Diagnostic features of English-lexifier Creoles
Evidence from Antiguan
This paper analyzes the attestations in Antiguan of the diagnostic features of English-lexifier contact languages, as proposed by Baker and Huber (2001). It compares the distribution of these features in Antiguan and the seven Atlantic English-lexifier Pidgins and Creoles considered by Baker and Huber (2001). The features identified serve as quantitative measures of the affinity between Antiguan and two Creoles, Bajan and Kittitian, which contributed to its emergence, and between Antiguan and Vincentian, a Creole with significant Antiguan input. A number of selected diagnostic features found in Antiguan are discussed. It is shown that data from Antiguan are relevant to the distribution of diagnostic features across English-lexifier Pidgins and Creoles as well as to their adequate classification.
References
Aceto, Michael
1999 “
The Gold Coast Lexical Contribution to the Atlantic English Creoles”. In
Manus Huber, and
Mikael Parkvall, eds.
Spreading the Word. The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles. London: University of Westminster Press, 69–80.
Aceto, Michael
2008a “
Eastern Caribbean English-Derived Language Varieties: Phonology”. In
Edgar W. Schneider, ed.
Varieties of English. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 290–311.
Aceto, Michael
2008b “
Eastern Caribbean English-Derived Language Varieties: Morphology and Syntax”. In
Edgar W. Schneider, ed.
Varieties of English. Vol. 2. The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 645–660.
Alleyne, Mervyn C
1980 Comparative Afro-American: An Historical Study of English-Based Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
Allsopp, Richard
1980 “
How Does the Creole Lexicon Expand?”. In
Albert Valdman, and
Albert Highfield, eds.
Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies. New York: Academic Press, 89–107.
Allsopp, Richard
1996 Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Andrews, James B
1880 “
Ananci stories”.
The Folk-lore Record III1: 53–55.
Antigua Guide
2004 <
[URL] (accessed February 10, 2012).
Antigua Ppl a da Best Jack…One Ton a Ole Time Saying ya
2011 <
[URL] (accessed March 2, 2012).
Antiguan Sayings/Old People Talking
2011 <
[URL] (accessed March 3, 2012).
Avram, Andrei A
2012 “
The Distribution of Diagnostic Features in English-Lexified Contact Languages: The Creoles of Trinidad and Tobago”. In
Piotr P. Chruszczewski, and
Zdzisław Wąsik, eds.
Languages in Contact 2011. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły we Wrocławiu, 9–26.
Avram, Andrei A
2013 “
Diagnostic Features of English-Lexifier Creoles: A New Look at Bahamian”.
Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics XV(1): 133–153.
Avram, Andrei A
2014 “
Diagnostic Features of English-Lexifier Contact Languages: Grenada English Creole”.
Linguistica Atlantica 331: 2–18.
Avram, Andrei A
2015b “
On the Eastern vs. Western Caribbean Creoles Divide”. In
Marinela Burada,
Oana Tatu, and
Raluca Sinu, eds.
11th Conference on British and American Studies – Embracing Multitudes of Meaning. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 8–27.
Baker, Philip
1999 “
Investigating the Origin and Diffusion of Shared Features among the Atlantic English Creoles”. In
Philip Baker, and
Adrienne Bruyn, eds.
St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. The Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective. London: University of Westminster Press, 315–364.
Baker, Philip, and Magnus Huber
Baker, Philip, and Lee Pederson
2013 Talk of St Kitts and Nevis. London and Colombo: Battlebridge Publications.
Baker, Philip, and Lise Winer
1999 “
Separating the Wheat from the Chaff. How far Can we Rely on Old Pidgin and Creole Texts?”. In
Philip Baker, and
Adrienne Bruyn, eds.
St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. The Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective. London: University of Westminster Press, 103–122.
Bartens, Angela, and Joseph T. Farquharson
2012 “
African Words in the English-Lexifier Creoles of San Andrés, Providence, and Nicaragua and other Western Caribbean Varieties”. In
Angela Bartens, and
Philip Baker, eds.
Black through White. African Words and Calques which Survived Slavery in Creoles and Transplanted European Languages. London: Battlebridge Publications, 169–196.
Cassidy, Frederick G
1971 “
Tracing the Pidgin Element in Jamaican Creole (with Notes on the Method and the Nature of Pidgin Vocabularies)”. In
Dell Hymes, ed.
Pidginization and Creolization of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203–221.
Coleridge, Henry N
1826 Six Months in the West Indies in 1825. London: John Murray.
Cooper, Vincent O
1999 “
St Kitts: The Launching Pad for Leeward Islands Creoles”. In
Philip Baker, and
Adrienne Bruyn, eds.
St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. The Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective. London: University of Westminster Press, 379–386.
Cruickshank, J. Graham
1916 ‘Black Talk’: Being Notes on Negro Dialect in British Guiana. Demerara: “The Argosy” Company.
Day, Charles William
1852 Five Years’ Residence in the West Indies. Vol. II1. London: Colburn & Co.
Dictionary of Antiguan Twang/Dialect
2011 <
[URL] (accessed March 4, 2012).
Farquhar, Bernadette
1974 “
A Grammar of Antiguan Creole”. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.
