Recent research has aimed to integrate the investigation of vernacular universals in native English dialects with variation in postcolonial varieties of English and cross-linguistic typology (Chambers 2004; Kortmann 2004). This article assumes that any search for universals in bilingual varieties must include an assessment of the grammatical conditioning of features and a comparison with the relevant substrates. Comparing Indian English and Singapore English, I examine three proposed candidates for English universals (Kortmann and Szmrecsanyi 2004), all of which show some presence in the two varieties — past tense omission, over-extension of the progressive, and copula omission. Past tense omission is found to be genuinely similar in the two varieties and accounted for by typological parallels in the substrates, whereas progressive morphology use and copula omission are found to be divergent in the two varieties and accounted for by typological differences in the substrates. All three variable systems are explicable as substrate-superstrate interactions, tempering claims of universality in both distribution and explanation.
2019. Quotative like in the Englishes of the Outer and Expanding Circles. World Englishes 38:4 ► pp. 578 ff.
Deshors, Sandra C.
2017. Zooming in on Verbs in the Progressive: A Collostructional and Correspondence Analysis Approach. Journal of English Linguistics 45:3 ► pp. 260 ff.
2024. The be‐ versus get‐passive alternation in world Englishes. World Englishes 43:1 ► pp. 86 ff.
Kirkpatrick, Andy
2018. English in Multilingual Settings: Features, Roles and Implications. In Reconceptualizing English Education in a Multilingual Society [English Language Education, 13], ► pp. 15 ff.
2020. The Interplay between Universal Processes and Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Light of Learner Corpus Data: Examining Shared Features of Non-native Englishes. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 67 ff.
Rautionaho, Paula, Sandra C. Deshors & Lea Meriläinen
2018. Revisiting the ENL-ESL-EFL continuum: A multifactorial approach to grammatical aspect in spoken Englishes. ICAME Journal 42:1 ► pp. 41 ff.
RAUTIONAHO, PAULA & ROBERT FUCHS
2021. Recent change in stative progressives: a collostructional investigation of British English in 1994 and 2014. English Language and Linguistics 25:1 ► pp. 35 ff.
Rautionaho, Paula & Marianne Hundt
2022. Primed progressives? Predicting aspectual choice in World Englishes. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 18:3 ► pp. 599 ff.
Sailaja, Pingali
2012. Indian English: Features and Sociolinguistic Aspects. Language and Linguistics Compass 6:6 ► pp. 359 ff.
Schneider, Agnes
2012. Grammaticalization in nonstandard varieties of English and English-based pidgins and creoles. In The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, ► pp. 666 ff.
SHARMA, DEVYANI
2013. What's in a grammar? Modeling dominance and optimization in contact. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16:4 ► pp. 731 ff.
2020. The use of tense and aspect in isiZulu and English by isiZulu L1/English L2 speakers: An empirical investigation. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 38:3 ► pp. 200 ff.
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