Index

• ABC 138

• aboutness57

• abuse
  • of asylum system271
  • of benefits195
  • of welfare system173
  • or rights173
  • verbal173

• access
  • privileged 4, 105

• accession 26, 97, 109, 111, 114, 129, 161, 174, 183–184, 202, 222

• accountability248
  • total67

• acculturation160

• actor86
  • social 137, 189

• address
  • direct/indirect138

• adult
  • men145

• affective polarization235

• agent 86, 89
  • identity-forming4
  • semantic 86, 244

• aggregation 188, 192, 197, 268

• aggression
  • verbal 227, 283, 286–287, 292

• aktualne.cz 239

• alien 4, 236
  • expulsion of265
  • illegal 4, 163

• alienation 175, 253
  • online228
  • sense of175

• allusion 16, 34, 45, 246

• Amnesty International269

• ancestors 248–250

• anger 17, 249, 281, 291, 295

• angle 138, 147

• animalization 141, 292, 298

• anonymity 17, 185, 238, 282, 288, 295, 299

• anti-establishment247

• anti-intellectualism222

• anti-nationalism 40–41

• anti-Semitism 27, 33–34, 46, 162, 200

• appropriation 5, 248, 254

• Arab Spring297

• argumentation 6, 162, 172, 187, 215, 222, 236, 244, 246, 250, 268, 295

• arson attack 173, 285, 287

• assimilation 28, 160, 178, 264, 268
  • forcible264

• asylum271
  • seekers 30, 208, 224, 237, 261, 269, 271–273, 283
  • African30

• Austria 27, 34, 46, 98

• Austrian
  • oppression38

• authorities 145, 247, 265
  • British170
  • EU 126–128

• axiological axis 14, 133

• backwardness 18, 43, 176, 252

• Balkans 9, 18

• Baltic
  • countries 18, 115
  • media 287, 294

• banal nationalism 159, 176

• Basque18

• beggar 195, 196, 217, 224, 227

• begging 195–197, 224

• behaver86

• behaviour
  • anti-social200

• Belgium 261, 270

• belonging
  • sense of 158, 178

• beneficiary 86, 90

• benefits 172–173, 196, 201–202, 213, 222
  • claimant 166, 172, 202, 213
  • fraud 197, 202
  • tourism175
  • abuse196
  • social178
  • system 191, 215, 222

• betrayal 178, 218–219, 247, 253

• Big Issue scam196

• birth-rate34

• blog 186, 203, 211

• bloodline 250–251

• boat 142, 147

• body 143, 141

• bonding 158, 165

• borders 30, 269
  • Belgian272
  • between groups 12, 56, 59
  • closed269
  • Hungarian32

• Brexit 18–19, 103, 221, 229

• British
  • authorities170
  • economy197
  • imperialism173
  • majority199
  • media 2, 11, 166, 173–174, 185, 190, 201, 241
  • politicians166
  • press 108–109, 166, 183–184, 193
  • society175
  • Travellers241
  • welfare196
  • workers194

• Britons 115, 194, 202

• broadcast
  • media 4–5
  • radio165

• broadsheets 105, 108, 240

• Brussels 26, 29, 37, 46–48, 87, 111, 129, 221
  • bureaucracy29

• Bulgaria 183, 212, 222

• Bulgarians 10, 16, 91, 129, 186, 188, 192, 197, 199–200, 212, 214, 231

• burden 145, 178, 192, 217, 231, 284

• busking196

• capital
  • cultural108
  • social108

• capitalism 31, 40, 47–48

• caption 139–141

• Catalan18

• categorization 5, 130, 163, 171, 214, 270

• Caucasian230

• censorship 28, 37–38, 44, 46, 227, 286

• Central Europeans 7, 14, 126, 129, 133, 225

• Ceuta 137, 140–141

• circumstance 87, 170

• circumstantial 90, 94

• citizen 82, 93, 117, 126–132, 138, 172, 262
  • deserving178
  • discourse 2, 4, 19

• civil
  • guard 140, 146
  • rights262
  • society 277–278

• class194
  • prejudice187
  • socioeconomic 194, 201–202

• cleansing264

• cohesion56
  • group12
  • internal70

• collapse208
  • of communism27

• collective
  • fear298
  • identity 3, 6, 15, 161, 165, 170, 253
  • memory 7, 190, 222
  • noun190

• collectivization 141, 190, 253, 268–269, 272

• collocation 12–13, 56, 59–60, 63–64, 67, 77, 110–111, 116, 167

• colour 143–144
  • of skin 199, 286

• comments see also discussion forum, reader comments
  • in online news28
  • Internet282
  • ironic 39, 253
  • policy185

• commodification163

• common
  • experience 246, 244
  • ground 244, 248
  • people253

• communism 36–37, 46, 292
  • fall of 27, 36, 160

• communist 28, 31–32, 36–37, 46, 132, 224
  • era36
  • party 31, 292
  • regime292
  • rule28

