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Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 39:4 (2022) ► pp.449–489

Is Malayo-Polynesian a primary branch of Austronesian?

A view from morphosyntax

| Victoria University of Wellington
| National Taipei University of Technology
| Australian National University | University of the Philippines Diliman
| Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

An understudied morphosyntactic innovation, reanalysis of the Proto-Austronesian (PAn) stative intransitive prefix *ma- as a transitive affix, offers new insights into Austronesian higher-order subgrouping. Malayo-Polynesian is currently considered a primary branch of Austronesian, with no identifiably closer relationship with any linguistic subgroup in the homeland (Blust 1999, 2009/2013; Ross 2005). However, the fact that it displays the same innovative use of ma- with Amis, Siraya, Kavalan and Basay-Trobiawan and shares the merger of PAn *C/t with this group suggests that Malayo-Polynesian and East Formosan may share a common origin – the subgroup that comprises the four languages noted above. This observation points to a revised subgrouping more consistent with a socio-historical picture where the out-of-Taiwan population descended from a seafaring community expanding to the Batanes and Luzon after having developed a seafaring tradition. It also aligns with recent findings in archaeology and genetics that (i) eastern Taiwan is the most likely starting point of Austronesian dispersal (Hung 2005, 2008, 2019; Bellwood 2017; Bellwood & Dizon 2008; Carson & Hung 2018) and (ii) that the Amis bear a significantly closer relationship with Austronesian communities outside Taiwan (Capelli et al. 2001; Trejaut et al. 2005; McColl et al. 2018; Pugach et al. 2021; Tätte et al. 2021). Future investigation of additional shared innovations between Malayo-Polynesian and East Formosan could shed further light on their interrelationships.

Keywords: Austronesian higher-order subgrouping, Malayo-Polynesian, East Formosan, syntactic reanalysis, Austronesian diaspora, Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis, triangulation
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.A note on Austronesian higher-order subgrouping
  • 3.Two functions of ma- in western Austronesian
    • 3.1 ma- as a stative intransitive prefix
    • 3.2 ma- as a Patient Voice-like affix used in transitives
  • 4.Proposal: ma tr - as a single, shared innovation of EF and MP
    • 4.1Against Scenario I (ma tr - as a PAn retention)
    • 4.2Against Scenarios III and IV (ma tr - as the outcome of drift)
    • 4.3Against Scenario V (ma tr - as a case of structural borrowing)
  • 5.East Formosan as the closest relative of Malayo-Polynesian
  • 6.Further evidence for EF-MP connection
    • 6.1Potential lexical innovations defining Proto-Coastal-Formosan
    • 6.2Support from sister fields
      • 6.2.1Genetics
      • 6.2.2Archaeology
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 16 May 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.21019.che
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