Cover not available
Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 39:5 (2022) ► pp.658–706

Correlated grammaticalization

The rise of articles in Indo-European

ORCID logo | University of California

Grammaticalization is characterized by robust directional asymmetries (e.g., Kuteva et al. 2019). For instance, body-part nominals develop into spatial adpositions, minimizers develop into negation markers and subject pronouns become agreement markers. Changes in the opposite direction are either rare or unattested (Garrett 2012: 52). Such robust cross-linguistic asymmetries have led some scholars to reify grammaticalization trajectories as universal mechanistic forces (Heath 1998: 729). One consequence of such a view is that the ambient morphosyntax of a language has little or even no relevance for grammaticalization. This paper uses Bayesian phylogenetic methods to demonstrate the critical role that pre-existing morphosyntax can play in grammaticalization. The empirical basis for this claim is the grammaticalization of definite and indefinite articles in the history of Indo-European: indefinite articles developed at a faster rate among languages in which a definite article had already emerged compared to those lacking a definite article. The two changes are thus correlated. The results of this case study suggest that there is much more to be learned about when and why grammaticalization occurs by investigating its relationship to the pre-existing linguistic system (cf. Reinöhl and Himmelmann 2017: 381).

Keywords: grammaticalization, Bayesian phylogenetics, definite article, indefinite article, historical morphosyntax, Indo-European
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Claims
  • 2.What are articles?
    • 2.1Three necessary and sufficient conditions for articlehood
    • 2.2Referential types
    • 2.3Disputed determiners
      • 2.3.1Singhalese
    • 2.4Cross-linguistic comparison
  • 3.Article inventories in Indo-European
    • 3.1A history of gain
    • 3.2Establishing precedence
  • 4.Data and methods
    • 4.1Coding the data
    • 4.2Phylogenetic trees
    • 4.3Transition rates
    • 4.4Model comparison
    • 4.5Informative priors
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1Posterior distributions of the rate parameters
    • 5.2Model comparison
  • 6.Discussion
    • 6.1The directionality question
    • 6.2The correlation question
    • 6.3The exceptions
    • 6.4The role of language contact
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 1 June 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20033.gol
References
Abbott, Barbara
1999 Support for a unique theory of definite descriptions. In Tanya Matthews & Devon Strolovitch (eds.), Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory 91. 1–15. Ithaca: CLC Publications.Google Scholar
2008 Issues in the semantics and pragmatics of definite descriptions in English. In Jeanette K. Gundel & Nancy Hedberg (eds.), Reference: Interdisciplinary perspectives, 61–72. Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Abel, Fritz
1971 L’adjectif démonstratif dans la langue de la Bible latine : Étude sur la formation des systèmes déictiques et de l’article défini des langues romanes. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Adams, James N. & Nigel Vincent
(eds.) 2016 Early and late Latin: Continuity or change? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aebischer, Paul
1948 Contribution à la protohistoire des articles ille et ipse dans les langues romanes. Cultura Neolatina 81. 181–203.Google Scholar
Axenov, Serge
2006 The Balochi language of Turkmenistan: A corpus-based grammatical description. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Google Scholar
Bailyn, John F.
2012 The syntax of Russian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baldinger, Kurt
1968 Post- und Prädeterminierung im Französischen. In Kurt Baldinger (ed.), Festschrift Walther von Wartburg zum 80. Geburtstag, 87–106. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Bashir, Elena
2009 Wakhi. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian languages, 825–858. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Becker, Laura
2018 Articles in the world’s languages. Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Leipzig. [URL]
2019 The crosslinguistic distribution and development of articles. Universität Bamberg. [URL]
Berger, Tilman
2007 Tendencies of the evolution of a definite article in the Sorbian languages. Slavic Linguistic Society. [URL]
Bielenstein, August Johann Gottfried
1863 Lettische Grammatik. Mitau: Fr. Lucas.Google Scholar
Birner, Betty J. & Gregory Ward
1994 Uniqueness, familiarity, and the definite article in English. In Susanne Gahl, Andy Dolby & Christopher Johnson (eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 93–102. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Börjars, Kersti, Pauline Harries & Nigel Vincent
2016 Growing syntax: The development of a DP in North Germanic. Language 92(1). e1–e37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bremmer, Rolf H., Jr.