• community12
  • British75
  • established73
  • expatriate 11, 165, 167, 243
  • host 199, 242
  • Chinese60
  • Christian66
  • imagined 1, 15, 158, 171, 178, 217, 225
  • immigrant 165, 167, 243
  • isolated73
  • Italian75
  • LGBT70
  • media9
  • migrant175
  • Muslim 66, 74–75
  • national 7, 10, 136
  • online 216, 220
  • Polish 15, 167, 170–171, 175, 178
  • political138
  • refugee283
  • Roma199
  • sense of75
  • separate158
  • spirit170
  • traveller 70, 75
  • website14

• comparison162
  • diachronic6

• compassion 17, 142, 293, 295

• competition193
  • unfair193

• concordance 62, 67, 73, 126, 189
  • analysis 13, 126, 167

• connotation 59, 77, 115, 273

• Conservatives 173, 208, 213

• conspiracy33
  • left-liberal32
  • theory 46, 222, 283, 291, 298–299

• construal 14, 124, 130–131
  • ideology-laden 123, 130
  • of Europeans128

• container
  • metaphor 190–191, 228

• contamination 212, 231

• contextualization162

• corpus linguistics58

• Council of Europe 83, 100, 264

• counter narrative 5, 297

• covert
  • communication 246–247, 263
  • manipulation11
  • other-presentation125
  • profiling103

• crime 113, 164, 200, 223, 272

• criminal 140–141, 197, 270
  • behaviour200

• criminality 141, 145, 247, 264, 273

• criminalization 10, 14, 141, 145, 148, 197

• crisis
  • economic 4, 8, 42–43, 48, 139
  • financial47
  • identity 107–108, 157, 179, 187
  • refugee 288, 298

• Croatians188

• cultural
  • incompatibility 252, 254, 275
  • politics262
  • stranger3
  • trauma 289, 296, 299

• culture272
  • Hungarian34
  • Polish 165, 175
  • popular 247, 254
  • shared247

• Czechs 188, 253

• Daily Mail 239

• Daily Telegraph 105, 108, 185, 213

• danger 178, 191, 200
  • existential41

• debt
  • crisis98
  • slavery47
  • trap40

• decadence46

• decay 44, 48, 245

• decline 44, 48
  • of America 44, 48
  • of liberalism 30, 43
  • of population284
  • of the West 12, 44, 48

• defamation287

• dehumanization 242, 298

• deictic
  • centre 241, 251
  • positioning212

• deixis 228, 237, 245
  • personal222
  • social175
  • spatio-temporal237
  • temporal245

• delegitimization 236, 252

• Delfi 288

• delocalization 16, 244

• demonization43

• demystification177

• denial 224–225

• denigration 18, 138, 242

• deontic modals176

• depersonalization211

• depolitization147

• deportation 242, 269

• designation 88, 95

• de-territorialization 212, 244, 254

• dialogism 4, 214, 247

• diaspora 15, 161, 176

• dictatorship37

• differentiation 1, 3, 11, 254, 273

• digital folklore283

• dichotomy 7, 282, 297
  • of groups 11, 14, 124, 253–254, 297

• disadvantage 178, 193, 196–197, 200

• disassociation 16, 242, 254, 264

• disclaimer 162, 225, 238, 272, 296
  • racist225

• discourse
  • anti-immigrant 192, 203
  • anti-refugee294
  • anti-Roma16
  • anti-Semitic 34, 44, 46
  • asynchronous online215
  • citizen 2–4, 19
  • dehumanizing 245, 298–299
  • digital210
  • discriminatory 162, 242, 245, 251
  • elite 14, 18, 28, 30, 104, 125, 136
  • emotional 17, 295, 299
  • enlargement 105, 109
  • Europhobic 202–203
  • headline 85, 100
  • historical 10, 27, 35–36, 38
  • human rights277
  • changing19
  • immigration187
  • inclusionary278
  • keyword 56, 60, 62
  • mediated 2, 9, 109, 162
  • moralistic17
  • nationalistic18
  • news237
  • of disenfranchisement17
  • of Eastern Europe187
  • of European integrationism 2, 6
  • of scarcity192
  • of the good-old-times 18, 251
  • official 5, 15
  • official EU107
  • online 215, 298
  • oppositional242
  • political 18, 28, 34–35, 197, 297–299
  • populist 16, 18, 215, 221, 230–231, 237
  • prejudicial 6, 16–17, 215, 242, 254
  • public 9, 14–15, 18, 28, 55, 108–109, 162–163, 185, 203
  • right-wing 16–17, 35, 208–209, 215, 228, 231, 235
  • semi-public 5, 8, 14, 28, 30, 183, 236, 254, 299
  • space 4, 10, 237, 245, 251, 254
  • visual142
  • xenophobic187

