amazónicas, F. Queixalós, S. Telles & A. C. Bruno (eds), 285–312. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
de Araujo, G. Antunes
2004 A Grammar of Sabanê: A Nambikwaran Language [LOT Dissertation Series 94]. Utrecht: LOT Publications. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Dixon, R. M. W.
2012 Basic Linguistic Theory, Vol. 3. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Eberhard, D. M.
2009 Mamaindê Grammar: A Northern Nambikwara Language and its Cultural Context [LOT Dissertation Series 236]. Utrecht: LOT Publications. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Emkow, C.
2006 A Grammar of Araona, an Amazonian Language of Northwestern Bolivia. PhD dissertation, La Trobe University.Google Scholar
2007 The Vaupés melting pot: Tukanoan influence on Hup. In Grammars in Contact: A Cross-linguistic Typology, A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (eds), 267–289. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2009 Language classification, language contact, and Amazonian prehistory. Language and Linguistics Compass 3(2): 581–606. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Epps, P. & Stenzel, K.
(eds) 2013 Upper Rio Negro: Cultural and Linguistic Interaction in Northwestern Amazonia. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional – Museu do Índio – FUNAI.Google Scholar
Eriksen, L.
2011 Nature and Culture in Prehistoric Amazonia: Using G.I.S. to Reconstruct Ancient Ethnogenetic Processes from Archaeology, Linguistics, Geography, and Ethnohistory. PhD dissertation, Lund University. [URL]> (26 April 2020)
Fernández Garay, A. V.
2001 Ranquel-Español / Español-Ranquel. Diccionario de una variedad mapuche de La Pampa (Argentina) [Indigenous Languages of Latin America 2]. Leiden: CNWS.Google Scholar
Fleck, D. W.
2013 Panoan Languages and Linguistics [Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 99]. New York NY: American Museum of Natural History. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gabas, N. Jr.
1999 A Grammar of Karo, Tupí (Brazil). PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Gibson, M. L.
1996 El munichi: Un idioma que se extingue [Serie Lingüística Peruana 42]. Yarinacocha: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano – Ministerio de Educación.Google Scholar
Gomes, D. M.
2006 Estudo morfológico e sintáctico da língua Mundurukú. PhD dissertation, Universidade de Brasília. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Grinevald, C. & Seifart, F.
2004 Noun classes in African and Amazonian languages. Linguistic Typology 8(2): 243–285. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Guillaume, A.
2008 A Grammar of Cavineña [Mouton Grammar Library 44]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011 Third person agreement and passive marking in Tacanan languages: A historical perspective. International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 521–536. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 A tale of two passives in Cavineña. In Ergativity, Valency and Voice [Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 48], G. Authier & K. Haude (eds), 111–131. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hall, J., McLeod, R. A. & Mitchell, V.
2004 [1987] Pequeno dicionário Xavante Portugués / Portugués Xavante, revised and updated by A. Harrison. Cuiabá: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística.Google Scholar
Hart, H.
1988 Diccionario chayahuita-castellano [Serie Lingüística Peruana 29]. Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano – Ministerio de Educación.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. A. & Gilligan, G.
1988 Prefixing and suffixing universals in relation to basic word order. Lingua 74(2–3): 219–259. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haynie, H., Bowern, C., Epps, P., Hill, J. & McConvell, P.
2014 Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia. Ampersand (1): 1–18. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kohlberger, M.
2013 Multitasking in Shiwiar verbal morphology: Applicatives, objects and beyond. Friday Afternoon Lecture, February 15 2013, LUCL, Leiden.Google Scholar
Krasnoukhova, O. V.
2012 The Noun Phrase in the Languages of South America [LOT Dissertation Series 301]. Utrecht: LOT Publications. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
2014 The noun phrase: Focus on demonstratives, redrawing the semantic map. In The Native Languages of South America: Origins, Development, Typology, L. M. O’Connor & P. C. Muysken (eds), 250–273. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Lathrap, D. W.