2009 An introduction to old Frisian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Breu, Walter
2012 The grammaticalization of an indefinite article in Slavic micro-languages. In Björn Wiemer (ed.), Grammatical replication and borrowability in language contact, 275–322. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bybee, Joan L.
1988 The diachronic dimension in explanation. In John A. Hawkins (ed.), Explaining language universals, 350–379. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
2006 Language change and universals. In Ricardo Mairal & Juana Gil (eds.), Linguistic universals, 179–194. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Carlier, Anne & Béatrice Lamiroy
2018 The emergence of the grammatical paradigm of nominal determiners in French and in Romance: Comparative and diachronic perspectives. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63(2). 141–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Carlier, Anne & Walter de Mulder
2010 The emergence of the definite article: ille in competition with ipse in Late Latin. In Hubert Cuyckens, Lieven van de Lanotte & Kristin Davidse (eds.), Subjectifcation, intersubjectification and grammaticalization, 241–275. The Hague: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Carling, Gerd
(ed.) 2019 The Mouton atlas of languages and cultures: Europe and west, central, and south Asia, vol. 11. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cathcart, Chundra Aroor
2018 Modeling linguistic evolution: A look under the hood. Linguistics Vanguard 4(1). 1–11. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cathcart, Chundra Aroor, Gerd Carling, Filip Larsson, Niklas Johansson & Erich R. Round
2018 Areal pressure in grammatical evolution: An Indo-European case study. Diachronica 35(1). 134. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cathcart, Chundra Aroor, Andreas Hölzl, Gerhard Jäger, Paul Widmer & Balthasar Bickel
2020 Numeral classifiers and number marking in Indo-Iranian. Language Dynamics and Change 11(2). 1–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chandralal, Dileep
2010 Sinhala. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chang, Will, Chundra Aroor Cathcart, David P. Hall & Andrew J. Garrett
2015a Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis. Language 91(1). 194–244. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2015b Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis: Supplementary materials. Language 91(1). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Christophersen, Paul
1939 The articles: A study of their theory and use in English. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Clackson, James P. T.
2008 Classical Armenian. In Roger D. Woodard (ed.), The ancient languages of Asia Minor, 124–144. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Crisma, Paola
2011 The emergence of the definite article in English: A contact-induced change? In Petra Sleeman & Harry Perridon (eds.), The noun phrase in Romance and Germanic: Structure, variation, and change, 175–192. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cysouw, Michael
2011 Understanding transition probabilities. Linguistic Typology 15(2). 415–431. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Östen
2003 Definite articles in Scandinavian: Competing grammaticalization processes in standard and non-standard varieties. In Bernd Kortmann (ed.), Dialectology meets typology, 147–180. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004 The growth and maintenance of linguistic complexity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S.
2013a Definite articles. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [URL]
2013b Indefinite articles. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [URL]
2014 Competing methods for uncovering linguistic diversity: The case of definite and indefinite articles (Commentary on Davis, Gillon and Matthewson). Language 90(4). 232–249. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine
2009 Armenian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dunn, Michael, Tonya Kim Dewey, Carlee Arnett, Thórhallur Eythórsson & Jóhanna Barðdal
2017 Dative sickness: A phylogenetic analysis of argument structure evolution in Germanic. Language 93(1). e1–e22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dunn, Michael, Simon J. Greenhill, Stephen C. Levinson & Russell D. Gray
2011 Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals. Nature 4731. 79–82. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ebert, Karen H.
