「粵語語法學習概覽」的建構
廣東話第二語言語法學甚麼?何時教?
隨著亞洲經濟崛起和全球人口流動的持續增長,近年來粵語作為第二語言的教學開始受到重視。粵語學習者大多認為缺乏有系統的教材,使得要長期地學習粵語變得非常困難。本文的研究目的是建構出「粵語語法學習概覽」(Cantonese
Grammar
Profile),步驟如下:一、抽取現有教材中的語法點;二、參照語法工具書和參考書,對語法點進行分類;三、判斷現有教材中的語法點是否符合教學語法理論中對語法點的定義;四、討論是否有必要進一步把語法學習目標整併或刪除。本文除了提出了新的語法點判斷原則,也制訂出涵蓋歐洲共同語言參考架構中A1和A2級的語法點,共246項語法能力描述(grammatical
competence descriptor)。本文亦呼籲專家學者和香港政府盡快成立研發小組,針對香港和其他粵語區的多語多文環境,制訂粵語粵文能力標準體系,以期使課程規劃者、教材編者和考評人員有更全面的共同參照依據。
Article outline
- 一、研究背景:粵語作為第二語言的教與學
- 二、文獻回顧
- 三、「粵語語法學習概覽」的研制步驟
- 3.1語法點的抽取來源:粵語教材
- 3.2語法點的分類
- 3.3語法點的界定原則
- 3.4語法點的整併和刪除原因
- 四、「粵語語法學習概覽」的研制成果
- 五、總結
- 鳴謝
- 笔记
-
參考文獻
References (67)
參考文獻
Baker, H. & Ho, P.-k. (2015). Complete
Cantonese. Croydon: CPI Group.
Bauer, R. (2018). Cantonese
as written language in Hong Kong. Global
Chinese,
4
(1), 103–142.
Bolton, K. (2011). Language
policy and planning in Hong Kong: Colonial and post-colonial perspectives. Applied Linguistics
Review,
2
1, 51–74.
Bourgerie, D. S., Tong, K. S. T., & James, G. (2015). Colloquial
Cantonese. New York: Routledge.
Cambridge
Assessment. (2020). Cambridge IGCSE Mandarin Chinese 0547:
Syllabus. Retrieved 18 Feb
2021. From [URL]
Chang, L.-p. 張莉萍. (2014). 華語學習者句式使用情況分析 [Huayu xuexi zhe ju shi shiyong qingkuang fenxi: The usage of some sentence patterns by L2 Chinese learners: A corpus-based study]. 臺灣華語教學研究 [Taiwan Huayu jiaoxue yanjiu: Taiwan Journal of Chinese as a Second Language], 8(1), 41–57.
Chang, L.-p. (2017). The
development of the Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language
(TOCFL). In Zhang, Dongbo and Chin-Hsi Lin (Eds.), Assessing
Chinese as a second
language (pp. 21–41). Singapore: Springer.
Chang, L.-p. 張莉萍. (2020). 華語教學語法點的界定研究[Huayu jiaoxue yufa dian de jieding
yanjiu: Research on the definition of grammar items in Mandarin
Chinese]. 中華民國(臺灣)科技部補助專題研究計畫報告 [Zhonghua Minguo (Taiwan) keji bu buzhu zhuanti yanjiu jihua
baogao: Project report of special research for Ministry of Science and
Technology, Republic of China (Taiwan)]. Project Number:
MOST108-2410-H-002-117.
Chang, L.-y. 張玲瑛. (2009). 現代漢語句末助詞「嗎、啊、吧、呢」的教學語法 [Xiandai Hanyu ju mo zhuci
ma, a, ba, ne de jiaoxue yufa: A pedagogical grammar of
Mandarin utterance-final particles ma, a, ba and ne
]. 華語文教學研究 [Huayuwen jiaoxue
yanjiu: Journal of Chinese Language
Teaching],
6
(2), 99–127.
Chen, F. 陳俊光. (2007). 對比分析與教學應用 [Duibi fenxi yu jiaoxue
yingyong: Contrastive analysis & its applications in language
pedagogy]. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Chen, F. 陳俊光. (2010). 篇章分析與教學應用 [Pianzhang fenxi yu jiaoxue
yingyong: Discourse analysis and its applications in language
pedagogy]. Taipei: New Culture Sharing.