1970 The Upper Amazon. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Martins, A., Camargos, L., Costa, L. & Miranda, M.
2009 Causativização em línguas do tronco Macro-Jê: Primeiras aproximações. In Anais do SILEL – Simpósio Nacional e Internacional de Letras e Linguística, Vol. 1. Uberlândia: EDUFU. [URL]> (26 April).
Matras, Y.
2009 Language Contact. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014 Why is the borrowing of inflectional morphology dispreferred? In Borrowed Morphology, F. Gardani, P. Arkadiev & N. Amiridze (eds), 47–80. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Meader, R. E.
1967 Iranxe: Notas gramaticais e lista vocabular [Publicações Série Diversos Lingüística II]. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Meira, S.
1999 A Grammar of Tiriyó. PhD dissertation, Rice University.Google Scholar
Messineo, C.
2011 Aproximación tipológica a las lenguas indígenas del Gran Chaco. Rasgos compartidos entre toba (familia guaycurú) y maká (familia mataco-mataguayo). Indiana 28: 183–225.Google Scholar
Mihas, E.
2010 Essentials of Ashéninka Perené Grammar. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.Google Scholar
2015 A Grammar of Alto Perené (Arawak) [Mouton Grammar Library 69]. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Muysken, P. C., Hammarström, H., Birchall, J. T. R., Danielsen, S., Eriksen, L., Galucio, A. V., van Gijn, R., van de Kerke, S., Kolipakam, V., Krasnoukhova, O. V., Müller, N. J. & O’Connor, L. M.
2014 The languages of South America: Deep families, areal relationships, and language contact. In The Native Languages of South America: Origins, Development, Typology, L. M. O’Connor & P. C. Muysken (eds), 299–322. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Muysken, P. C., Hammarström, H., Birchall, J. T. R., van Gijn, R., Krasnoukhova, O. V., & Müller, N. J.
2015 Linguistic areas, bottom up or top down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré region. In Language Contact and Documentation, B. Comrie & L. Golluscio (eds), 205–237. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Nimuendajú, C.
1926 Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn. Göteborg: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag.Google Scholar
Nonato, R.
2008 Ainore Boe egore: Um estudo descritivo da lingua Bororo e consequencias para a teoria de caso e concordancia. MA thesis, Unicamp, Campinas. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Oldendorp, C. G. A.
1996 [1767–68] Criolisches Wörterbuch: Erster zu vermehrender und wo nöthig zu verbessernder Versuch [1767/68], herausgegeben, eingeleitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Peter Stein, sowie das anonyme, Johan Christopher Kørbitz Thomsen Kingo (J. C. Kingo) zugeschriebene Vestindisk Glossarium, herausgegeben, eingeleitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Hein van der Voort. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Overall, S.
2007 A Grammar of Aguaruna. PhD dissertation, La Trobe University.Google Scholar
2017 A Grammar of Aguaruna (Iiniá Chicham) [Mouton Grammar Library 68]. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Padua, A. J.
2007 Contribuição para a fonologia da língua Apiaká (Tupí-Guaraní). MA thesis, Universidade de Brasília. Available at [URL].
Payne, D.
2001 Causatives in Asheninka: The case for a sociative source. In The Grammar of Causation and Interpersonal Manipulation [Typological Studies in Language 48], M. Shibatani (ed.), 485–505. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Payne, D. L.
1985 -ta in Zaparoan and Peba-Yaguan. International Journal of American Linguistics 51(4): 529–531. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1990 Some widespread grammatical forms in South American languages. In Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages, D. L. Payne (ed.), 75–87. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Payne, T. E.
1997 Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peeke, C.
1953 Análisis tentativo de la morfología andoa [Información de Campo no. 32-c]. Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. (Microfiche).Google Scholar
1959 Shimigae, idioma que se extingue. In Estudios acerca de las lenguas huarani (auca), shimigae, y zapara, 18–28. Quito: Publicaciones Científicos del Ministerio de Educación del Ecuador.Google Scholar
Peperkamp, M. G. J.
