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Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 38:2 (2021) ► pp.259–301

The word order of negation in the history of Basque

A linguistic and sociolinguistic approach

ORCID logo | University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)

This article investigates word order changes in negated periphrastic constructions in the history of Basque. A number of linguistic variables are argued to correlate with these changes: the negative particle ez is increasingly focalized in main clauses, the innovative pattern negative particle – auxiliary verb – main verb allows for more syntactic flexibility than the conservative one, and the word order changes do not progress at equal rates in all clause subtypes. Genre issues are also considered, including the hypothesis that the loss of the conservative order main verb – negative particle – auxiliary verb of main clauses occurs first in texts close to oral language. Moreover, it is argued that eastern dialects are more innovative than western dialects and that efforts towards standardization of the language have slowed down this case of word order change.

Keywords: standard negation, periphrastic constructions, word order change, oral and literary Basque, standardization, genre
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction: Literature, scope and aims of the study
    • 1.1Standard negation in present-day Basque
    • 1.2Standard negation in historic and prehistoric Basque
  • 2.A brief description of the corpus
  • 3.Discussion of the data: Variables which affect the word order of negation
    • 3.1Linguistic variables
      • 3.1.1Variable #1: Constituent focalization
      • 3.1.2Variable #2: “disruption” of negative constructions
      • 3.1.3Variable #3: Clause subtype
    • 3.2Sociolinguistic variables
      • 3.2.1Variable #4: Text type
      • 3.2.2Variable #5: Time
      • 3.2.3Variable #6: Dialect
      • 3.2.4Variable #7: Efforts of standardization
  • 4.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Non-standard abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 1 February 2021
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19024.sal
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