In recent years, multiple researchers working on the evolution of language have put forward the idea that the theoretical framework of usage-based approaches and Construction Grammar is highly suitable for modelling the emergence of human language from pre-linguistic or proto-linguistic communication systems. This also raises the question of whether usage-based and constructionist approaches can be integrated with the analysis of animal communication systems. In this paper, we review possible avenues where usage-based, constructionist approaches can make contact with animal communication research, which in turn also has implications for theories of language evolution. To this end, we first give an overview of key assumptions of usage-based and constructionist approaches before reviewing some key issues in animal communication research through the lens of usage-based, constructionist approaches. Specifically, we will discuss how research on alarm calls, gestural communication and symbol-trained animals can be brought into contact with usage-based, constructionist theorizing. We argue that a constructionist view of animal communication can yield new perspectives on its relation to human language, which in turn has important implications regarding the evolution of language. Importantly, this theoretical approach also generates hypotheses that have the potential of complementing and extending results from the more formalist approaches that often underlie current animal communication research.
Akmajian, A., Farmer, A. K., Bickmore, L., Demers, R. A., & Harnish, R. M.
(2017) Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication (seventh edition). Cambridge, Mass.: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Anderson, S. R.
(2006) Doctor Dolittle′s Delusion – Animals and the Uniqueness of Human Language. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press.
Andrews, K.
(2016) Animal Cognition. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016) Retrieved from [URL]
Arbib, M. A.
(2012) How the brain got language: The mirror systems hypothesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ariel, M.
(2015) Doubling up: Two upper bounds for scalars. Linguistics, 53(3), 561–610.
Arnold, K., & Zuberbühler, K.
(2006) Semantic combinations in primate calls. Nature, 441(7091), 303–303.
Arnold, K., & Zuberbühler, K.
(2012) Call combinations in monkeys: Compositional or idiomatic expressions?Brain and Language, 120(3), 303–309.
Aubin, T., & Jouventin, P.
(2002) Localisation of an acoustic signal in a noisy environment: the display call of the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. Journal of Experimental Biology 205(24), 3793–3798.
Balari, S., & Lorenzo, G.
(2016) Evo-devo of Language and Cognition. Evolutionary Developmental Biology, 1–14.
Bar-On, D.
(2018) Communicative intentions, expressive communication, and origins of meaning. In K. Andrews & Beck, Jacob (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds (pp. 301–312). London; New York: Taylor & Francis.
Bar-On, D., & Moore, R.
(2018) Pragmatic interpretation and signaler-receiver asymmetries in animal communication. In K. Andrews & J. Beck (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds (pp. 291–300). London; New York: Taylor & Francis.
Beckner, C., Ellis, N. C., Blythe, R., Holland, J., Bybee, J., Ke, J., Christiansen, M. H., Larsen-Freeman, D., Croft, W., Schoenemann, T., & Five Graces Group
(2009) Language is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper. Language Learning, 59 Suppl. 11, 1–26.
Benítez-Burraco, A., & Boeckx, C.
(2014) Universal Grammar and Biological Variation: An EvoDevo Agenda for Comparative Biolinguistics. Biological Theory, 9(2), 122–134.
Berthet, M., Mesbahi, G., Pajot, A., Cäsar, C., Neumann, C., & Zuberbühler, K.
(2019) Titi monkeys combine alarm calls to create probabilistic meaning. Science Advances, 5(5), eaav3991.
Bickerton, D.
(2009) Adam’s Tongue: How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Blumenthal-Dramé, A.
(2012) Entrenchment in Usage-Based Theories: What Corpus Data Do and Do Not Reveal About The Mind (1 edition). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
Börjars, K., Vincent, N. & Walkden, G.
(2015) On Constructing a Theory of Grammatical Change. Transactions of the Philological Society 113(3). 363–382.
Brône, G., & Zima, E.
(2014) Towards a dialogic construction grammar: Ad hoc routines and resonance activation. Cognitive Linguistics, 25(3), 457–495.
Bybee, J. L.
(2010) Language, Usage and Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Byrne, R. W., Cartmill, E., Genty, E., Graham, K. E., Hobaiter, C., & Tanner, J.
