An increasing number of schools in the Netherlands offer bilingual (secondary) education, usually combining Dutch with English. As yet, it remains unclear whether students with dyslexia are able to cope in this type of educational setting. To address this question, the oral language and literacy skills of dyslexic and non-dyslexic students attending regular and bilingual VWO (pre-university) secondary education were compared. Results confirmed the benefits to English proficiency offered by this type of education as found in earlier studies (Van der Leij et al., 2010; Verspoor et al., 2010). In addition, dyslexic students at bilingual schools scored significantly higher on English literacy and language tasks than their dyslexic peers in regular programmes, suggesting that bilingual secondary education is not too difficult for students with dyslexia and may in fact be just as beneficial for this group as for non-dyslexics.
Admiraal, W., Westhoff, G., & De Bot, K. (2006). Evaluation of bilingual secondary education in the Netherlands: Students’ language proficiency in English. Educational Research and Evaluation: An International Journal on Theory and Practice, 121, 75–93.
Bekebrede, J., Van der Leij, A., & Share, D.L. (2009). Dutch dyslexic adolescents: Phonological-core variable-orthographic differences. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 221, 133–165.
Boetsch, E.A., Green, P.A., & Pennington, B.F. (1996). Psychosocial correlates of dyslexia across the life span. Development and Psychopathology, 81, 539–562.
Bialystok, E., Luk, G., & Kwan, E. (2005). Bilingualism, biliteracy, and learning to read: Interactions among languages and writing systems. Scientific Studies of Reading, 91, 43–61.
Bosman, A.M.T., & Braams, T. (2005). Depressie en angst bij basisschoolkinderen met Dyslexie. Tijdschrift voor Orthopedagogiek, 441, 213–223.
Bruck, M. (1998). Outcomes of adults with childhood histories of dyslexia. In C. Hulme, & R. Malatesha Joshi (Eds.), Reading and spelling: Development and disorders (pp. 179–200). London: Erlbaum.
Comeau, L., Cormier, P., Grandmaison, E., & Lacroix, D. (1999). A longitudinal study of phonological processing skills in children learning to read in a second language. Journal of Educational Psychology, 911, 29–43.
De Bot, K., & Maljers, A. (2009). De enige echte vernieuwing: Tweetalig onderwijs. In R. de Graaff, & D. Tuin (Eds.), De toekomst van het talenonderwijs: Nodig? Anders? Beter? (pp. 131–146). Utrecht: IVLOS.
Downey, D.M., Snyder, L.E., & Hill, B. (2000). College students with dyslexia: Persistent linguistic deficit and foreign language learning. Dyslexia, 61, 101–111.
Dufva, M., & Voeten, M. (1999). Native language literacy and phonological memory as prerequisites for learning English as a foreign language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 201, 329–348.
Dunn, L.M., & Dunn, D.M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test (4th ed.). New York: Pearson.
Europees platform. (n.d.). Wat is TTO? Retrieved on 10 December 2012, from [URL]
Fawcett, A.J., & Nicolson, R.I. (1996). The dyslexia screening test. London: The Psychological Corporation.
Figueredo, L. (2006). Using the known to chart the unknown: A review of first-language influence on the development of English-as-a-second-language-spelling skill. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 191, 873–905.
Geva, E., & Siegel, L. (2000). Orthographic and cognitive factors in the concurrent development of basic reading skills in two languages. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 121, 1–30.
Gholamain, M., & Geva, E. (1999). Orthographic and cognitive factors in the concurrent development of basic reading skills in English and Persian. Language Learning, 491, 183–217.
Goldston, D.B., Walsh, A., Mayfield, A.E., Reboussin, B., Sergent, D.S., Erkanli, A., & Wood, F.B. (2007). Reading problems, psychiatric disorders, and functional impairment from mid- to late adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 461, 25–32.
Goswami, U. (2002). Phonology, reading development, and dyslexia: A cross-linguistic perspective. Annals of Dyslexia, 521, 141–163.
Helland, T., & Kaasa, R. (2005). Dyslexia in English as a second language. Dyslexia, 111, 41–60.
Herrmann, J.A., Matyas, T., & Pratt, C. (2006). Meta-analysis of the nonword reading deficit in specific reading disorder. Dyslexia, 121, 195–221.
Horsley, T.M. (2005). Not all dyslexics are created equal: Neurocognitive evidence. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Free University, Amsterdam.
Huibregtse, W.P. (2001). Effecten en didactiek van tweetalig voortgezet onderwijs in Nederland. Utrecht: Utrecht University. (IVLOS reeks 7)
Kuijpers, C., Van der Leij, A., Been, P., Van Leeuwen, Y., Ter Keurs, M., Schreuder, R., & Van den Bos, K.P. (2003). Leesproblemen in het voortgezet onderwijs en de volwassenheid. Pedagogische Studiën, 801, 272–287.