• discourse-historical approach 12, 26–27, 48, 122, 162, 184, 187

• discrimination 3, 6–7, 11, 138, 214, 254
  • in workplace164
  • reverse247

• discussion forum 4, 16, 208, 231, 238, 247, 250, 254 ; see also blog, comments, online discussion

• disease 145, 201, 212, 293
  • infectious 145, 200

• disempowerment 17, 145, 277

• disenfranchisement18

• disgust 17, 293, 298

• disillusionment 18, 26, 209

• disintegration17

• disparagement236

• dispersal244

• displacement 191–195

• dissatisfaction 239, 250

• dissident171

• dissimilation28

• dissociation236

• distance 14, 140, 146, 214, 237, 255
  • deictic252
  • discursive 133, 137
  • impersonal146
  • social146

• dogma36

• dominance263
  • of cultural norms241
  • world47

• domination
  • cultural283
  • foreign46
  • Habsburg35
  • Soviet 25, 46

• dysphemism 14, 144

• Eastern Europeans 7, 15, 114–115, 122, 126, 130–131, 133, 189–190, 192, 194, 196–199, 202, 212, 218, 225

• economic
  • competition160
  • convergence26
  • crisis 4, 42–43, 128, 164
  • failure230
  • hardship 48, 172, 207
  • integration83
  • migration 172, 278
  • reform158
  • refugee 276, 278, 297
  • threat112

• economics
  • neo-liberal31

• economy
  • British 164, 177, 197
  • market198

• ECHR266

• El País 138

• election propaganda4

• elections 6, 18

• elite 104, 194–195, 218
  • business194
  • discourse 4, 14, 18, 28, 30, 104, 125, 136
  • European127
  • intellectual4
  • political 4, 171
  • Western states18

• emotion 11, 17, 177, 250, 286, 290, 299

• emotional
  • argumentation 17, 296
  • economies296
  • protest 282, 299
  • reaction250
  • response290

• employment193 see also unemployment
  • rate164

• enemy 32, 38, 48, 98, 100, 209
  • internal38
  • international48
  • left-liberal32
  • of nation37
  • within 12, 35, 38, 218

• enlargement4 see EU enlargement

• enslavement45

• entextualization 15, 157
  • mediated 15, 157

• entitlement250

• essentialization 159, 209, 264–265

• Estonia 17, 284, 297

• Estonians 17, 291, 297
  • in Finland297

• ethnic
  • cleansing264
  • minority144
  • stereotype7

• ethnicity 160, 199, 231, 243, 251
  • EU
  • accession 26, 129
  • authorities 127–128
  • citizens 127, 131
  • discourse109
  • enlargement 4, 8, 14, 83–84, 109, 195, 208
  • family127
  • immigration222
  • integration26
  • integrationism18
  • representatives33
  • member states 17, 18, 98–100, 133
  • member states governments132
  • migrants 202, 216, 226
  • newcomers115
  • values100
  • workers195

• EU-external
  • others18

• European
  • civilization30
  • Commission 32, 98, 129, 132
  • Convention on Human Rights 265, 273
  • Court of Human Rights261
  • left 30, 37
  • Parliament 32, 127
  • sport92
  • values 39, 213

• European Union 3, 30, 39, 48, 83, 94–95, 101, 104, 127, 131, 160, 192, 202, 221, 292

• European-ness179

• Europeans
  • second-class191

• Europhobia202

• Euroscepticism 8–9, 18, 158, 202, 221

• Eurovision Song Contest84

• Eurozone18

• EUSSR 214, 220–221

• evaluation 59, 174, 177, 191, 246

• evaluative load12

• exclusion 3, 17, 60, 105, 175, 237, 261

• existential
  • danger41
  • fear283
  • threat 12, 26, 30, 34

• expatriate 15, 70, 161, 165, 171, 178

• exploitation 48, 264

• expulsion 17, 265, 272, 276

• Facebook 4, 288, 297

• failure
  • economic230
  • moral44
  • of liberalism 44, 48
  • to integrate 242, 252

• fallacy223

• family lineage251

• fear 17, 114, 146, 219, 239, 286, 294, 298
  • existential283
  • of conflict284
  • of Eastern Europeans114
  • of immigrants146
  • of persecution271
  • of the other29
  • of unemployment286

• fence 30, 141, 146–147

• fictionalization248

• Fidesz 26–27, 29–31, 34–36, 39–40, 44

• fight
  • for independence 35, 46

• Finland297

• flaming 5, 16, 227, 238, 286, 295

• flood 193, 271, 292

• fluidity178

• folk beliefs 17, 299

• folkloric beliefs283

• follow-up5

• foreign
  • power 12, 28, 34, 38, 47–48
  • power interference38

• foreigner 144, 161, 209, 241, 294

• framing 139, 146, 162, 179, 192, 249, 254, 263, 268, 272

• free
  • market economy160
  • movement260

• freedom fighter 12, 38, 47–48

• friends 81, 100

• functionalisation192

• gay 70, 298
  • marriage298

• gaze 71, 147

• gender145

• general
  • public 7, 9, 109, 203

• generic
  • conventions5

• generosity 17, 278, 293

• Geneva Convention on Refugees271

• genocide269

• Germans39

• Germany 223, 285

• ghettoization243

• global
  • crisis296
  • finance 39, 42, 45–48
  • financial crisis47
  • Jewish plot291
  • periphery252
  • transition narrative48