1971a Referenz, Sprachsituation und die bestimmten Artikel in einem nordfriesischen Dialekt, vol. 41. Bredstedt: Nordfriisk Instituut.Google Scholar
1971b Zwei Formen des bestimmten Artikels. In Dieter Wunderlich (ed.), Probleme und Fortschritte der Transformationsgrammatik: Referate des 4. Linguistischen Kolloquiums Berlin 6. bis 10. Oktober 1969, 159–174. München: Hueber.Google Scholar
Edelman, Joy I. & Leila R. Dodykhudoeva
2009a The Pamir languages. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian languages, 773–786. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2009b Shughni. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian languages, 787–824. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Epstein, Richard
2002 The definite article, accessibility, and the construction of discourse referents. Cognitive Linguistics 12(4). 333–378. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Erschler, David
2019 A new argument for existence of the DP in languages without articles. Journal of Linguistics 55(4). 879–887. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Estrada Fernández, Zarina
1996 Pima Bajo. München: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Faarlund, Jan Terje
2004 The syntax of old Norse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flick, Johanna
2019 „Alte” Daten, neue Methoden. Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschichte 10(1). 151–175. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020 Die Entwicklung des Definitartikels im Althochdeutschen. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. & Brian D. Joseph
2022 The Balkan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fruyt, Michèle
2003 Anaphore, cataphore et déixis dans l’Itinerarium d’Egérie. In Heikki Solin, Martti Leiwo & Hilla Halla-Aho (eds.), Latin vulgaire / latin tardif: Actes du vie colloque international sur le latin vulgaire et tardif, Helsinki, 29 août-2 septembre 2000, vol. 61, 99–119. Hildesheim: Olms.Google Scholar
Gair, James W.
2003 Sinhala. In George Cardona & Dhanesh Jain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan languages, 766–817. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Garland, Jennifer
2006 Morphological typology and the complexity of nominal morphology in Sinhala. In Robert Englebretson & Carol Genetti (eds.), Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics 171. 1–19. Santa Barbara: Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Garrett, Andrew J.
2012 The historical syntax problem: Reanalysis and directionality. In Dianne Jonas, John Whitman & Andrew J. Garrett (eds.), Grammatical change: Origins, nature, outcomes, 52–72. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
van Gelderen, Elly
2007 The definiteness cycle in Germanic. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 19(4). 275–308. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011 The linguistic cycle: Language change and the language faculty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gilbertson, George Waters
1923 The Balochi language: A grammar and manual. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.Google Scholar
Giusti, Giuliana
2001 The birth of a functional category: From Latin ille to the Romance article and personal pronoun. In Guglielmo Cinque & Giampaolo Salvi (eds.), Current studies in ltalian syntax: Essays offered to Lorenzo Renzi, 157–171. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
Giusti, Giuliana & Rossella Iovino
2016 Latin as a split-DP language. Studia Linguistica 70(3). 221–249. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, David M.
2022 The old Irish article. Journal of Celtic Linguistics 231. 1–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H.
1966 Language universals: With special reference to feature hierarchies. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
1978 How does a language acquire gender markers? In Joseph H. Greenberg, Charles A. Ferguson & Edith A. Moravcsik (eds.), Universals of human language 31. 47–82. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Guardiano, Cristina
2012 Parametric changes in the history of the Greek article. In Dianne Jonas, John Whitman & Andrew J. Garrett (eds.), Grammatical change: Origins, nature, outcomes, 179197. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013 The Greek definite article across time. Studies in Greek Linguistics 331. 76–91.Google Scholar
Haig, Geoffrey L. J.
2016 Deconstructing Iranian ergativity. In Jessica Coon, Diane Massam & Lisa Travis (eds.), The Oxford handbook of ergativity, 465–500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin
2018 Revisiting the anasynthetic spiral. In Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), Grammaticalization from a typological perspective, 97–115. Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, John A.
1978 Definiteness and indefniteness: A study in reference and grammaticality. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
1991 On (in)definite articles: Implicatures and (un)grammaticality prediction. Journal ofLinguistics 271. 405–442. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004 Efficiency and complexity in grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haynie, Hannah J. & Claire Bowern
2016 Phylogenetic approach to the evolution of color term systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(48). 13666–13671. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey
1998 Hermit crabs: Formal renewal of morphology by phonologically mediated affix substitution. Language 741. 728–759. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heim, Irene
1991 Artikel und Definitheit. In Arnim von Stechow & Dieter Wunderlich (eds.), Semantik: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung / An international handbook of contemporary research, 487–535. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011 Definiteness and indefiniteness. In Klaus von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn & Paul H. Portner (eds.), Semantics: An international handbook of natural language meaning 21. 996–1025. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd
1997 Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva
2011 The areal dimension of grammaticalization. In Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 291–301. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hertzenberg, Mari Johanne Bordal
2015 Third person reference in Late Latin: Demonstratives, definite articles and personal pronouns in the Itinerarium Egeriae. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Himmelmann, Nikolaus P.
