This article investigates the widespread conviction that during the period on which the study is based, 1980 to 2002, English spread faster and much more widely in Hunza than in Chilas, two political sub-districts of the Northern Area of Pakistan that have many similarities. In the absence of data, it was decided to study the expansion of formal education during the period 1980–2002, cross-referenced against the changing language content of curricula. Based on the data, a number of propositions were formulated for each area. Finally, the propositions were checked by means of a survey.
The conclusion is that the proposition is correct. In Hunza there is convincing evidence of more widespread use of, and more favourable attitudes towards, English. The main reason for the differences between Chilas and Hunza seems to be the different expressions of Islam that pertain in each area.
2017. Positionality and the Relational Production of Place in the Context of Student Migration to Gilgit, Pakistan. In Area Studies at the Crossroads, ► pp. 103 ff.
Bolander, Brook
2016. English and the transnational Ismaili Muslim community: Identity, the Aga Khan, and infrastructure. Language in Society 45:4 ► pp. 583 ff.
Harlech-Jones, Brian, Musa Baig, Shamshad Sajid & Shams ur-Rahman
2005. Private schooling in the Northern Areas of Pakistan: A decade of rapid expansion. International Journal of Educational Development 25:5 ► pp. 557 ff.
Hussain, Wahid & Muhammad Ammad Khan
2023. Climate change-induced Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Hunza Valley of Pakistan: an assessment of indigenous farming community perceptions and adaptation. Environment, Development and Sustainability 26:5 ► pp. 11515 ff.
Khan, Muhammad Ammad & Wahid Hussain
2024. Climate Change Impacts on Pakistan’s Mountain Agriculture: A Study on Burusho Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies Towards Livelihood Sustainability. In Traditional Knowledge and Climate Change, ► pp. 21 ff.
Lingard, Bob & Sajid Ali
2009. ContextualisingEducation in Pakistan, a White Paper:global/national articulations in education policy. Globalisation, Societies and Education 7:3 ► pp. 237 ff.
Rahman, T.
2006. Muslim/Islamic Language Education in Pakistan and India. In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, ► pp. 409 ff.
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