(2017) Great ape gestures: Intentional communication with a rich set of innate signals. Animal Cognition 20(4), 755–769.
Cartmill, E. A., & Hobaiter, C.
(2019) Developmental perspectives on primate gesture: 100 years in the making. Animal Cognition, 22(4), 53–459.
Cartmill, E. A., & Maestripieri, D.
(2012) Socio-Cognitive Specializations in Nonhuman Primates: Evidence from Gestural Communication. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology.
Chomsky, N.
(1959) A review of BF Skinner’s Verbal behavior. Language, 35(1), 26–58.
Cienki, A.
(2017) Utterance Construction Grammar (UCxG) and the variable multimodality of constructions. Linguistics Vanguard, 3(s1).
Dąbrowska, E.
(2009) Words as constructions. In V. Evans & S. Pourcel (Eds.), New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 201–223). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Dancygier, B., & Vandelanotte, L.
(2017) Internet memes as multimodal constructions. Cognitive Linguistics, 28(3), 565–598.
de Boer, B., Sandler, W., & Kirby, S.
(2012) New perspectives on duality of patterning: Introduction to the special issue. Language and Cognition, 4(4), 251–259.
Deacon, T. W.
(1997) The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
Dehaene, S.
(2020) How We Learn: Why Brains Learn Better Than Any Machine… for Now. London: Viking.
Diessel, H.
(2019) The Grammar Network: How Linguistic Structure Is Shaped by Language Use. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Dingemanse, M.
(2018) Redrawing the margins of language: Lessons from research on ideophones. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 3(1), 4.
Divjak, D.
(2019) Frequency in Language: Memory, Attention and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dunbar, R. I. M., & Shultz, S.
(2017) Why are there so many explanations for primate brain evolution?Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1727) 20160244.
Eason, P., & Vanderhoff, E. N.
(2009) The response of American robins (Turdus migratorius) to aerial alarms. Behaviour, 146(3), 415–427.
Endress, A. D., Cahill, D., Block, S., Watumull, J., & Hauser, M. D.
(2009) Evidence of an Evolutionary Precursor to Human Language Affixation in a Non-Human Primate. Biology Letters.
Engesser, S., & Townsend, S. W.
(2019) Combinatoriality in the vocal systems of nonhuman animals. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, e1493.
Evans, V.
(2019) Cognitive Linguistics. A complete guide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Fasold, R. W., & Connor-Linton, J.
(Eds.) (2014) An Introduction to Language and Linguistics (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fenson, L., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., & Bates, E.
(1994) Variability in early communicative development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(5), 1–173.
Fischer, J.
(2002) Developmental modifications in the vocal behavior of non-human primates. In A. A. Ghazanfar (Ed.), Primate audition: Ethology and neurobiology (pp. 109–125). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Fischer, J.
(2017) Primate vocal production and the riddle of language evolution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(1), 72–78.
Fischer, J., Wheeler, B. C., & Higham, J. P.
(2015) Is there any evidence for vocal learning in chimpanzee food calls?Current Biology, 25(21), R1028–R1029.
Fitch, W. T.
(2017) Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(1), 3–33.
Fitch, W. T.
(2020) Animal cognition and the evolution of human language: Why we cannot focus solely on communication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 375(1789) 20190046.
Floyd, S., & Goldberg, A. E.
(2020) Children make use of relationships across meanings in word learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
Frank, R. M., & Gontier, N.
(2010) On Constructing a Research Model for Historical Cognitive Linguistics (HCL): Some Theoretical Considerations. In M. E. Winters, H. Tissari, & K. Allan (Eds.), Historical Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 31–69). Berlin; New York: de Gruyter.
Genty, E., Breuer, T., Hobaiter, C., & Byrne, R. W.
(2009) Gestural communication of the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla): Repertoire, intentionality and possible origins. Animal Cognition, 12(3), 527–546.
(2012) Language or protolanguage? A review of the ape language literature. In M. Tallerman & K. R. Gibson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution (pp. 46–58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gill, S. A., & Bierema, A. M.-K.
(2013) On the Meaning of Alarm Calls: A Review of Functional Reference in Avian Alarm Calling. Ethology, 119(6), 449–461.