1997 Deiktikon, Artikel, Nominalphrase: Zur Emergenz syntaktischer Struktur. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Höhna, Sebastian, Michael J. Landis & Tracy A. Heath
2017 Phylogenetic inference using RevBayes. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics 57(1). 6.16.1–6.16.34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Höhna, Sebastian, Michael J. Landis, Tracy A. Heath, Bastien Boussau, Nicolas Lartillot, Brian R. Moore, John P. Huelsenbeck & Fredrik Ronquist
2016 Revbayes: Bayesian phylogenetic inference using graphical models and an interactive model-specification language. Systematic Biology 65(4). 726–736. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holvoet, Axel
2018 The syntax of Baltic. In Jared S. Klein, Brian D. Joseph & Matthias A. Fritz (eds.), Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics: An international handbook of language comparison and the linguistic reconstruction of Indo-European (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science 41) 31. 1668–1681. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Horrocks, Geoffrey C.
2010 Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. Malden, MA: Blackwell 2nd edn. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van der Horst, Joop
2008 Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse syntaxis. Leuven: Leuven University Press.Google Scholar
Irslinger, Britta S.
2013 Standard Average European and the western fringe: A reconsideration. Historische Sprachforschung 126(1). 33–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jäger, Gerhard
2019a Computational historical linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics 45 (3–4). 151–182. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2019b Model evaluation in computational historical linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics 45(3–4). 299–307. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jahani, Carina & Agnes Korn
2009 Balochi. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian languages, 634–692. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jasbi, Masoud
2016 Three types of indefinites in Persian: Simple, complex, and antidefinite. In Mary Moroney, Carol-Rose Little, Jacob Collard & Dan Burgdorf (eds.), Proceedings of the 26th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference, held at the University of Texas at Austin May 12–15, 2016, 244–263. Linguistic Society of America. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2020 The meaning of the Persian object marker rā: What it is not, and what it (probably) is. In Richard K. Larson, Sedigheh Moradi & Vida Samiian (eds.), Advances in Iranian linguistics, 119–135. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kadmon, Nirit
2001 Formal pragmatics: Semantics, pragmatics, presupposition, and focus. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Keller, Rudolf Ernst
1978 The German language. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Kent, Roland G.
1944 The Old Persian relative and article. Language 201. 1–10. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul
2008 Universals constrain change; change results in typological generalizations. In Jeff Good (ed.), Linguistic universals and language change, 23–53. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Klein, Jared S.
1996 On personal deixis in classical Armenian: A study of the syntax and semantics of the n-, s-, and d-demonstratives in manuscripts E and M of the Old Armenian Gospels. Dettelbach: Röll.Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes & Maryam Nourzaei
2018 “Those were the hungry years”: A glimpse of Coastal Afro-Balochi. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28(4). 661–695. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kovari, Geoffrey
1984 Studien zum germanischen Artikel: Entstehung und Verwendung des Artikels im Gotischen. Wien: Halosar.Google Scholar
Kraiss, Andrew
2014 The evolution of the definite article in Old High German. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26(2). 127–155. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kurzová-Jedličkova, Helena
1963 Die Demonstrativa im Vulgärlatein (4.–6. Jahrhundert). Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 11(1–2). 121–143.Google Scholar
Kuteva, Tania, Bernd Heine, Bo Hong, Haiping Long, Heiko Narrog & Seongha Rhee
2019 World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2nd edn. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin T.
1972 Another look at drift. In Robert P. Stockwell & Ronald K. S. Macauley (eds.), Linguistic change and generative theory, 172–198. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Ledgeway, Adam
2012 From Latin to Romance: Morphosyntactic typology and change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2016 Functional categories. In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 761–771. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leiss, Elisabeth
2007 Covert patterns of definiteness/indefiniteness and aspectuality in Old Icelandic, Gothic and Old High German. In Elisabeth Stark, Elisabeth Leiss & Werner Abraham (eds.), Nominal determination: Typology, context constraints and historical emergence, 73–102. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C., Simon J. Greenhill, Russell D. Gray & Michael Dunn
2011 Universal typological dependencies should be detectable in the history of language families. Linguistic Typology 15(2). 509–534. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Löbner, Sebastian
1985 Definites. Journal of Semantics 4(4). 279–326. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1998 Definite associative anaphora. In Simon Botley, Julia Glass, Tony McEnery & Andrew Wilson (eds.), Approaches to discourse anaphora: Proceedings of DAARC96 – Discourse Anaphora and Resolution Colloquium, Lancaster University July 17th-18th 1996, Lancaster: University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language.Google Scholar
Lockwood, William B.