Chen, X. 陳曉錦. (2003). 馬來西亞的三個漢語方言 [Malaixiya de san ge Hanyu
fangyan: The three Chinese dialects in
Malaysia]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
Cheng, Y. 鄭縈 & Chao, F-y. 趙芳玉. (2012). 華語情態詞「一定」的教學語法 [Huyu qingtaice yiding de
jiaoxue yufa: The pedagogical grammar of modal verb yiding in
Mandarin Chinese]. In A. Hsu 許長謨 (Ed.), 華語詞彙與語法 [Huayu cihui yu
yufa: Lexical and grammatical structure of
Chinese] (pp.369–391). Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Cheung, S. H.-n. 張洪年. (2007). 香港粵語語法的研究 [Xianggang Yueyu yufa de
yanjiu: A grammar of Cantonese as spoken in Hong
Kong]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Cheung, S-L. & Clark, E. V. (2006). Actions
and results in the acquisition of Cantonese verbs. In P. Li., L.-h. Tan., E. Bates., & O. Tzeng (Eds.), The
handbook of East Asian
Psycholinguistics (pp. 13–22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chor, W. (2018). Sentence
final particles as epistemic modulators in Cantonese conversations: A discourse-pragmatic
perspective. Journal of
Pragmatics, 1291, 24–47.
Chor, W. (2019). Learning
Cantonese in the work context of Hong Kong: Needs, practices, and
benefits. In J. Wakefield (Ed.), Cantonese
as a second language: Issues, experiences and suggestions for teaching and
learning (pp. 67–84). New York: Routledge.
Chow, B.-c. (2007). Cantonese
for everyone. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.
Christensen, M. B. (2019). Teaching
Cantonese literacy as part of general education program. In J. Wakefield (Ed.), Cantonese
as a second language: Issues, experiences and suggestions for teaching and
learning (pp. 100–110). New York: Routledge.
Chu, C. C. (2010). A
functional-discourse grammar of Mandarin
Chinese. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Council of Europe. (2011). English
Profile: Introducing the CEFR for
English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Council of Europe. (2012). European
Benchmarks for the Chinese Language. Retrieved 15 May 2014. From [URL]
Council of Europe. (2020). Common European
Framework of Reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment – Companion
volume. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Ethnologue. (2020). Chinese,
Yue. Retrieved 10 Feb
2021. From [URL]
Francis, E. & Matthews, S. (2005). A
multi-dimensional approach to the category ‘verb’ in Cantonese. Journal of
Linguistics,
41
(2), 269–305.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2005). Some lexiogrammatical features of the dialects of the Pearl River Delta. In J. Webster. (Ed.), Studies in Chinese Language: Volume 81 (pp. 249–269). London & New York: Continuum.
Hawkins, J. A. & Buttery, P. (2009). Using
learner language from corpora to profile levels of proficiency: Insights from the English Profile
Programme. In L. Taylor & C. J. Weir. (eds.), Language
testing matters: Investigating the wider social and educational impact of
assessment (pp. 158–175). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hsiao, H.-c. S. 蕭惠貞 & Hsu, S.-t. 許淑婷. (2012). 近義詞之研究:「舉行」、「舉辦」辨析及其華語教學之應用 [Jinyici zhi yanjiu:
Juxing, juban bianxi ji qi Huayu jiaoxue zhi yingyong: The differentiation of near-synonyms juxing and juban and its pedagogical
application]. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers
Association,
92
(1), 7–16.
Hsiao, H.-c. S. 蕭惠貞. (2013). 多義詞「洗」之語義分析、詞彙排序與華語教學應用 [Duoyici xi zhi
yuyi fenxi, cihui paixu yu Huayu jiaoxue yingyong: Semantic analysis of
xi: Sequencing and pedagogical implications]. 華語文教學研究 [Huayuwen jiaoxue
yanjiu: Journal of Chinese Language
Teaching],
10
(4), 47–80.
Kubler, C. (1988). Chinese
grammar and expression checklist. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers
Association,
23
(1), 57–85.
Leung, G., Uchikoshi, Y., & Tong, R. (2018). “Learning
Cantonese will help us”: Elementary school students’ perceptions of dual language
education. Bilingual Research
Journal,
41
(3), 238–252.
Lee, S.-l. (2018). Cantonese
in communication: Listening and speaking (Book 1). Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.
Leung, C.-S. 梁仲森. (2005). 當代香港粵語語助詞的研究 [Dangdai Xianggang Yueyu Yuzhuci de
yanjiu: A study of the utterance particles in Cantonese as spoken in Hong
Kong]. Hong Kong: Language Information Science Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong.
Li, C. S. D. & Chuk, J. Y. P. (2015). South
Asian students’ needs for Cantonese and written Chinese in Hong Kong: A linguistic
study. International Journal of
Multilingualism,
12
(2), 210–224.
Li, C. S. D., Keung, S., Poon, H. F. & Xu, Z. (2016). Learning
Cantonese as an addtional language (CAL) or not: What the CAL learners say. Global
Chinese,
2
(1), 1–22.