Goldberg, A. E.
(1995) Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, A. E.
(2013) Constructionist Approaches. In T. Hoffmann & G. Trousdale (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Construction Grammar (pp. 15–31). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gong, T., Shuai, L., & Wu, Y.
(2018) Rethinking foundations of language from a multidisciplinary perspective. Physics of Life Reviews, 26–271, 120–138.
González-Forero, M., & Gardner, A.
(2018) Inference of ecological and social drivers of human brain-size evolution. Nature, 557(7706), 554–557.
(2013) The ontogenetic ritualization of bonobo gestures. Animal Cognition, 16(4), 653–666.
Hall, J. A., Horgan, T. G., & Murphy, N. A.
(2019) Nonverbal Communication. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 271–294.
Hammerschmidt, K., & Fischer, J.
(2008) Constraints in primate vocal production. In K. Oller & U. Griebel (Eds.), The Evolution of communicative creativity: From fixed signals to contextual flexibility (pp. 93–119). Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Hartmann, S.
(2020) Language change and language evolution: Cousins, siblings, twins?Glottotheory.
Hauser, M. D.
(1996) The Evolution of Communication by Marc D. Hauser. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Hebets, E. A., Barron, A. B., Balakrishnan, C. N., Hauber, M. E., Mason, P. H., & Hoke, K. L.
(2016) A systems approach to animal communication. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1826) 20152889.
Heine, B. & Kuteva, T.
(2007) The Genesis of Grammar: A Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heine, B., & Kuteva, T.
(2012) Grammaticalization Theory as a Tool for Reconstructing Language Evolution. In M. Tallerman & K. R. Gibson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution (pp. 511–527). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hobaiter, C., & Byrne, R. W.
(2011) The gestural repertoire of the wild chimpanzee. Animal Cognition, 14(5), 745–767.
Hobaiter, C., & Byrne, R. W.
(2014) The meanings of chimpanzee gestures. Current Biology, 24(14), 1596–1600.
Hockett, C. F.
(1960) The origin of speech. Scientific American 2031, 89–96.
Hoff, E.
(2013) Language Development (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
Hopper, P. J., & Traugott, E. C.
(2003) Grammaticalization (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hurford, J. R.
(2012) The Origins of Grammar: Language in the Light of Evolution, Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hurford, J. R.
(2007) The Origins of Meaning: Language in the Light of Evolution, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Imo, W., & Ziegler, E.
(2019) Situierte Konstruktionen. Das Indefinitpronomen man im Kontext der Aushandlung von Einstellungen zu migrationsbedingter Mehrsprachigkeit. In J. Erfurt & S. De Knop (Eds.), Konstruktionsgrammatik und Mehrsprachigkeit (pp. 75–104). Duisburg: Universitätsverlag Rhein-Ruhr.
Inkelas, S.
(2014) Non-concatenative derivation. In R. Lieber & P. Stekauer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of derivational morphology (pp. 169–189). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jackendoff, R.
(2002) Foundations of language: Brain, meaning, grammar, evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jackendoff, R., & Wittenberg, E.
(2017) Linear grammar as a possible stepping-stone in the evolution of language. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(1), 219–224.
Janik, V. M., & Slater, P. J.
(2000) The different roles of social learning in vocal communication. Animal Behaviour, 60(1), 1–11.
Johansson, S.
(2016) Protolanguage Possibilities in a Construction Grammar Framework. In S. G. Roberts, C. Cuskley, L. McCrohon, L. Barceló-Coblijn, O. Fehér, & T. Verhoef (Eds.), The Evolution of Language. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference. Retrieved from [URL]
Johnson, E. K., & White, K. S.
(2019) Six Questions in Infant Speech and Language Development. In P. Hagoort (Ed.), Human Language: From Genes and Brains to Behavior (pp. 99–112). Cambridge, Mass. & London, UK: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press..
Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Fischer, J.
(2004) Word learning in a domestic dog: Evidence for ‘fast mapping’. Science (New York, N.Y.), 304(5677), 1682–1683.
Karuza, E. A., Thompson-Schill, S. L., & Bassett, D. S.