• globalization 3, 136, 159, 276

• good old days 217, 245

• grand narrative 160, 162, 283

• Greek
  • debt crisis98

• group6
  • contrast9
  • dichotomies7
  • disadvantaged6
  • dominant 243, 250
  • ethnic 254, 264
  • excluded240
  • homogenous 59, 145
  • majority 72, 221, 241
  • marginalized 6, 239
  • migrant73
  • minority 16, 71–72, 74
  • powerful 4, 7, 77
  • privileged16
  • religious70

• Guardian 14, 65, 125, 185

• Gypsy 70, 273, 276

• Habsburgs 35, 46

• hate223
  • speech 173, 291, 297

• headline 13, 82, 84, 100, 125, 197, 285

• hegemony 28, 98
  • Soviet26

• heritage
  • cultural158
  • national165
  • symbolic248

• heteroglossia247

• historical
  • memory298

• history 7–8, 10, 12, 16, 230, 250–251, 298
  • national 28, 250

• Holocaust 265, 269–270

• home
  • country 249, 271

• homeland 230, 241, 297

• homelessness 164, 196

• homogenization 145, 264–265

• hospitality 270, 293

• host
  • community 187, 199
  • country 190, 245, 270
  • society 15, 199

• housing193

• human
  • dignity262
  • rights 16, 265, 273

• Hungarian
  • nation 26–27, 35, 37, 40, 46–48
  • Socialist Party31

• Hungarians188

• Hungary 25, 27, 31

• hypothetical
  • immigration194
  • individual194
  • location254
  • scenario244
  • space242

• Charlie Hebdo 281

• children 71, 145, 172, 292
  • of migrants 164, 270

• China 19, 47

• Christian
  • community66
  • Europe41
  • people196
  • political party283
  • society196
  • values46
  • virtues39

• Christianity39

• identification187

• identity 70, 264
  • collective 2–3, 15, 161–162, 165, 170, 174–176, 253, 264
  • community214
  • crisis 107–108, 157, 179, 187
  • discourse 27, 35, 38, 48, 105
  • emergent11
  • ethnic 195, 208
  • European 107, 113, 163, 212
  • expression162
  • fixed159
  • fluid 15, 163, 165
  • group 158, 174, 240, 245
  • historical 48, 253
  • Hungarian 34, 38
  • imaginary245
  • immigrant159
  • local3
  • mediated collective162
  • migrant 15, 178, 184
  • national 37, 39, 105, 160, 163
  • nested208
  • new163
  • new European Roma264
  • online213
  • pan-European2
  • Polish 170, 174
  • position160
  • post-national105
  • projected9
  • relational 9, 240, 245
  • religious70
  • reproduction of162
  • sense of 162, 179
  • social 3, 9, 159
  • virtual208

• ideological
  • construal 14, 124, 130
  • constructs2
  • polarization 14, 124–126, 129–130
  • power108
  • slant124
  • square 6, 125, 173, 209, 224, 251, 263, 271
  • standpoint124
  • transfer of meaning106
  • worldview106

• ideology 28, 38, 42, 45–46
  • integrationist18
  • official 4, 238
  • reproduction 124–125
  • right-wing 228, 230, 238

• illegality 140, 148

• illiberal
  • turn 12, 26, 48

• illiberalism48

• image
  • of the European9

• imagery 116, 285

• imaginary
  • collectivity18
  • identity245

• imagined
  • boundary161
  • community 1, 15, 171, 178, 217, 225

• immigrant
  • African179
  • Asian177
  • Eastern European 186, 197–198, 203, 213
  • illegal 35, 58, 272
  • low-skilled198
  • neighbourhood239
  • Polish 15, 158, 165–166, 174, 178–179, 184, 260
  • Roma 251, 261, 268
  • sub-Saharan 14, 140, 142
  • successful178
  • women 142, 145
  • workforce297

• immigration 15, 30, 37, 116, 136, 147, 201–202, 212, 222–223, 231, 236, 244–245, 252, 260, 283–284, 291
  • African136
  • control 175, 201–202, 223, 262
  • discourse241
  • Eastern European 194, 201–202
  • law178
  • mass 8, 291
  • non-European8
  • policy262
  • Polish195
  • post-2004186
  • Roma 236, 249
  • survey170