1968 Historical German syntax. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, Christopher
1999 Defniteness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mallory, James P. & Douglas Q. Adams
2006 The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manolessou, Io
2001 The evolution of the demonstrative system in Greek. Journal of Greek Linguistics 2(1). 119–148. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Manolessou, Io & Geoffrey C. Horrocks
2007 The development of the definite article in Greek. Studies in Greek Linguistics 271. 224–236.Google Scholar
Masica, Colin P.
1986 Definiteness marking in South Asian languages. In Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (ed.), South Asian languages: Structure, convergence and diglossia, 123–146. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Google Scholar
1991 The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mathiassen, Terje
1997 A short grammar of Latvian. Columbus: Slavica.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron
2002 Romani. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matzinger, Joachim
2006 Der altalbanische Text Mbsuame e krështerë (Dottrina cristiana) des Lekë Matrënga von 1592: Eine Einführung in die albanische Sprachwissenschaft. Dettelbach: J. H. Röll.Google Scholar
Maþiulis, Vytautas
n.d. Historical grammar of Old Prussian. [URL]
McColl Millar, Robert
2000 Some suggestions for explaining the origin and development of the definite article in English: Grammaticalization in English. In Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach & Dieter Stein (eds.), Pathways of change, 275–310. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. Gary
2018 The Oxford Gothic grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Edith A.
1969 Determination. In Working Papers in Language Universals 11. 63–98. Stanford: Stanford University.Google Scholar
de Mulder, Walter & Anne Carlier
2011 The grammaticalization of definite articles. In Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 522–534. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Müth, Angelika
2011 Categories of definiteness in Classical Armenian. In Erik Welo (ed.), Indo-European syntax and pragmatics: Contrastive approaches, 11–25. Oslo: University of Oslo. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Napoli, Maria
2009 Aspects of definiteness in Greek. Studies in Language 33(3). 569–611. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2019 Functions of the definite article from classical Greek to New Testament Greek. In Daniel King (ed.), The article in post-Classical Greek, 15–55. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna
2003 Diversity and stability in language. In Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 283–310. Malden, MA: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nocentini, Alberto
1990 L’uso dei dimostrativi nella Peregrinatio Egeriae e la genesi dell’articolo romanzo. In Alberto Fatucchi (ed.), Atti del convegno internazionale sulla Peregrinatio Egeriae, 137–158. Arezzo: Accademia Petrarca.Google Scholar
Pagel, Mark
1994 Detecting correlated evolution on phylogenies: A general method for the comparative analysis of discrete characters. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 255(1342). 37–45. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pagel, Mark & Andrew Meade
2006 Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete characters by reversible-jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo. The American Naturalist 167(6). 808–825. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Paliga, Sorin
2019 The definite article as a reference point in defining the Balkansprachbund . In Valeriu Sîrbu, Alexandra Comsa & Dumitru Hortopan (eds.), Digging in the past of Old Europe: Studies in honor of Christian Schuster at his 60th anniversary, TârguJiu: Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei “Carol I”.Google Scholar
Paranavitana, Senarath
1956 Sigiri graffiti: Being Sinhalese verses of the eighth, ninth and tenth centuries, vol. 11. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paul, Ludwig
1998 Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie. Reichert.Google Scholar
2009 Zazaki. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian languages, 545–586. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pereltsvaig, Asya
2007 The universality of DP: A view from Russian. Studia Linguistica 61(1). 59–94. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Perry, John R.
2005 A Tajik Persian reference grammar. Leiden: Brill. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pimenova, Natalie
2017 Дистрибуция протоартиклевого sa ‘этот, тот’ и jains ‘тот’ на ранней стадии грамматикализации готского артикля. In Nikolai N. Kazansky (ed.), Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология [Indo-European linguistics and classical philology] 211. 661–671. Санкт-Петербург: Наука.Google Scholar
Prauliņš, Dace
2012 Latvian. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Reinöhl, Uta & Nikolaus P. Himmelmann
2017 Renewal: A figure of speech or a process sui generis? Language 93(2). 381–413. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ringe, Donald A.