Li, F. 李婉薇. (2017). 清末民初的粵語書寫 [Qing mo Min chu de Yueyu
shuxie: Written Cantonese in the late Qing and early Republican
periods]. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing.
Li, R. 李蕊 & Zhou, X. 周小兵. (2005). 對外漢語教學助詞「著」的選項與排序 [Duiwai Hanyu jiaoxue zhuci zhe de
xuanxiang yu paixu: The selection and sequencing of meaning items of the
auxiliary word zhe for teaching Chinese as a second language]. 世界漢語教學 [Shijie Hanyu
jiaoxue: Chinese Teaching in The
World],
71
(1), 64–71.
Li, S. 李姝姝. (2020). 現代漢語篇章回指習得研究綜述 [Xiandai Hanyu pianzhang hui zhi xide
yanjiu zongshu: A review of research on anaphora acquisition in Modern
Chinese]. 國際漢語教學研究 [Guoji Hanyu jiaoxue yanjiu: Journal of International Chinese
Teaching],
25
(1), 72–82.
Li, Y. 李英 & Deng, X. 鄧小寧. (2005). 「把」字句語法項目的選取與排序研究 [Ba ziju yufa xiangmu de xuanqu yu paixu
yanjiu: Study of selecting and sequencing of ba sentence
patterns]. 語言教學與研究 [Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu: Language Teaching and Linguistic
Studies],
10
(4), 50–58.
Liang, C. 梁竣瓘. (2015). 試論日本初級中國語教材之語法點選用與排序 [Shi lun Riben chuji Zhongguoyu
jiaocai zhi yufa dian xuanyong yu paixu: Grammatical principles selection and
arrangement in beginner-level Chinese textbooks published in Japan]. 中原華語文學報 [Zhongyuan Huayuwen
xuebao: Chung Yuan Journal of Teaching Chinese as a Second
Language],
15
1, 83–110.
Liu, Y. 劉月華. 1989. 中美常用教材語法比較—兼論初級漢語教材的語法編寫原則 [Zhong Mei changyong jiaocai
yufa bijiao- Jian lun chuji Hanyu jiaocai de yufa bianxie yuanze: A comparison
study on Chinese language textbooks published in China and the
U.S.]. In Y. Liu 劉月華 (Ed.), 漢語語法論集 [Huayu yufa lun ji: A collection on Chinese grammar
research] (pp. 361–379). Beijing: Modern Press.
Lu, F. 盧福波. (2005). 對外漢語教學基本句型的確立依據與排序研究 [Duiwai Hanyu jiaoxue jiben juxing di
queli yu paixu yanjiu: Research on sequence of basic sentence structures in
teaching Mandarin Chinese as a second language]. 語言文字應用 [Yuyan wenzi
yingyong: Applied
Linguistics], 41, 80–86.
Luke, K. K. (1998). Why
two languages might be better than one: Motivations of language mixing in Hong
Kong. In M. C. Pennington. (Ed.), Language
in Hong Kong at century’s
end (pp. 145–159). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Lv, W. 呂文華. (2008). 對外漢語教學語法探索 [Duiwai Hanyu jiaoxue yufa
tansuo: Exploring pedagogical grammar of teaching Chinese as a second
language]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
Matthews, S. & Yip, V. (2011). Cantonese:
A comprehensive grammar. New York: Routledge.
McCarthy, M. (2013). Putting
the CEFR to good use: Designing grammars based on learner-corpus evidence. Language
Teaching, 1–17.
Ming Pao. 明報 (2021). {守護粵語達人}張錫莉 守護粵語 守護移民後代的尊嚴 [{Shouhu Yueyu da ren} Zhang
Xili shouhu Yueyu shouhu yimin houdai de zunyan: Guardian for Cantonese
language: Sik Lee Dennig and the dignity of immigrant for the next
generation]. Retrieved 25 May
2021. From [URL]
National Academy for Educational Research.
國家教育研究院 (2020). 遣辭用「據」:臺灣華語文能力第一套標準 [Qian ci yong “ju”: Taiwan Huayuwen
nengli di yi tiao biaozhun: The Taiwan Standard for teaching and learning
Chinese language]. New Taipei: National Academy for Educational Research.
Odlin, T. (1994). Introduction. In T. Odlin. (Ed.), Perspectives
on Pedagogical
Grammar (pp. 1–22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Office of Chinese Language Council International.
國際漢語國際推廣領導小組辦公室 (2014). 國際漢語教學通用課程大綱 [Guoji Hanyu jiaoxue tongyong kecheng
dagang: International curriculum for Chinese language
education]. Beijing: Beijing Language University Press.