• impersonalization 163, 171, 268

• impersonation245

• implicitness 6, 143, 213, 244, 247, 251, 270

• impoliteness185

• inadaptability 264, 272

• in-between-ness 15, 176, 179

• incivility 185, 221, 238

• inclusion 56, 262, 267

• incompatibility 16, 252–253, 255
  • cultural242

• inequality18

• inference 6, 85, 202, 247

• inferiority 16, 176, 221, 251

• information value 139, 146

• ingroup 4, 6, 10, 12, 16, 18, 59, 124, 142, 145, 191, 202, 218, 226, 235, 241, 243–245, 247–254, 263

• integration 70–71, 243
  • European9

• integrationism 2, 10, 18

• intensification 6, 162, 177, 236

• interaction
  • dialogic 4, 214

• interference
  • foreign 12, 36, 46–48

• internal othering18

• internationalism 38, 46

• intertextuality 35, 48, 203, 240, 247, 254, 299

• intra-national unity161

• invisibility 83, 99–100

• irony 199, 253, 293

• Islam 30, 70

• Jews 44, 291

• job market 114, 164, 183, 194

• keyness 58, 65
  • statistical 58, 65

• keyword 60, 62, 77
  • cultural 59–60
  • discourse62
  • statistical65

• kuruc35

• labanc35

• labelling 12, 32, 58, 83, 174, 177, 218, 271, 298
  • collective252
  • negative287
  • pejorative242

• labour
  • cheap194
  • market 115–116, 164, 192
  • unqualified164

• Labour 57, 208, 223, 229, 239
  • New57

• language
  • proficiency164
  • skills176

• Latvians 114, 188

• Le Monde 82, 84–85, 88, 96, 98–100

• left-liberal 32–33, 35, 38–39, 46

• legitimacy 177–178, 262

• legitimation6

• legitimization 15, 105, 236, 244, 252, 254

• lesbian70

• liberalism 12, 28, 31, 36, 40–43, 45–48

• linguistic image
  • of the world 13, 106–107, 116
  • theory of107

• Lithuanians188

• local
  • community 164, 170, 212, 239, 246
  • context 7–8, 253
  • government71
  • identity3
  • news165
  • politicians 253, 271
  • politics7
  • population193
  • way of life292

• lurkers 215, 229

• LuxLeaks99

• Magyar Nemzet 25, 29, 43

• majority 246, 253–254, 285

• manipulation 11, 162
  • of conceptual space237
  • of discourse space245
  • of reality263
  • textual138

• marginalization 144, 237, 239
  • double99
  • of Roma237

• markedness 13, 113, 117

• media 4–5
  • Belgian 14–15
  • bias 10, 179, 268
  • British 2, 12, 166, 173–174, 185, 190, 193
  • censorship44
  • citizen 10–11
  • community4
  • conservative201
  • Czech 16, 198, 214–215, 240, 247
  • debate 268, 276
  • discourse 3, 7, 10–11, 106, 136, 175, 190, 194–195, 242, 266, 268, 276, 298
  • discourse space4
  • Estonian 14–15, 289, 294, 297
  • Flemish 268, 276, 283
  • foreign32
  • frame7
  • French13
  • grassroots286
  • ideology 4–5
  • interactive 1–2
  • international283
  • Italian11
  • liberal201
  • mainstream 2, 9, 11, 14, 238, 266, 284, 294, 298
  • mass 4, 108
  • messages5
  • misrepresentation106
  • national1
  • neutrality268
  • official240
  • online 15–16, 178, 190
  • pan-Baltic294
  • pan-European11
  • participatory2
  • Polish-language 165, 178
  • popular 165, 244
  • practices11
  • print 1–2, 4, 110, 158, 286
  • private26
  • professionals4
  • representation 5, 195
  • right-wing194
  • Romanian198
  • semi-public 1, 282, 298
  • site 5, 11, 15, 185
  • social 4, 14, 214–215, 238, 286, 297–298
  • Spanish 14, 136
  • state26
  • trans-local11
  • web-based 4–5

• mediated
  • voice247

• mediation7

• medical
  • frame143

• Mediterranean137

• Melilla 140–141, 146

• meme 254, 296

• menial
  • work192

• mental
  • image104
  • world 107–108

• meta-discussion 12, 58, 65–66

• metaphor 15, 190–191, 202, 228, 231, 241, 298
  • naturalized231

• metonymy 83, 90, 126, 129, 214

• migrant 15, 90, 224, 239, 276–277 see also immigrant
  • Eastern European 187, 212
  • economic164
  • group73
  • identity15
  • intra-European10
  • non-European17
  • Polish 160–161, 165–166, 170, 175, 178–179
  • Roma 251, 253, 261, 276–277
  • Romanian198
  • status170
  • voice245

• migration 56, 61, 64–65, 70, 77, 271, 278, 282 see also immigration
  • debate282
  • discourse 12, 16, 59, 64–65, 75, 77, 241
  • East-European261
  • economic 164, 278
  • flow4
  • mass283
  • Polish 158, 166, 177, 184, 188
  • post-2004 15, 188
  • Roma 241, 261, 277, 283