2005 Shiwilu Wichi’‒ Sueño Jeberino: Un estudio de la lengua Shiwilu y las voces nativas representado en las tradiciones orales de Jeberos, Alto Amazonas, Perú. MA thesis, Leiden University.Google Scholar
Peterson, D. A.
2007 Applicative Constructions. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Plaza Martínez, P.
2009 Quechua. In Lenguas de Bolivia, Tomo 1: Ámbito andino, M. Crevels & P. C. Muysken (eds), 215–284. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
Polinsky, M.
2013 Applicative constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, M. S. Dryer & M. Haspelmath (eds). Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
2017 Antipassive. In The Oxford handbook of ergativity, C. Jessica, D. Massam & L. D. Travis (eds), 308–331. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Queixalós, F.
2014 Incremental valence changes in an ergative vs. an accusative language: A comparison between Katukina-Kanamari and Sikuani. In Incremento de valencia en las lenguas amazónicas, F. Queixalós, S. Telles & A. C. Bruno (eds), 313–327. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Rich, R. G.
1975 Sufijos verbales y apuntes gramaticales sobre el idioma Arabela. In Datos etno-lingüisticos 18 (12 pp.). Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar
1999 Diccionario Arabela-Castellano [Serie Lingüística Peruana 49]. Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar
Riester, J.
n.d. Unpublished manuscript list of Napeka/Kitemoka words, APCOB, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Rodrigues, A. D. & Caspar, F.
1958 Zur Sprache der Tuparí-Indianer (Westbrasilien). [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Rose, F.
2008 A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana. Linguistic Typology 12(3): 431–460. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rowan, O.
2001 [1978] Iraiti xawaiyekehalakatyakala: Dicionário Paresí ‒ Português. Cuiabá: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística.Google Scholar
Sakel, J. J.
2004 A Grammar of Mosetén [Mouton Grammar Library 33]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Seifart, F.
2012 Causative marking in Resígaro (Arawakan): A descriptive and comparative perspective. International Journal of American Linguistics 78(3): 369–384. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Seifart, F. & Payne, D. L.
2007 Nominal classification in the North West Amazon: Issues in areal diffusion and typological characterization. International Journal of American Linguistics 73(4): 381–387.. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Seki, L.
1999 The Upper Xingu as an incipient linguistic area. In The Amazonian Languages, R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds), 417–430. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Shibatani, M. & Pardeshi, P.
2002 The causative continuum. In The Grammar of Causation and Interpersonal Manipulation [Typological Studies in Language 48], M. Shibatani (ed.), 85–126. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Silva, L. de Jesus
2011 Morphosyntaxe du Rikbaktsa (Amazonie brésilienne). PhD dissertation, Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Singerman, A. R.
2018 The Morphosyntax of Tuparí. A Tupían Language of the Brazilian Amazon. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Smeets, I.
2008 A Grammar of Mapuche. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Song, J. J.
1990 On the rise of causative affixes: A universal-typological perspective. Lingua 82: 151–200. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, A. P.
1967 Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon. American Anthropologist 69(6): 670–684. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Stenzel, K.
2005 Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon revisited. Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America-II, University of Texas at Austin, 1–28. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Stenzel, K. & Gómez-Imbert, E.
2009 Contato lingüístico e mudança lingüística no noroeste amazônico: O caso do Kotiria (Wanano). Revista da ABRALIN 8: 71–100.Google Scholar
Swift, K. E.
1988 Morfología del Caquinte (arawak preandino) [Serie Lingüística Peruana 25]. Yarinacocha, Peru: Ministerio de Educación – Instituto Linguístico de Verano.Google Scholar
Telles, S.
2002 Fonologia e gramática Latundê/Lakondê. PhD dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Tripp, R.
1995 Diccionario amarakaeri-castellano. Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación e Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar
Tuggy, D.
1988 Nahuatl causative/applicatives in cognitive grammar. In Topics in Cognitive Linguistics [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 50], B. Rudzka-Ostyn (ed.), 587–618. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, P.