(2016) Local patterns to global architectures: influences of network topology on human learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20(8), 629–640.
Kay, P., & Fillmore, C. J.
(1999) Grammatical constructions and linguistic generalizations: The What’s X doing Y? construction. Language, 75(1), 1–33.
Keller, R.
(1994) Sprachwandel: Von der unsichtbaren Hand in der Sprache. Tübingen, Basel: Francke.
Kemmer, S., & Barlow, M.
(2000) Introduction: A usage-based conception of language. In M. Barlow & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Usage-Based Models of Language. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Kershenbaum, A., Blumstein, D. T., Roch, M. A., Akçay, Ç., Backus, G., Bee, M. A., … Zamora-Gutierrez, V.
(2016) Acoustic sequences in non-human animals: A tutorial review and prospectus. Biological Reviews, 91(1), 13–52.
Kersken, V., Gómez, J.-C., Liszkowski, U., Soldati, A., & Hobaiter, C.
(2019) A gestural repertoire of 1-to 2-year-old human children: In search of the ape gestures. Animal Cognition, 22(4), 577–595.
Kirby, S., Tamariz, M., Cornish, H. & Smith, K.
(2015) Compression and communication in the cultural evolution of linguistic structure. Cognition 1411, 87–102.
Kiriazis, J., & Slobodchikoff, C. N.
(2006) Perceptual specificity in the alarm calls of Gunnison’s prairie dogs. Behavioural Processes, 73(1), 29–35.
(1987) Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. 1: Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W.
(1988) A Usage-Based Model. In B. Rudzka-Ostyn (Ed.), Topics in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 127–161). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Larsen, S. E.
(1997) Ferdinand de Saussure und seine Nachfolger. In R. Posner, K. Robering, & T. A. Sebeok (Eds.), Semiotik. Ein Handbuch zu den zeichentheoretischen Grundlagen von Natur und Kultur (pp. 2040–2073). Berlin; New York: de Gruyter.
Lepic, R.
(2019) A usage-based alternative to “lexicalization” in sign language linguistics. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 4(1), 23.
Liebal, K., & Oña, L.
(2018) Different Approaches to Meaning in Primate Gestural and Vocal Communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 91.
Liebal, K., Waller, B. M., Slocombe, K. E., & Burrows, A. M.
(2014) Primate communication: A multimodal approach. Cambridge University Press.
Lyn, H.
(2012) Apes and the Evolution of Language: Taking Stock of 40 Years of Research. In T. K. Shackelford & J. Vonk (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 356–378). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Macedonia, J. M., & Evans, C. S.
(1993) Essay on Contemporary Issues in Ethology: Variation among Mammalian Alarm Call Systems and the Problem of Meaning in Animal Signals. Ethology, 93(3), 177–197.
MacWhinney, B.
(2015) Introduction: Language emergence. In B. MacWhinney & W. O’Grady (Eds.), Handbook of language emergence (pp. 1–32). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
MacWhinney, Brian
(2015) Emergentism. In E. Dąbrowska & D. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 689–706). Berlin; New York: de Gruyter.
Manrique, H. M., & Walker, M. J.
(2017) Early Evolution of Human Memory. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Manser, M. B.
(2001) The acoustic structure of suricates’ alarm calls varies with predator type and the level of response urgency. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 268(1483), 2315–2324.
Martins, P. T., & Boeckx, C.
(2019) Language evolution and complexity considerations: The no half-Merge fallacy. PLOS Biology, 17(11), e3000389.
Massip-Bonet, À., & Bastardas-Boada, A.
(Eds.) (2013) Complexity Perspectives on Language, Communication and Society. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Miyagawa, S., & Clarke, E.
(2019) Systems Underlying Human and Old World Monkey Communication: One, Two, or Infinite. Frontiers in Psychology, 101.
Molesti, S., Meguerditchian, A., & Bourjade, M.
(2019) Gestural communication in olive baboons (Papio anubis): Repertoire and intentionality. Animal Cognition, 1–22.
Mollica, F., & Piantadosi, S. T.
(2019) Humans store about 1.5 megabytes of information during language acquisition. Royal Society Open Science, 6(3), 181393.
Moore, R.