• minimum
  • wage 164, 193

• minority 7, 70, 275
  • ethnic 10, 238
  • group 74, 77
  • non-European10
  • non-white199
  • religious3
  • Roma 200, 212, 238, 246, 254, 259, 265

• mitigation 6, 162, 177, 214

• mock tolerance242

• mockery 188, 196

• mode of belonging171

• moderation 185, 239
  • of reader comments 185, 238–239, 244, 287, 296

• moderator 227–228, 287

• MojaWyspa 158

• Moldovans188

• money transfer113

• moral
  • codes221
  • decay48
  • dilemma174
  • distance237
  • duty284
  • failure44
  • laws249
  • legitimacy262
  • norm237
  • panic 55, 163, 212, 282
  • superiority18
  • values298

• morality 178, 211, 296

• motherland 160–161, 175

• multiculturalism 41, 48

• multimodality 6, 139, 161

• Muslim 59, 70, 72, 74, 76, 129, 196

• myth 160, 299
  • founding224
  • national 39, 283

• mythical
  • past38

• mythologization160

• narrative 30, 32, 240, 250, 253, 296, 299
  • counter 5, 296
  • cultural299
  • grand 162, 283, 297
  • historic47
  • historical298
  • national163
  • of cultural trauma281
  • of immigration170
  • othering229
  • right-wing35
  • scenario 240, 248
  • script 240, 252
  • storytelling253
  • structure 30, 45

• narrativization 162, 240

• nation158
  • Hungarian48

• national
  • anxiety261
  • association 83, 89
  • awareness2
  • boundaries 111, 243, 250
  • community 7, 136
  • crisis46
  • culture163
  • discourse71
  • government113
  • grand narrative283
  • history250
  • identity 28, 37, 70, 159–160, 163, 165, 170, 276
  • interest 26, 41
  • media17
  • myth 39, 237, 283
  • origin 192, 268
  • past250
  • press 108–109
  • security262
  • self-awareness159
  • sovereignty 39, 48

• nationalism 10, 163, 284

• nation-state 261, 276, 278

• nativism230

• NATO 160, 220

• naturalization170

• neo-liberalism 31, 41

• news
  • discourse 105, 162
  • media 14, 99, 238, 282
  • media site5

• newsworthiness98

• NHS 166, 192, 217

• nomadism 264, 276

• nomination 6, 214

• non-belonging254

• non-citizen 147, 262, 273

• non-EU
  • state 83–84, 96–97, 100

• non-governmental
  • organization 145, 264

• non-integration243 see also failure to integrate

• non-native
  • speaker 16, 214, 226

• normality179

• Northern Ireland18

• offence 173, 197 ; see also crime

• offer image 143, 147

• online
  • comments 45, 185, 213, 223, 230, 235, 238, 283
  • communication282
  • discussion 45, 208, 223, 230, 282
  • discussion forum16
  • media 16, 178
  • news 4, 17, 28, 239, 289
  • portal 158, 165, 289

• opinion
  • leader4

• opposition
  • domestic 33, 35, 47
  • media26
  • political 35, 37

• ordinary
  • people 194, 222, 249

• organization
  • inter-governmental83
  • non-governmental 84, 89, 145, 264
  • Polish 176, 178, 184
  • sports89

• origin
  • national 192, 268

• origin-blindness192

• other
  • EU-internal17

• Ottoman Turks46

• outgroup 3, 6, 16, 77, 124, 159, 191, 199–200, 202, 212, 214, 237, 240, 243–245, 247, 250–254, 263

• overgeneralization163

• overlexicalization274

• over-population137

• parasite 231, 298

• parody 199, 203

• passivity 143–144, 244

• patient 86, 89–90, 92, 244

• patriotism 171, 178, 250, 291

• people
  • ordinary5

• periphery 8, 252
  • European186
  • geographical99

• perpetrator-victim reversal220

• personalization 171, 185

• perspectivization 6, 162, 175, 197, 217, 236, 244, 250, 254

• persuasion 11, 123

• photograph143

• placelessness 212, 242, 254

• plumbers192

• plutocracy47

• point of view58

• polarization 14, 162, 175
  • affective235
  • discursive18
  • ideological 124–126, 130
  • of society45

• Poles 15, 188, 190

• police 144, 146, 148, 171, 265
  • violence141

• Polish
  • community 161, 165–167, 170–171, 175, 178, 184
  • immigrants 157–158, 175, 184, 195
  • migration 158, 166, 184
  • national identity160
  • organizations172
  • problem 166, 173
  • traditions170

• Polishness 161, 176, 178, 184

• political
  • blog211
  • correctness 13, 37, 46, 103, 116, 250
  • instability4

• Polonia 171, 178

• polylogue 216, 238

• polysemy85

• popular
  • culture 16, 240, 244, 247, 254, 272
  • media165
  • newspapers108

• populism 215, 230
  • right-wing 55, 230

• positioning 16, 162, 177, 236, 268

• post-communist 31, 37, 132, 213

• post-crisis
  • politics157

• post-media
  • discourse space 4, 254

• poverty 191, 201

• power 4, 7, 28, 34, 47, 108, 132, 194, 231, 276
  • distribution221
  • hegemony28
  • hierarchy260
  • struggle263

