The expression of personal opinions and assessments is a ubiquitous feature of
human interaction and, despite its apparently impersonal facade, also central
to academic writing. In scholarly genres argument involves presenting a position
on things that matter to a discipline in ways that disciplinary members are
likely to find familiar and persuasive. Beneath its frozen surface, an academic
text is seeking to build an appropriate relationship between the writer and the
reader by anticipating the audience’s likely interests, knowledge, reactions and
processing needs. We can, then, see academic writing as essentially dialogic as
writers seek to engage and persuade their readers. In this introductory chapter
I explore some of the ways that this is achieved. Based on an analysis of 240
published research papers I show how features of stance and engagement, such
as hedges, self-mention, directives and reader pronouns, are not simply dry
textualisations but elements of persuasive craftsmanship which help construct
a disciplinary view of the world while simultaneously negotiating a credible
persona for writers.
Bakhtin, Mijail. 1986. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. In Michael Holquist (ed). Austin TX: University of Texas Press.
Becher, Tony, and Trowler, Paul. 2001. Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Inquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines. Milton Keynes: SRHE and Open University Press.
Biber, Douglas. 2006. “Stance in spoken and written university registers”. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 5 (2): 97–116.
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Carter, Michael. 2007. “Ways of knowing, doing and writing in the disciplines”. College Composition and Communication 58: 385–418.
Dillon, George L. 1991. Contending Rhetorics: Writing in Academic Disciplines. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gray, Bethany, and Biber, Douglas. 2012. “Current Conceptions of Stance”. In Stance and Voice in Academic Writing, Ken Hyland and Carmen Sancho Guinda (eds), 15–33. London: Palgrave.
Halliday, Michael A. K. 1989. “Context of situation”. In Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective, Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (eds), 3–14. Oxford: OUP.
Holmes, Janet. 1990. “Hedges and boosters in women’s and men’s speech”. Language & Communication 10 (3): 85–205.
Hunston, Susan. 2000. “Evaluation and the planes of discourse. Status and value in persuasive texts”. In Evaluation in Text, Susan Hunston and Geoff Thompson (eds), 176–207. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hyland, Ken. 1999. “Disciplinary discourses: writer stance in research articles”. In Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices, Cristopher N. Candlin and Ken Hyland (eds), 99–121. London: Longman.
Hyland, Ken. 2001. “Humble servants of the discipline? Self-mention in research articles”. English for Specific Purposes 20 (3): 207–26.
Hyland, Ken. 2002. “Directives: argument and engagement in academic writing”. Applied Linguistics 23(2): 215–39.
Hyland, Ken. 2004. Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Hyland, Ken. 2005a. “Stance and engagement: a model of interaction in academic discourse”.Discourse Studies 6 (2): 173–91.
Martin, James. 2000. “Beyond exchange: APPRAISAL systems in English”. In Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse, Susan Hunston and Geoff Thompson (eds), 142–75. Oxford: OUP.
Martin, James, and White, Peter. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London: Palgrave/MacMillan.
Myers, Greg. 1990. Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Swales, John. 2004. Research Genres. Cambridge: CUP.
Thompson, Geoff. 2001. “Interaction in academic writing: learning to argue with the reader”. Applied Linguistics 22 (1): 58–78.
White, Peter. 2003. “Beyond modality and hedging: a dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance”. Text 23 (2): 2594–8.
2023. Evaluative language in applied linguistics research article discussions: exploring the functions and patterns of that-structures in argumentative texts. Language Awareness 32:2 ► pp. 193 ff.
Jiang, Feng (Kevin) & Ken Hyland
2023. Changes in Research Abstracts: Past Tense, Third Person, Passive, and Negatives. Written Communication 40:1 ► pp. 210 ff.
Martín-Laguna, Sofía
2023. Metadiscourse Learning Trajectories in Multilingual Learners: A Focus on Attitude Markers and Hedges. In New Trends on Metadiscourse, ► pp. 105 ff.
Mur-Dueñas, Pilar
2021. Engagement markers in research project websites: Promoting interactivity and dialogicity. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 57:4 ► pp. 655 ff.
Phillips Galloway, Emily, Paola Uccelli, Gladys Aguilar & Christopher D. Barr
2020. Exploring the Cross-Linguistic Contribution of Spanish and English Academic Language Skills to English Text Comprehension for Middle-Grade Dual Language Learners. AERA Open 6:1 ► pp. 233285841989257 ff.
2017. Adverbial Markers of Epistemic Modality Across Disciplinary Discourses: A Contrastive Study of Research Articles in Six Academic Disciplines. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52:1 ► pp. 73 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
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