Farquharson, Joseph T
2012 “
The African Lexis in Jamaicam: Its Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Significance”. Ph.D. dissertation, The Universities of the West Indies.
Galarza Ballester, Maria Teresa
2011 “
Antiguan Creole: Genesis and Variation”. Ph.D. dissertation, Universitat de Valencia.
Galarza Ballester
2014 “
An Outline of the Social History of the Creole Language of Antigua (West Indies)”.
Lengua y migración 61: 81–94.
Gaspar, David Barry
1978 “
The Antigua Slave Conspiracy of 1736: A Case Study of the Origins of Collective Resistance”.
The William and Mary Quarterly 351: 308–323.
Gaspar, David Barry
1985 Bondmen and Rebels. A Study of Master-Slaves Relations in Antigua. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Gonzales, Ambrose
1922 The Black Border: Gullah Stories of the Carolina Coast (with a Glossary). Columbia: The State Co.
Hancock, Ian
1987 “
A Preliminary Classification of the Anglophone Atlantic Creoles, with Syntactic Data from 33 Representative Dialects”. In
Glenn G. Gilbert, ed.
Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 264–333.
Hillhouse, Joanne C
2008 “
Not simply Bad English, Part 5”.
The Daily Observer, 5 December 2008.
Holm, John
1989 Pidgins and Creoles. Vol. II: Reference Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holm, John
1992 “
Atlantic Meets Pacific: Lexicon Common to the English-Based Pidgins and Creoles”.
Language Sciences 141: 185–196.
Holm, John
2000 An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
If you’re a True Antiguan, you Haffu Min Get Licks/Blow at some Point in ur Life. Tell us about the Worst Set of Licks
2011 <
[URL] (accessed March 22, 2012).
Jeremiah, Milford Astor
1976 “
The Linguistic Relatedness of Black English and Antiguan Creole: Evidence from the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”. Ph.D. dissertation, Brown University.
Johnson, John
1921 “
Folk-lore from Antigua, British West Indies”.
Journal of American Folk-Lore 341: 40–88.
Kincaid, Jamaica
1997 My Brother. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Kras, Sara L
2009 Cultures of the World. Antigua and Barbuda. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
Lanaghan, Frances
1844 Antigua and the Antiguans. London: Saunders and Otley.
Luffman, John
1788 A Brief Account of the Island of Antigua. London: Published by the Author.
Massiah-Headley, Fransene
2007 The Sweetest Food.
[URL] (accessed April 14, 2012).
Massiah-Headley
2008 No Culture!.
[URL] (accessed April 14, 2012).
Norton, Andre
2009 I Return.
[URL] (accessed April 19, 2012).
Oliver, Vere Langford
1894 The History of the Island of Antigua. Vol. I1. London: Mitchell and Hughes.
Parkvall, Mikael
2000 Out of Africa. African Influences in Atlantic Creoles. London: Battlebridge Publications.
Parkvall, Mikael, and Philip Baker
2012 “
Idiomatic (Potential) Calques and Semantic Borrowing”. In
Angela Bartens, and
Philip Baker, eds.
Black through White. African Words and Calques which Survived Slavery in Creoles and Transplanted European Languages. London: Battlebridge Publications, 231–248.
Parsons, Elsie C
1933 Folk-Lore of the Antilles, French and English (Part I). New York: American Folk-Lore Society.
Parsons, Elsie C
1936 Folk-Lore of the Antilles, French and English (Part II). New York: American Folk-Lore Society.
Parsons, Elsie C
1943 Folk-Lore of the Antilles, French and English (Part III). New York: American Folk-Lore Society.
Prince, Mary
1831 The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave (3rd ed.). London: F. Westley and A. H. Davis; Edinburgh: Waugh & Innes.
Reismann, Karl
1964 “
‘The Isle is Full of Noises’: A Study of Creole in the Speech Patterns of Antigua, West Indies”. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.
Rickford, John
1986 “
Short Note”.
Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11: 159–163.
Roberts, Peter A
1988 West Indians & their Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, Peter A
1997 From Oral to Literate Culture. Colonial Experience in the English West Indies. Kingston: The Press University of the West Indies.
Schaw, Janet
1774/1923 Journal of a Lady of Quality.
Evangeline Walker Andrews ed., in collaboration with Charles McLean Andrews. New York: Yale University Press.
Smith-Lewis, Denise
2009 I Love my Island in the Sun.
[URL] (accessed April 19, 2012).
Sturge, Joseph, and Thomas Harvey
1838 The West Indies in 1837. London: Dawsons.
Summer Job Dip Gives Students the Blues
2009 <
[URL] (accessed March 25, 2012).
Thanks for the D-Word Article
2010 <
[URL] (accessed March 25, 2012).
Thone, James A., and Horace J. Kimball
1839 Emancipation in the West Indies. New York: The American Anti-Slavery Society.
Watson, Richard
1817 A Defence of the Wesleyan Methodist Missions in the West Indies. London: Thomas Cordeux.
Wentworth, Trelawney
1834 The West India Sketch Book. Vol. II1. London: Whittaker.
Wiwords the Caribbean Dictionary
2008 <
[URL] (accessed September 30, 2014).
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Bayeck, Rebecca Y.
2022.
Positionality: The Interplay of Space, Context and Identity.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21
► pp. 160940692211147 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 february 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.