• powerful
  • nation276
  • other29

• predication 6, 162, 214

• prejudice 124, 236, 276

• prejudiced
  • talk 16, 225, 231, 237

• press57
  • British 108–109, 166, 183–184
  • conservative 109, 117
  • discourse 109, 125, 184
  • international32
  • magazine166
  • popular166
  • quality 117, 166
  • Spanish136

• presupposition243

• print media 110, 158, 286

• private sphere5

• privatisation 31, 41

• privilege18

• privileged
  • access 4, 105
  • group 117, 199, 226
  • perspective137
  • position 245, 250

• problem
  • refugee294
  • social178

• problem-solution pattern252

• profiling 106–107, 111, 116

• propaganda231

• proper name104

• prosody59
  • discourse58
  • evaluative58
  • semantic58

• proximity 3, 98, 161
  • cultural 98, 161

• proximization 212–213, 252

• pseudonym 230, 287

• public
  • discourse 9, 14–15, 18, 28, 55, 108–109, 162–163, 203
  • opinion 105, 138, 183, 210, 218, 266, 298
  • services 99, 192, 202, 216
  • shaming286
  • sphere 1–5, 7, 10

• quantification 72, 214

• quasi-invisibility 13, 83, 100

• quasi-invisible others100

• Québec60

• quotation marks66

• race263

• racism 27, 138, 162, 200, 214, 225, 236, 286, 297, 299

• radicalisation
  • of public discourse28

• radicalism48

• rape 196, 291–292

• rationality296

• reaction
  • emotional174

• reader
  • comments 9, 15–17, 187, 203, 208–209, 212, 229, 238–239, 244, 254, 287, 296 ; see also discussion forum, online comments, online discussion

• reading strategy92

• recontextualization254

• reference 6, 162, 171

• refugee 48, 271, 284, 289–290, 294, 298
  • centre 17, 290, 294, 298
  • crisis 30, 288, 298
  • economic 276, 278
  • Estonian283
  • problem294
  • status271
  • unlawful275

• relocation 16, 243, 252

• remediation286

• reported speech 71, 75

• repression262

• resistance5

• return to Europe 26, 46, 48

• retweet187

• reversal224

• reverse discrimination247

• revolution 18, 48–49, 38

• rhetoric
  • aggressive228
  • anti-immigrant162
  • nationalist 12, 247
  • racist231
  • right-wing 10, 231

• right-wing
  • activists213
  • circles34
  • discourse 209, 219, 221
  • ideology 228, 230
  • media194
  • narrative228
  • parties283
  • politicians215
  • populism 55, 212, 215, 219, 230, 237
  • rhetoric228

• rise of the east43

• ritualization of practices 159, 177

• role
  • semantic244
  • social137

• Roma 10, 15–16, 70, 192, 195–196, 198–200, 212, 215, 222, 226, 231, 236, 241, 247, 249, 252, 259–260, 265, 268, 272, 274, 277
  • Bulgarian199
  • nomadic272
  • Slovak 247, 265

• Romania 183, 212

• Romanians 10, 16, 188, 192, 195–197, 200, 212, 214, 231

• Russia 18, 98, 128

• Russians188

• salience 58, 63, 139

• sarcasm 196, 216

• sayer86

• scapegoat 18, 173, 194, 203

• Scotland165

• script of othering 16, 229, 253

• scrounger 194–196

• second-class
  • Europeans 129, 191

• self 7, 161, 211, 225

• self-awareness
  • national159

• selfhood159

• self-identification 167, 175

• self-identity 3, 175

• self-legitimization 15, 179, 249

• self-othering170

• self-perception4

• self-presentation 158, 167, 172, 178, 187, 230, 251

• self-reference 160, 171

• self-reflexivity174

• self-representation 15, 74, 160, 170

• self-victimization 173, 292

• semantic
  • agent 86, 244
  • cliché295
  • field 72, 106, 172
  • indeterminacy244
  • macrostructure167
  • preference72
  • prosody58
  • role244

• semi-public5
  • contexts4
  • discourse 8–9, 11, 14, 16, 45, 183, 187, 236, 254, 299
  • media 1–2, 282, 298
  • texts 28, 30, 33, 35, 37, 46, 48

• senser86

• Serbians188

• shame 17, 295

• shared
  • concepts123
  • culture 16, 254
  • experience171
  • identity 245–246
  • knowledge 247, 254
  • mental worlds104
  • stereotypes293
  • values 170, 254

