Introduction
1
Stance, stancetaking, epistemic stance
1
Knowing, unknowing, believing (KUB) positions
3
What is KUB for?
4
Plan of the book
5
Part 1Kub as a theoretical model and a method of analysis
Chapter 1Psychological background
11
1.1Perception and cognition as rule-governed systems
12
1.2Perceiving and cognising as processes
13
1.3Experience as a verb and as a noun
14
1.4Reality
15
1.4.1The first and second meaning of reality: Physical reality vs. experiential reality
15
1.4.2The third and fourth meaning of reality: Perceptual reality vs. cognitive reality
17
1.5Degrees of experiential reality
19
1.6Language and linguistic communication: The semantic relationship of reference
20
1.7The twofold reference of language to experience
21
Chapter 2Linguistic background
23
2.1The semantic interpretation of texts/dialogues
24
2.2Natural and theoretical interpretation
24
2.3Sense-interpretation as a natural process
25
2.4Sense-interpretation as a theoretical process
25
2.5Atomic Text
26
2.6Linguistic features of performative, world-constitutive and descriptive propositions
28
2.7Classification of world-constitutive verbs in relation to verb tenses in descriptive propositions
30
2.8World-constitutive vs. descriptive use of world-constitutive verbs
31
2.9The asymmetry of the world-constitutive and performative verbs
32
2.10The theoretical definition of text
33
2.11How we use Petofi’s Atomic Text in our research
34
2.12Evidentiality
36
2.13Epistemicity
37
2.14How are certainty and uncertainty communicated?
38
2.15Whose certainty/uncertainty?
39
2.16Truth/falsehood
40
2.17Correlate-interpretation as a natural process
41
Chapter 3Knowing, unknowing, believing positions: The KUB model
45
3.1Our study 2008
45
3.1.1Participants
45
3.1.2Materials
46
3.1.3Procedures
46
3.1.4Methodology used to analyse texts
47
3.1.5Corpus description
47
3.1.6The exemplary qualitative analysis of three texts from the corpus
48
3.2Evidential and epistemic worlds or positions
59
3.2.1The world of the known/certain or the knowing/certain position
61
3.2.2The world of the believed/uncertain or the believing/uncertain position
64
3.2.3The world of the Unknown or the Unknowing position
66
3.2.3.1Questions
67
3.3Markers of the Knowing/Certain position
70
3.4Markers of the Unknowing position
72
3.5Markers of the Believing/Uncertain position
73
3.5.1Lexical markers
74
3.5.2Morphosyntactic markers
77
3.6Quantitative analysis
81
Chapter 4Are certainty and uncertainty psychological realities?
85
4.1Are certain and uncertain epistemic contraries?
85
4.1.1Graded or not graded nature of the poles certain and uncertain
87
4.1.2Unidimensionality or non-unidimensionality of the certainuncertain
87
4.2Study 1
88
4.2.1Aims
88
4.2.2Method
88
4.2.3Results
89
4.2.4Summary of the main results
96
4.3Study 2
97
4.3.1Aims
97
4.3.2Method
98
4.3.3Results
99
4.3.4Summary of the main results
103
4.4Conclusions
105
Part 2KUB in dialogues
106
Introduction
107
Chapter 5“What should I do?”: Epistemic positions and advice giving activity in troubles talk sequences
109
5.1Advice as a particular directive speech act and as a social activity
110
5.2Advice giving in troubles talk
112
5.2.1Epistemic positions and mitigation: A previous study
113
5.3KUB model applied to advice giving activity in troubles talk
120
5.3.1Knowing position (confider) – Knowing position (confidant)
123
5.3.2Knowing position (confider) – Believing position (confidant)
126
5.3.3Believing position (confider) – Knowing position (confidant)
130
5.3.4Believing position (confider) – Believing position (confidant)
134
5.3.5Unknowing position (confider) – Knowing position (confidant)
137
5.3.6Believing position (confider) – Knowing + Believing position (confidant)
140
5.3.7Unknowing position (confider) – Unknowing + Knowing + Believing position (confidant)
143
5.4Conclusions
146
Appendix
147
Chapter 6Confidence attitudes and epistemic management in the clairvoyant-journalist interviews: Extrasensory perception and
epistemic authority
155
6.1Introduction
155
6.2Extrasensory perception as a mode of knowing
157
6.3Epistemic status and epistemic stance
160
6.4Aims and method
167
6.5The first interview
168
6.5.1Qualitative analysis of the first excerpt
168
6.5.2Quantitative analysis of the first excerpt
176
6.5.3Qualitative analysis of the second excerpt
177
6.5.4Quantitative analysis of the second excerpt
183
6.6The second interview
185
6.6.1Qualitative analysis of the third and fourth excerpt
185
6.6.2Quantitative analysis of the third and fourth excerpt
189
6.6.3Qualitative analysis of the fifth excerpt
193
6.6.4Quantitative analysis of the fifth excerpt
198
6.6.5Qualitative analysis of the sixth excerpt
200
6.6.6Quantitative analysis of the sixth excerpt
204
6.6.7Summarising the quantitative results of all the six excerpts
206
6.7Conclusions
209
Chapter 7“Who is the killer?”: Epistemic positions in Italian crime case talk-shows
213
7.1Introduction
213
7.2Theoretical notes
215
7.3Aims and method
216
7.4The first proof: The phone records
217
7.4.1Qualitative analysis of the first excerpt
217
7.4.2Quantitative analysis of the first excerpt
221
7.4.3Qualitative analysis of the second excerpt
22
7.4.4Quantitative analysis of the second excerpt
226
7.5The second proof: The camera’s images
228
7.5.1Qualitative analysis of the third excerpt
228
7.5.2Quantitative analysis of the third excerpt
236
7.5.3Qualitative analysis of the fourth excerpt
238
7.5.4Quantitative analysis of the fourth excerpt
241
7.5.5Qualitative analysis of the fifth excerpt
243
7.5.6Quantitative analysis of the fifth excerpt
247
7.6The third proof: The car
249
7.6.1Qualitative analysis of the sixth excerpt
249
7.6.2Quantitative analysis of the sixth excerpt
251
7.6.3Summarising the quantitative results of all the six excerpts
252
7.7Conclusions
257
Chapter 8Three epistemic models: A comparison
263
8.1Akio Kamio: The theory of territories of information
263
8.2John Heritage: The epistemic management of conversational interactions
271
8.2.1Epistemic status and epistemic stance
271
8.2.2Epistemic imbalance
272
8.2.3Heritage’s polar view on speakers’ knowledge
274
Chapter 9KUB, mind, brain, speech acts: Future perspectives
277
9.1Psychological and linguistic levels of reality
277
9.2KUB as a linguistic model
278
9.3Between language and mind
279
9.4From language to mind (and brain)
280
9.5Back to language: KUB and speech acts
280
References
287
Transcription notes
305
Index
307