2017 A linguistic history of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, vol.11. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2nd edn. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Russell, Bertrand
1905 On denoting. Mind 141. 479–493. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
SanGregory, Erin
2018 Differential subject marking in Wakhi. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics MA thesis.
Sauvageot, Aurelien
1929 L’emploi de l’article en gotique. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Schaarschmidt, Gunter
1984 Theme-rheme structure and the article in Sorbian. In Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle of the University of Victoria 411. 75–90. Victoria: University of Victoria.Google Scholar
Schumacher, Stefan
2009 Lehnbeziehungen zwischen Protoalbanisch und balkanischem Latein bzw. Romanisch. In Oliver Jens Schmitt & Eva Anne Frantz (eds.), Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung, 37–60. München: Oldenbourg.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Florian
2013 Two kinds of definites cross-linguistically. Language and Linguistics Compass 7(10). 534–559. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schwyzer, Eduard
1936 Die nominale Determination in den indogermanischen Sprachen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen 63(3/4). 145–167.Google Scholar
Selig, Maria
1992 Die Entwicklung der Nominaldetermination im Spätlatein: Romanischer Sprachwandel und lateinische Schriftlichkeit. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Sommerer, Lotte
2012 Investigating the emergence of the definite article in Old English: About categorization, gradualness and constructions. Folia Linguistica 461. 175–214. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2015 The influence of constructions in grammaticalization: Revisiting category emergence and the development of the definite article in English. In Jóhanna Barðdal, Spike Gildea, Elena Smirnova & Lotte Sommerer (eds.), Diachronic construction grammar, 107–138. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Szczepaniak, Renata
2011 Grammatikalisierung im Deutschen. Tübingen: Narr 2nd edn.Google Scholar
Todd, Terry Lynn
2008 A grammar of Dimili: Also known as Zaza. Kandern: Forum Linguistik 3rd edn.Google Scholar
Trager, George L.
1932 The use of the Latin demonstratives (especially ille and ipse) up to 600 ad, as the source of the Romance article. New York: Publications of the Institute of French Studies.Google Scholar
Van de Velde, Freek
2010 The emergence of the determiner in the Dutch NP. Linguistics 48(2). 263–299. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Van de Velde, Freek & Joop van der Horst
2013 Homoplasy in diachronic grammar. Language Sciences 361. 66–77. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de la Villa Polo, Jesús
2011 Numerals. In Philip Baldi & Pierluigi Cuzzolin (eds.), New perspectives on historical Latin syntax: Quantification, numerals, possession, anaphora 31. 175–238. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Nigel
1997 The emergence of the D-system in Romance. In Ans van Kemenade & Nigel Vincent (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change, 149–169. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1999 The evolution of C-structure: Prepositions and PPs from Indo-European to Romance. Linguistics 371. 1111–1153. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2018 Definiteness in diachrony: Romance vs. Germanic. Specificity, definiteness and article systems across languages, 40th Annual Meeting of the DGfS.Google Scholar
Wali, Kashi, Omkar Nath Koul & Omakāra Aina Kaula
1997 Kashmiri: A cognitive-descriptive grammar. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wandruszka, Ulrich
1980 ,Post-‘ oder ,Prädetermination‘ in den romanischen Sprachen? Romanistisches Jahrbuch 311. 56–72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wemke, Matthias, Kathrin Kunkel-Razum & Werner Scholze-Stubenrecht
(eds.) 1995 Die Grammatik. Mannheim: Dudenverlag 8th edn.Google Scholar
Wendtland, Antje
2011 Die Entwicklung von Demonstrativpronomina zu Artikeln im Soghdischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Widmer, Paul
2018 Indogermanische Stammbäume: Datentypen, Methoden. In Elisabeth Rieken, Ulrich Geupel & Theresa Maria Roth (eds.), 100 Jahre Entzifferung des Hethitischen: Morphosyntaktische Kategorien in Sprachgeschichte und Forschung Akten der Arbeitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 21. bis 23. September 2015 in Marburg, 373–388. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Wood, Johanna L.
2003 Definiteness and number: Determiner phrase and number phrase in the history of English PhD dissertation, Arizona State University.