• simile242

• skin colour 199, 286

• skinheads246

• Slovak
  • Roma 247, 261, 274, 277

• Slovakia 242, 271

• Slovaks 17, 188, 274

• social
  • actor 3, 5, 189, 214, 264
  • actor analysis 163, 173, 178, 189
  • benefits 173, 178
  • disadvantage178
  • distance146
  • fragmentation 2–4
  • group 3, 9–10
  • change6
  • identity 3, 9
  • identity theory 3, 98
  • inadaptability264
  • marginalization144
  • networking site4
  • networks7
  • practice 8, 237
  • relation9
  • semiotics137
  • struggle262
  • tension9
  • transformation6
  • welfare173

• society
  • majority 243, 246

• sociology
  • of human rights 266, 277

• sole traders196

• song lyrics 247, 254

• Southern Europeans191

• Soviet
  • dominance 25, 47
  • hegemony26
  • occupation 283, 298
  • Union 12, 28–29, 36, 38, 48, 221, 292

• Soviet-era diktat47
  • space 192, 241
  • discourse 10, 237, 251, 254
  • post-medial238

• sports 83, 99

• stance-taking162

• state sovereignty 39, 45

• status
  • excluded277
  • illegal 277, 284
  • negotiation179
  • of citizen171
  • of immigrant 192, 277
  • of refugee 271, 284
  • of victim 269, 277
  • unlawful272

• stereotype 18, 166, 173, 177, 194, 247, 260, 264, 272, 293
  • negative264

• stigma
  • of Eastern Europe202

• storytelling248

• stranger 13, 81, 99, 161, 230, 264
  • within 83, 101

• strategy
  • predicational173
  • referential173

• subject
  • position 12, 27–28
  • spaces 27, 36, 48

• success story172

• superiority 18, 176, 251

• Sweden285

• symbolic
  • capital4
  • distance255
  • heritage248

• sympathy148

• Systemic Functional Grammar 84–85

• tabloid165
  • media240
  • Polish-language165

• Tahrir Square events297

• temporal
  • anchorage252
  • deixis245
  • distancing252

• terrorism 8, 30, 115

• theft 112, 196, 249

• thought police 28, 37, 46

• threat 48, 72–73, 77, 112–113, 141, 191, 194, 252, 270–271, 284
  • existential 12, 26, 30, 34

• topoi 163, 177–178, 187, 192, 195, 197, 214, 237, 249, 295

• topos
  • of advantage 200, 212
  • of authority173
  • of burden 178, 198, 200–201, 215, 222
  • of comparison178
  • of crime 178, 253
  • of danger 191, 196, 200, 212
  • of disadvantage 195, 197–198, 200–201, 212
  • of disease 212, 215
  • of displacement 193, 196, 198, 200–201
  • of historical continuity178
  • of threat 173, 253
  • of variety178
  • of witness176

• tradition159
  • cultural 159, 170

• traditional
  • values 29, 46, 222

• traitor 38, 43, 48, 218 ; see also betrayal

• transfer 107, 224
  • of meaning104
  • of money113

• transformation6
  • discursive6
  • political159
  • syntactic162

• transition
  • discourse 44, 48
  • narrative 43, 48
  • to democracy26
  • to free market160

• transitivity194

• trans-locality11

• trauma see cultural trauma

• travellers 70, 73, 241

• triangulation 9, 28

• trolling 5, 211, 220, 238, 282

• Turkey19

• Twitter 4, 187, 290

• two-speed Europe 13, 18, 82, 99

• UKIP 173, 200, 202–203, 208, 214, 220–221, 242

• Ukraine98

• underclass 173, 194, 201

• underlexicalization162

• undeserving poor 196, 201

• unemployment 30, 45, 193, 284
  • structural164

• ungratefulness253

• us and them 3, 6–7, 18, 132, 135, 142, 148, 190, 200, 241, 251, 253, 268, 276–277, 297 ; see also ingroup; outgroup

• USA44

• user-generated content 5, 185, 238

• USSR 131, 220–221 ; see also EUSSR

• vagrants264

• Vatican84

• ventriloquization248

• victim 139–140, 142, 144, 176, 179, 277, 292
  • discourse277
  • frame274
  • mentality174
  • reversal220
  • status269

• victimization 14, 139, 144, 173, 179

• violence141
  • police141

• visual
  • analysis142
  • composition142
  • discourse142
  • dysphemism 14, 138
  • grammar 139, 146
  • channel14
  • imagery7
  • othering14
  • point of entry82
  • racism138
  • representation 12, 144
  • strategy 141, 144

• voice 71, 175, 268
  • assumed247
  • mediated247
  • non-elite1
  • non-native227
  • of reason216
  • opposing71
  • opposite298
  • public 7–8

• vox populi5

• water 15, 226

• welfare 195–196
  • state172
  • system 164, 173, 196, 225

• Western Europeans130

• women 142, 145
  • raped292

• work
  • ethic194
  • menial15
  • restrictions 16, 208, 221, 226
  • unskilled194

• worldview 105–106
  • cultural106

• xenophobia236

• youth
  • unemployment193