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Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 36:3 (2019) ► pp.417–459

Crosslinguistic trends in tone change

A review of tone change studies in East and Southeast Asia

| SIL International | Yunnan Normal University
| University College London

Ground-breaking studies on how Bangkok Thai tones have changed over the past 100 years (Pittayaporn 2007, 2018; Zhu et al. 2015) reveal a pattern that Zhu et al. (2015) term the “clockwise tone shift cycle:” low > falling > high level or rising-falling > rising > falling-rising or low. The present study addresses three follow-up questions: (1) Are tone changes like those seen in Bangkok Thai also attested in other languages? (2) What other tone changes are repeated across multiple languages? (3) What phonetic biases are most likely to be the origins of the reported changes? A typological review of 52 tone change studies across 45 Sinitic, Tai-Kadai, Hmong-Mien, and Tibeto-Burman languages reveals that clockwise changes are by far the most common. The paper concludes by exploring how tonal truncation (Xu 2017) generates synchronic variation that matches the diachronic patterns; this suggests that truncation is a key mechanism in tone change.

Keywords: tone change, diachronic typology, carry-over effects, truncation, Target Approximation Model
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Previous research on tone change
    • 2.1Patterns of tone change
    • 2.2Phonetic origins of tone change
  • 3.Crosslinguistic review of tone variation and change
    • 3.1Method and data
    • 3.2Results
      • 3.2.1Frequently reported tone changes
      • 3.2.2Results by phonetic tone type
        • 3.2.2.1High level
        • 3.2.2.2Mid rising
        • 3.2.2.3Low rising
        • 3.2.2.4Low level
        • 3.2.2.5Low and mid falling
        • 3.2.2.6High falling
        • 3.2.2.7Rising-falling
        • 3.2.2.8Falling-rising
        • 3.2.2.9Mid level
      • 3.2.3Summary of results
  • 4.Discussion
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Note
  • References
Published online: 17 September 2019
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18002.yan
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