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Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 39:1 (2022) ► pp.128–158

A Bayesian approach to the classification of Tungusic languages

ORCID logo | Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences | Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
| National Research University Higher School of Economics | Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
| Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

The Tungusic language family is comprised of languages spoken in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Northeast China and Xinjiang. There is a general consensus that these languages are genealogically related and descend from a common ancestral language. Nevertheless, there is considerable disagreement with regard to the internal structure of the Tungusic family and the time depth of its separation into daughter languages. Here we use computational Bayesian phylogenetic methods to generate a phylogeny of Tungusic languages and estimate the time-depth of the family. Our analysis is based on the recently introduced Leipzig-Jakarta-Jena list, a dataset of 254 basic vocabulary items collected for 21 Tungusic doculects. Our results are consistent with two basic classifications previously proposed in the literature, notably a Manchu-Tungusic classification, in which the break-up of Jurchenic constitutes the first split in the tree, as well as a North-South classification, which includes a Jurchenic-Nanaic and an Orochic-Ewenic branch. In addition, we obtain a time-depth for the age of Proto-Tungusic between the 8th century BC and the 12th century AD (95% highest posterior density interval). Previous classifications of Tungusic were based on both classical historical comparative linguistic and lexicostatistic approaches, but the application of Bayesian phylogenetic methods to the Tungusic languages has not so far been attempted. In contrast to previous approaches, our Bayesian analysis adds an understanding of the statistical robustness of the proposed branches and infers absolute divergence dates, allowing variation of rates of change across branches and cognate sets. In this way, our research provides a reliable quantitative basis for previous estimates based on classical historical linguistic and lexicostatistic approaches.

Keywords: Tungusic languages, language classification, Bayesian phylogenetics, family time depth, basic vocabulary, language phylogeny
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Previous proposals
    • 2.1Classification
      • 2.1.1Four basic hypotheses
      • 2.1.2Hypothesis 1: North-South with Orochic in the Southern branch
      • 2.1.3Hypothesis 2: North-South with Orochic in the Northern branch
      • 2.1.4Hypothesis 3: Manchu-Tungusic with Orochic clustering with Ewenic
      • 2.1.5Hypothesis 4: Manchu-Tungusic with Orochic clustering with Nanaic
    • 2.2Dating
  • 3.Methods
    • 3.1Data
    • 3.2Calibration points
    • 3.3Phylogenetic model
  • 4.Results and discussion
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 25 May 2021
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20010.osk
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