(2014) Ape gestures: interpreting chimpanzee and bonobo minds. Current Biology, 24(14), R645–R647.
Müller, C.
(2013) Introduction. In C. Müller, A. J. Cienki, E. Fricke, S. H. Ladewig, D. McNeill, & S. Tessendorf (Eds.), Body – Language – Communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (pp. 1–6). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
Nölle, J., Staib, M., Fusaroli, R. & Tylén, K.
(2018) The emergence of systematicity: How environmental and communicative factors shape a novel communication system. Cognition 1811. 93–104.
Oña, L. S., Sandler, W., & Liebal, K.
(2019) A stepping stone to compositionality in chimpanzee communication. PeerJ, 71, e7623.
Ouattara, K., Lemasson, A., & Zuberbühler, K.
(2009) Campbell’s Monkeys Use Affixation to Alter Call Meaning. PLOS ONE, 4(11), e7808.
Pleyer, M.
(2017) Protolanguage and Mechanisms of Meaning Construal in Interaction. Language Sciences, 631, 69–90.
Pleyer, M., & Hartmann, S.
(2019) Constructing a consensus on language evolution? Convergences and differences between biolinguistic and usage-based approaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 101, 2537.
Pleyer, M., & Lindner, N.
(2014) Constructions, Construal and Cooperation in the Evolution of Language. In E. A. Cartmill, S. Roberts, H. Lyn, & H. Cornish (Eds.), The Evolution of Language. Proceedings of the 10th Conference (pp. 244–251). World Scientific.
Pleyer, M., & Winters, J.
(2014) Integrating Cognitive Linguistics and Language Evolution Research. Theoria et Historia Scientiarium, 111, 19–44.
Pepperberg, I. M.
(2012) Symbolic communication in the grey Parrot. In T. K. Shackelford & J. Vonk (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 297–319). Retrieved from [URL], [URL]
Petkov, C. I., & ten Cate, C.
(2020) Structured sequence learning: animal abilities, cognitive operations, and language evolution. Topics in Cognitive Science, 12(3), 828–842.
Piantadosi, S. T., & Fedorenko, E.
(2017) Infinitely productive language can arise from chance under communicative pressure. Journal of Language Evolution, 2(2), 141–147.
(2007) Ape gestures and language evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(19), 8184–8189.
Price, T., Wadewitz, P., Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R., Hammerschmidt, K., & Fischer, J.
(2015) Vervets revisited: A quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 1–11.
Progovac, L.
(2015) Evolutionary syntax (First edition). Oxford University Press.
Progovac, L.
(2019a) A Critical Introduction to Language Evolution Current Controversies and Future Prospects. Cham: Switzerland.
Progovac, L.
(2019b) Minimalism in the Light of Biology: What to Retain and What to Discard?Frontiers in Psychology, 101.
Rizzi, L.
(2016) Monkey morpho-syntax and merge-based systems. Theoretical Linguistics, 42(1–2), 139–145.
Roberts, A. I., Vick, S.-J., Roberts, S. G. B., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., & Zuberbühler, K.
(2012) A structure-based repertoire of manual gestures in wild chimpanzees: Statistical analyses of a graded communication system. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(5), 578–589.
Rowland, C.
(2014) Understanding Child Language Acquisition (1 edition). London; New York: Routledge.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Murphy, J., Sevcik, R. A., Brakke, K. E., Williams, S. L., & Rumbaugh, D. M.
(1993) Language comprehension in ape and child. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(3–4), 1–222.
Saxton, M.
(2017) Child Language: Acquisition and Development (Second edition). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Scarantino, A., & Clay, Z.
(2015) Contextually variable signals can be functionally referential. Animal Behaviour, Complete (100), e1–e8.
Schel, A. M., Machanda, Z., Townsend, S. W., Zuberbühler, K., & Slocombe, K. E.
(2013) Chimpanzee food calls are directed at specific individuals. Animal Behaviour, 86(5), 955–965.
Schlenker, P., Chemla, E., Arnold, K., Lemasson, A., Ouattara, K., Keenan, S., … Zuberbühler, K.