Lesaux, N.K., & Siegel, L.S. (2003). The development of reading in children who speak English as a second language. Developmental Psychology, 391, 1005–1019.
Lyon, G. (1995). Toward a definition of dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 451, 3–27.
Marsh, D., Maljers, A., & Hartiala, A. (2001). Profiling European CLIL classrooms: Language opens doors. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
McDougall, P., Borowsky, R., MacKinnon, G.E., & Hymel, S. (2005). Process dissociation of sight vocabulary and phonetic decoding in reading: A new perspective on surface and phonological dyslexias. Brain and Language, 921, 185–203.
Meijer, J. (2002). ZEZ, Zelf-evaluatie en Zelfbeeld. Leiden: PITS.
Miller-Guron, L., & Lundberg, I. (2000). Dyslexia and second language reading: A second bite at the apple?Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 121, 41–61.
Olson, R.K., Forsberg, H., Wise, B., & Rack, J.P. (1994). Measurement of word recognition, orthographic, and phonological skills. In G.R. Lyon (Ed.), Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities (pp. 243–277). Balitmore, MD: Brookes Publishing Co.
Perfetti, C.A., & Goldman, S.R. (1976). Discourse memory and reading comprehension skill. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 141, 33–42.
Poleij, C., Leseman, P., & Stikkelbroek, Y. (2009). Effecten van een groepstraining ter preventie van internaliserende stoornissen bij dyslectische adolescenten: Een pilotonderzoek. Tijdschrift voor Orthopedagogiek, 481, 351–363.
Schlichting, L. (2005). Peabody picture vocabulary test-III NL. Amsterdam: Harcourt Test Publisher.
Schneider, E., & Ganschow, L. (2000). Dynamic assessment and instructional strategies for learners who struggle to learn a foreign language. Dyslexia, 61, 72–82.
Seymour, P.H., Aro, M., & Erskine, J.M. (2003). Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies. British Journal of Psychology, 941, 143–174.
Snowling, M., Nation, K., Moxham, P., Gallagher, A.M., & Frith, U. (1997). Phonological processing skills of dyslexic students in higher education: A preliminary report. Journal of Research in Reading, 201, 31–41.
Van Berkel, A., Wiers, E., & Hoeks-Mentjens, R. (2007). Dyslexie en vreemde talen: Het kernprobleem. Levende Talen Magazine, 941, 5–7.
Van den Bos, K.P., Lutje Spelberg, H.C., Scheepstra, A.J.M., & De Vries, J. (1994). De Klepel. Vorm A en B. Een test voor de leesvaardigheid van pseudowoorden. Verantwoording, handleiding, diagnostiek en behandeling. Nijmegen: Berkhout.
Van der Leij, A., Bekebrede, J., & Kotterink, M. (2010). Acquiring reading and vocabulary in Dutch and English: The effect of concurrent instruction. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 231, 415–434.
Van der Leij, A., & Morfidi, E. (2006). Core deficits and variable differences in Dutch poor readers learning English. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 391, 74–90.
Van der Leij, A., & Van Daal, V.H.P. (1999). Automatization aspects of dyslexia: Speed limitations in word identification, sensitivity to increasing task demands, and orthographic comprehension. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 321, 417–428.
Van Viersen, S., Kroesbergen, E.H., Slot, E., & De Bree, E.H. (2013). High reading skills mask dyslexia in gifted children. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Vellutino, F.L., Fletcher, J.M., & Snowling, M.J. (2004). Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades?Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 451, 2–40.
Verspoor, M.H., De Bot, C.L.J., & Van Rein, E.M. J. (2010). Tweetalig onderwijs: Vormgeving en prestaties. Retrieved from [URL]
Wolf, M., & Bowers, P.G. (1999). The double deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias. Journal of Educational Psychology, 911, 1–24.
Yap, R., & Van der Leij, A. (1993). Word processing in dyslexics: An automatic decoding deficit?Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 51, 261–279.
Ziegler, J.C., Perry, C., Ma-Wyatt, A., Ladner, D., & Schulte-Körne, G. (2003). Developmental dyslexia in different languages: Language-specific or universal. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 861, 169–193.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Parmentier, Chloé, Morgane Simonis, Luk Van Mensel, Philippe Hiligsmann, Benoit Galand, Nathalie Lefèvre, Laura Ordonez Magro & Arnaud Szmalec
2024. Language proficiency and study achievement of pupils with dyslexia enrolled in content and language integrated learning (CLIL). International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism► pp. 1 ff.
Kormos, Judit
2023. Specific Learning Differences and Language Learning. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
von Hagen, Alexa, Saskia Kohnen & Nicole Stadie
2021. Foreign Language Attainment of Children/Adolescents with Poor Literacy Skills: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review 33:2 ► pp. 459 ff.
Farukh, Ammara & Mila Vulchanova
2016. L1, quantity of exposure to L2 and reading disability as factors in L2 oral comprehension and production skills. Learning and Individual Differences 50 ► pp. 221 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 january 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.