2011 Argument encoding and pragmatic marking of the transitive subject in Shiwilu (Kawapanan). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(1): 91–120. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, P. & Butler, L.
2009 Argument encoding and valence changing in Kawapanan. Paper presented at the SSILA Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 8–10 January, 2009.
Vallejos, R.
2014 Cambio de valencia en Kokama-Kokamilla. In Incremento de valencia en las lenguas amazónicas, F. Queixalós, S. Telles & A. C. Bruno (eds), 261–283. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
van Baarle, P., Sabajo, M. A., Sabajo, A. L., Sabajo, L. L. & van der Stap, G.
1989 Arhwaka Lokonong Djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem/Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele vereniging Ikyoshie and Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap.Google Scholar
van de Kerke, S.
2009 Leko. In Lenguas de Bolivia, I: Ámbito andino, M. Crevels & P. C. Muysken (eds), 287–331. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
van der Voort, H.
2004 A Grammar of Kwaza [Mouton Grammar Library 29]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005 Kwaza in a comparative perspective. International Journal of American Linguistics 71(4): 365–412.. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013 Fala fictícia fossilizada: O tempo futuro em Aikanã. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Ciências Humanas) 8(2): 359–377. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
2015 Sistemas de classificação nominal no Sudoeste amazônico. Moara: Revista Eletrônica do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras 43(2): 5–22.Google Scholar
2016 Recursive inflection and grammaticalized fictive interaction in the southwestern Amazon. In The Conversation Frame: Forms and Functions of Fictive Interaction [Human Cognitive Processing 55], E. Pascual & S. Sandler (eds), 277–299. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2018 Development and diffusion of classifier systems in Southwestern Amazonia. The Diachrony of Classification Systems [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 342]. W. B. McGregor & S. Wichmann (eds), 201–240. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van Gijn, R.
2006 A Grammar of Yurakaré. PhD dissertation, Radboud University. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
2014 Subordination strategies in South America: Nominalization. In The Native Languages of South America: Origins, Development, Typology, L. M. O’Connor & P. C. Muysken (eds), 274–296. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2015 Verbal synthesis in the Guaporé-Mamoré linguistic area: A contact feature? Linguistic Discovery 13(2): 96–122. [URL]> (26 April 2020).
Van Linden, A.
Forthcoming. Harakmbut. In Amazonian Languages, Vol. 1: Smaller Language Families and Isolates [HSK 44/1], P. Epps & L. Michael eds Berlin De Gruyter Mouton
Wapishana Language Project
2000 Scholar’s Dictionary and Grammar of the Wapishana Language ‒ Tominpainao Ati’o Wapichan Paradan Parada-karu Na’iki Paradauzo-karu Kaduzu. San Jose via Lethem, Rupununi: Wapishana Language Project.Google Scholar
Winford, D.
2003 An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wise, M. R.
1990 Valence-changing affixes in Maipuran Arawakan languages. In Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages, D. L. Payne (ed.), 89–116. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
1993 Algunas interrogantes en la clasificación de las lenguas indígenas sudamericanas. Paper presented at the 10th International Congress of the Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de la América Latina (ALFAL), Veracruz, Mexico, April 11–16, 1993.
1999 Small language families and isolates in Peru. In The Amazonian Languages, R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds), 307–340. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2002 Applicative affixes in Peruvian Amazonian languages. In Current Studies on South American Languages [Indigenous Languages of Latin America 3], M. Crevels, S. van de Kerke, S. Meira & H. van der Voort (eds), 329–344. Leiden: CNWS.Google Scholar
Zúñiga, F.
2009 The applicatives of Mapudungun. Paper presented at the SSILA Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 8–10 January, 2009.
2013 Some valency-neutral applicatives in the Americas. Paper presented at the Workshop Valency Classes in the World’s Languages, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, August 14–15, 2013.
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Campbell, Lyle
2024. The Indigenous Languages of the Americas, DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.