(2014) Monkey semantics: Two ‘dialects’ of Campbell’s monkey alarm calls. Linguistics and Philosophy, 37(6), 439–501.
Schlenker, P., Chemla, E., Schel, A. M., Fuller, J., Gautier, J.-P., Kuhn, J., … Zuberbühler, K.
(2017) Semantics and Pragmatics of Monkey Communication. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
Schmid, H.-J.
(2018) Entrenchment and the Psychology of Language Learning: How We Reorganize and Adapt Linguistic Knowledge (1 edition). Berlin, Boston: American Psychological Association.
Schoenemann, P. T.
(2009) Evolution of brain and language. Language Learning, 591, 162–186.
Schoenemann, P. T.
(2017) A Complex-Adaptive-Systems Approach to the Evolution of Language and the Brain. In S. Mufwene, C. Coupe, & F. Pellegrino (Eds.), Complexity in Language (pp. 67–100). Cambridge University Press.
Schwaiger, T.
(2015) Reduplication. In P. O. Müller, I. Ohnheiser, S. Olsen, & F. Rainer (Eds.), Volume 1 Word-Formation, An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe (pp. 467–484).
Scott-Phillips, T.
(2015) Speaking Our Minds: Why Human Communication is Different, and How Language Evolved to Make It Special. London: Pelgrave.
Seyfarth, R., Cheney, D. L., & Marler, P.
(1980) Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence of predator classification and semantic communication. Science, 210(4471), 801–803.
Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L.
(2017) The origin of meaning in animal signals. Animal Behaviour, 1241, 339–346.
Smith, J. D., Zakrzewski, A. C., Johnson, J. M., Valleau, J. C., & Church, B. A.
(2016) Categorization: The View from Animal Cognition. Behavioral Sciences, 6(2), 12.
Smith, K.
(2004) The evolution of vocabulary. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 228(1), 127–142.
Smith, K., Tamariz, M., & Kirby, S.
(2013) Linguistic structure is an evolutionary trade-off between simplicity and expressivity. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1348–1353. Retrieved from [URL]
Spranger, M.
(2016) The evolution of grounded spatial language. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Steels, L.
(2004) Constructivist development of grounded construction grammars. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics – ACL ’04. Presented at the the 42nd Annual Meeting, Barcelona, Spain.
Steels, L.
(2011) Introducing Fluid Construction Grammar. In L. Steels (Ed.), Design patterns in fluid construction grammar (pp. 3–30). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
(2012) The Grounded Naming Game. In L. Steels (Ed.), Experiments in Cultural Language Evolution (pp. 41–59). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Steen, F. F., & Turner, M. B.
(2013) Multimodal Construction Grammar. In M. Borkent, B. Dancygier, & J. Hinell (Eds.), Language and the Creative Mind (pp. 255–274). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Stegmann, U. E.
(Ed.) (2013) Animal Communication Theory: Information and Influence (1 edition). Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Studdert-Kennedy, M.
(1990) The view of language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(4). 758–759.
Suzuki, T. N.
(2012) Referential mobbing calls elicit different predator-searching behaviours in Japanese great tits. Animal Behaviour, 84(1), 53–57.
Suzuki, T. N.
(2018) Alarm calls evoke a visual search image of a predator in birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(7), 1541–1545.
Suzuki, T. N., Wheatcroft, D., & Griesser, M.
(2020) The syntax–semantics interface in animal vocal communication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375(1789) 20180405.
Tallerman, M.
(2012) Protolanguage. In M. Tallerman & K. R. Gibson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution (pp. 479–491). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tallerman, M., & Gibson, K. R.
(2012) Introduction: The evolution of language. In M. Tallerman & K. R. Gibson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution (pp. 1–35). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Templin, M.
(1957) Certain Language Skills in Children. Retrieved from [URL].
ten Cate, C.
(2017) Assessing the uniqueness of language: Animal grammatical abilities take center stage. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(1), 91–96.
ten Cate, C., & Petkov, C. I.
(2019) The Grammatical Abilities of Animals: A Comparative Overview. In P. Hagoort (Ed.), Human Language: From Genes and Brains to Behavior (pp. 687–700). Cambridge, MA & London, England: MIT Press.
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J., & Bever, T. G.
