Walt Wolfram | Department of English, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–8105, USA, e-mail: [email protected]
Clare Dannenberg | English Department, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University, Blacksburg VA 24061–0112, USA, e-mail: [email protected]
This study examines the development of a Native American Indian variety of English in the context of a rural community in the American South where European Americans, African Americans and Native American Indians have lived together for a couple of centuries now. The Lumbee Native American Indians, the largest Native American group east of the Mississippi River and the largest group in the United States without reservation land, lost their ancestral language relatively early in their contact with outside groups, but they have carved out a unique English dialect niche which now distinguishes them from cohort European American and African American vernaculars. Processes of selective accommodation, differential language change and language innovation have operated to develop this distinct ethnic variety, while their cultural isolation and sense of "otherness" in a bi-polar racial setting have served to maintain its ethnic marking.
2022. Oppositional Identity and Back-Vowel Fronting in a Triethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee English. American Speech 97:1 ► pp. 51 ff.
Boberg, Charles
2021. Accent in North American Film and Television,
Clayton, Ian & Valerie Fridland
2020. 3. Western Vowel Patterns in White and Native American Nevadans’ Speech. The Publication of the American Dialect Society 105:1 ► pp. 39 ff.
Coggshall, Elizabeth L.
2015. American Indian English. In Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English, ► pp. 99 ff.
Fought, Carmen
2004. Ethnicity. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ► pp. 444 ff.
Fought, Carmen
2013. Ethnicity. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ► pp. 388 ff.
HAZEN, KIRK
2003. AAVE STATE OF THE ART CONFERENCE;Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English. American Speech 78:1 ► pp. 103 ff.
Herman, David
2000. Pragmatic constraints on narrative processing: Actants and anaphora resolution in a corpus of North Carolina ghost stories. Journal of Pragmatics 32:7 ► pp. 959 ff.
Kendall, Tyler & Walt Wolfram
2016. Engagement Through Data Management and Preservation: The North Carolina Language and Life Project and the Sociolinguistic Archive and Analysis Project. In Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, ► pp. 133 ff.
MALLINSON, CHRISTINE
2006. A BROAD OVERVIEW OF CHICANO ENGLISH. American Speech 81:2 ► pp. 213 ff.
Mayo, Robert, T. Reneé Watkins & Alisha S. Richmond
2001. RFoCharacteristics in Three Groups of Females: Cross-Linguistic Analysis. Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 7:2 ► pp. 3 ff.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
2019. Population Structure and the Emergence of World Englishes. In The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 99 ff.
Stephen J. Nagle & Sara L. Sanders
2003. English in the Southern United States,
Newmark, Kalina, Nacole Walker & James Stanford
2016. ‘The rez accent knows no borders’: Native American ethnic identity expressed through English prosody. Language in Society 45:5 ► pp. 633 ff.
Pepinsky, Thomas B., Maya Ravindranath Abtahian & Abigail C. Cohn
2022. Urbanization, ethnic diversity, and language shift in Indonesia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development► pp. 1 ff.
ROEDER, REBECCA V.
2010. NORTHERN CITIES MEXICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH: VOWEL PRODUCTION AND PERCEPTION. American Speech 85:2 ► pp. 163 ff.
Rosen, Nicole, Inge Genee, Jillian Ankutowicz, Taylor Petker & Jennifer Shapka
2019. A Comparative analysis of rhythmic patterns in settler-heritage English and Blackfoot English in Southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 64:3 ► pp. 538 ff.
Schilling‐Estes, Natalie
2004. Constructing ethnicity in interaction. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8:2 ► pp. 163 ff.
2001. TRACING NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGE HISTORY THROUGH CONSONANT CLUSTER REDUCTION: THE CASE OF LUMBEE ENGLISH. American Speech 76:4 ► pp. 361 ff.
Wassink, Alicia Beckford & Sharon Hargus
2020. 2. Heritage Language Features and the Yakama English Dialect. The Publication of the American Dialect Society 105:1 ► pp. 11 ff.
WOLFRAM, WALT
2003. LANGUAGE VARIATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: AN INTRODUCTION. American Speech 78:2 ► pp. 123 ff.
Wolfram, Walt
2018. Changing Ethnolinguistic Perceptions In The South. American Speech 93:3-4 ► pp. 344 ff.
[no author supplied]
2001. REFERENCES. The Publication of the American Dialect Society 85:1 ► pp. 207 ff.
[no author supplied]
2002. References. In The Development of African American English, ► pp. 213 ff.
[no author supplied]
2012. REFERENCES. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 77:3 ► pp. 110 ff.
[no author supplied]
2013. Reference Guide for Varieties of English. In A Dictionary of Varieties of English, ► pp. 363 ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. 1. Introduction. The Publication of the American Dialect Society 105:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
[no author supplied]
2023. References. In Sounds of English Worldwide, ► pp. 354 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.