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Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 39:5 (2022) ► pp.658–706

Correlated grammaticalization

The rise of articles in Indo-European

ORCID logo | University of California
Grammaticalization is characterized by robust directional asymmetries (e.g., Kuteva et al. 2019). For instance, body-part nominals develop into spatial adpositions, minimizers develop into negation markers and subject pronouns become agreement markers. Changes in the opposite direction are either rare or unattested (Garrett 2012: 52). Such robust cross-linguistic asymmetries have led some scholars to reify grammaticalization trajectories as universal mechanistic forces (Heath 1998: 729). One consequence of such a view is that the ambient morphosyntax of a language has little or even no relevance for grammaticalization. This paper uses Bayesian phylogenetic methods to demonstrate the critical role that pre-existing morphosyntax can play in grammaticalization. The empirical basis for this claim is the grammaticalization of definite and indefinite articles in the history of Indo-European: indefinite articles developed at a faster rate among languages in which a definite article had already emerged compared to those lacking a definite article. The two changes are thus correlated. The results of this case study suggest that there is much more to be learned about when and why grammaticalization occurs by investigating its relationship to the pre-existing linguistic system (cf. Reinöhl and Himmelmann 2017: 381).
Keywords: grammaticalization, Bayesian phylogenetics, definite article, indefinite article, historical morphosyntax, Indo-European
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Claims
  • 2.What are articles?
    • 2.1Three necessary and sufficient conditions for articlehood
    • 2.2Referential types
    • 2.3Disputed determiners
      • 2.3.1Singhalese
    • 2.4Cross-linguistic comparison
  • 3.Article inventories in Indo-European
    • 3.1A history of gain
    • 3.2Establishing precedence
  • 4.Data and methods
    • 4.1Coding the data
    • 4.2Phylogenetic trees
    • 4.3Transition rates
    • 4.4Model comparison
    • 4.5Informative priors
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1Posterior distributions of the rate parameters
    • 5.2Model comparison
  • 6.Discussion
    • 6.1The directionality question
    • 6.2The correlation question
    • 6.3The exceptions
    • 6.4The role of language contact
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 1 June 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20033.gol
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2024. The strength of the phylogenetic signal in syntactic data. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 9:1 DOI logo
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2024. Progress on Constructing Phylogenetic Networks for Languages. In The Method Works, ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo

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