(1979) Can an ape create a sentence?Science (New York, N.Y.) 206(4421), 891–902.
Tincoff, R., & Jusczyk, P. W.
(1999) Some Beginnings of Word Comprehension in 6-Month-Olds. Psychological Science, 10(2), 172–175.
Tomasello, M.
(1999) The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Tomasello, M.
(2003) Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Tomasello, M.
(2006) Construction Grammar For Kids. Constructions; Special Volume 1.
Tomasello, M.
(2008) Origins of Human Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tomasello, M.
(2009) The Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. In E. L. Bavin (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Child Language (pp. 69–87). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomasello, M.
(2019) Becoming human: A theory of ontogeny. Belknap Press.
Tomasello, M., Call, J., Warren, J. A., Frost, G. T., Carpenter, M., & Nagell, K. M.
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H.
(2005) Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(5), 675–691.
Townsend, S. W., & Manser, M. B.
(2013) Functionally Referential Communication in Mammals: The Past, Present and the Future. Ethology, 119(1), 1–11.
Traugott, E. C., & Trousdale, G.
(2013) Constructionalization and Constructional Changes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Truswell, R.
(2017) Dendrophobia in Bonobo Comprehension of Spoken English. Mind & Language, 32(4), 395–415.
Vicente, A. & Falkum, I. L.
(2017) Polysemy. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Ed. Mark Aronoff. New York: Oxford University Press.
Vonk, J.
(2020) Forty years on from the question of referential signals in nonhuman communication. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7(2), 82–86.
Watson, S. K., Townsend, S. W., Schel, A. M., Wilke, C., Wallace, E. K., Cheng, L., … Slocombe, K. E.
(2015) Vocal learning in the functionally referential food grunts of chimpanzees. Current Biology, 25(4), 495–499.
Wheeler, B. C., & Fischer, J.
(2012) Functionally referential signals: A promising paradigm whose time has passed. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 21(5), 195–205.
Whiten, A.
(2017) Social Learning and Culture in Child and Chimpanzee. Annual Review of Psychology, 68(1), 129–154.
Whiten, A.
(2019) Cultural Evolution in Animals. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 50(1), 27–48.
Wilke, C., Kavanagh, E., Donnellan, E., Waller, B. M., Machanda, Z. P., & Slocombe, K. E.
(2017) Production of and responses to unimodal and multimodal signals in wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Animal Behaviour, 1231, 305–316.
Winters, James, Kirby, S. & Smith, K.
(2018) Contextual predictability shapes signal autonomy. Cognition 1761. 15–30.
Yule, G.
(2016) The Study of Language 6th Edition (6 edition). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ziem, A.
(2017) Do we really need a Multimodal Construction Grammar?Linguistics Vanguard, 3(s1).
Zima, E.
(2014) Gibt es multimodale Konstruktionen? Eine Studie zu [V(motion) in circles] und [all the way from X PREP Y]. Gesprächsforschung, 151, 1–48.
Zima, E., & Bergs, A.
(2017) Multimodality and construction grammar. Linguistics Vanguard, 3(s1).
Zuberbühler, K.
(2018) Combinatorial capacities in primates. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 211, 161–169.
Zuberbühler, K.
(2020) Syntax and compositionality in animal communication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 375(1789) 20190062.
Zuberbühler, K., Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M.
(1999) Conceptual semantics in a nonhuman primate. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113(1), 33–42.
Cited by
Cited by 4 other publications
Amphaeris, Jenny, Graeme Shannon & Thora Tenbrink
2022. Overlap not gap: Understanding the relationship between animal communication and language with Prototype Theory. Lingua 272 ► pp. 103332 ff.
Hartmann, Stefan & Michael Pleyer
2021. Constructing a protolanguage: reconstructing prehistoric languages in a usage-based construction grammar framework. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376:1824
Pleyer, Michael
2023. The role of interactional and cognitive mechanisms in the evolution of (proto)language(s). Lingua 282 ► pp. 103458 ff.
Pleyer, Michael, Ryan Lepic & Stefan Hartmann
2022. Compositionality in Different Modalities: A View from Usage-Based Linguistics. International Journal of Primatology
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 17 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.