Pai, R. (2019). A
case study of Cantonese as a foreign language curriculum design in North America: Establishing the Cantonese language program
at the University of British Columbia. In J. Wakefield (Ed.), Cantonese
as a second language: Issues, experiences and suggestions for teaching and
learning (pp. 85–99). New York: Routledge.
Pearson
Edexcel. (2019). International GCSE Chinese (9–1):
Specification. Retrieved 19 Feb
2021. From www. X. [URL]
Saville, N. & Hawkey, R. (2010). The
English Profile Programme – the first three years. English Profile
Journal,
1
(1), 1–14.
Shao, M. 邵明明 & Mii, A. 三井明子. (2019). 日本初級漢語教材語法項目分析——以四本日本初級漢語教材為例 [Riben chuji Hanyu jiaocai
yufa xiangmu fenxi: Yi si ben Riben chuji Hanyu jiaocai wei li: The analysis
of grammar items in elementary Chinese teaching materials in Japan: A case study of four Chinese textbooks in
Japan]. 海外華文教育 [Haiwai
Huawen Jiaoyu: Overseas Chinese
Education],
105
(4), 30–38.
Snow, D. (2004). Cantonese
as written language: The growth of a written Chinese vernacular. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Tam, H. W.-y. 譚詠瑜. (2021). 「是」字句和「是……的」句的教學語法:以九套國際學校中文教材為例 [
Shi zi
ju he shi…de ju de jiaoxue yufa: Yi jiu tao guoji xuexiao Zhongwen jiaocai wei
li: What grammar explanations do textbooks offer? On the pedagogical grammar
of shi and shi…de in IGCSE Mandarin textbooks for adolescent learners in international
schools]. Global
Chinese,
7
(2), 143–157.
Teng, S.-h. (1997). Towards
a pedagogical grammar of Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers
Association,
32
(2), 29–40.
Teng, S.-h. (2003). Guidelines
for grammatical descriptions in L2 Chinese. Chinese Teaching in the
World,
63
(1), 75–86.
Teng, S.-h. 鄧守信. (2006). 從第二語言習得看被動句 [Cong di er yuyan xide kan beidong
ju: On the second language acquisition of the passive
sentence]. In F. Xing 邢福義 (Ed.), 漢語被動表述問題研究新拓展 [Hanyu beidong biaoshu wenti yanjiu xin
tuozhan: The new development of research on passive expression in
Chinese] (pp.77–91). Shanghai: Central China Normal University Press.
Teng, S.-h. 鄧守信. (2010). 對外漢語教學語法 [Duiwai Hanyu jiaoxue
yufa: A pedagogical grammar of
Chinese]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
Wu, S.-L. & Ma, Y. 馬玉汴. (2018). 完成體和經歷體「過」之語法教學:以美國常見的三套教材為例. [Wancheng ti he jingli ti
guo zhi yufa jiaoxue: yi Meiguo changjian de san tao jiaocai wei li: An investigation of perfective and experiential aspect guo in pedagogical grammars: Analysis of
three commonly-used textbooks in America] Chinese as a Second Language
Research,
7
(1), 171–193.
Xing, Z. 邢志群. (2011). 對外漢語詞彙教學法初探 [Duiwai Hanyu cihui jiaoxuefa
chutan: The first glance of Chinese lexicon teaching for the second language
learners]. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers
Association,
42
(2), 71–97.
Yang, D. 楊德峰. (2001). 初級漢語教材語法點確定、編排中存在的問題——兼議語法點確定、編排原則 [Chuji Hanyu jiaocai
yufa dian queding, bianpai zhong cunzai de wenti – jian yi yufa dian queding, bianpai
yuanze: Issues on the determination and pedagogical arrangement of grammar
items in elementary Mandarin Chinese textbooks]. 世界漢語教學 [Shijie Hanyu
Jiaoxue: Chinese Teaching in The
World],
56
(2), 81–88.
Zheng, W.-l. 鄭琬鈴 & Chang, L.-p. 張莉萍. (2018). 韓國學習者讓字句偏誤情況—基於語料庫實例考察 [Hanguo xuexi zhe
rang ziju pianwu qingkuang-jiyu yuliaoku shili kaocha: A
corpus-based error analysis of South Korean learners’ acquisition of rang
]. 雲南師範大學學報(對外漢語教學與研究版) [Yunan Shifan Xuebao (Duiwai
Hanyu Jiaoxue Yu Yanjiu Ban): Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Teaching
and Research on Chinese as a Foreign
Language)],
16
(2), 37–47.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Tam, Hugo Wing-Yu & Samuel C. S. Tsang
2023.
Towards a reconceptualisation of the Cantonese lexicon in contemporary Hong Kong: classificatory possibilities and their implications for the local Chinese-as-an-additional-language curriculum.
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 26:4
► pp. 428 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.