Cover not available
Article published In:
Gesture
Vol. 17:1 (2018) ► pp.65–97

Teasing apart listener-sensitivity

The role of interaction

| RWTH Aachen University
| University of Oregon

Using a repetition paradigm, in which speakers describe the same event to a sequence of listeners, we analyze the degree of reduction in representational gestures. We find that when listener feedback, both verbal and non-verbal, is minimal and unvarying, speakers steadily reduce their motoric commitment in repeated gestures across tellings without regard to the novelty of the information to the listener. Within this specific condition, we interpret the result to coincide with the view that gestures primarily serve as a part of speech production rather than a communicative act. Importantly, we propose that gestural sensitivity to the listener derives from an interaction between interlocutors, rather than simple modeling of the listener’s state of knowledge in the mind of the speaker alone.

Keywords: co-speech gesture, repetition, reduction, automatization, interaction
Article outline
  • Introduction
    • Objectives
    • Theories of gesture production
    • For the speaker: The Listener-neutral explanation
    • For the listener: Sources of listener-sensitivity
    • The Repetition Effect
    • The Repetition Effect in speech
    • The Repetition Effect in gesture
  • Experiment
    • Methods
      • The speakers
      • The stimulus
      • Recording
    • Procedures
    • Experimental conditions and hypotheses
    • The confederates
    • Coding
    • Predictors for gesture size and analysis
  • Results
    • An example of the results
  • Preliminary discussion
  • A perceptual judgment follow-up study
    • Participants and stimuli
    • Procedures
    • Predictors for gestural effort and analysis
    • Results
  • Preliminary discussion
  • General discussion
    • Clarifying the notion of listener-sensitivity
    • The Speaker-neutral explanation: Why the reduction?
  • Conclusion and future directions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 19 October 2018
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.00011.vaj
References
Alibali, Martha W., Lucia M. Flevares, & Susan Goldin-Meadow
(1997) Assessing knowledge conveyed in gesture: Do teachers have the upper hand? Journal of Educational Psychology, 89 (1), 183–193. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alibali, Martha W., Dana C. Heath, & Heather J. Myers
(2001) Effects of visibility between speaker and listener on gesture production: Some gestures are meant to be seen. Journal of Memory and Language, 44 (2), 169–188. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Alibali, Martha W., Sotaro Kita, & Amanda J. Young
(2000) Gesture and the process of speech production: We think, therefore we gesture. Language and cognitive processes, 15 (6), 593–613. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Allwood, Jens & Loredana Cerrato
(2003) A study of gestural feedback expressions. In Proceedings of the First Nordic Symposium on Multimodal Communication (pp. 7–22). Copenhagen: CST, Center for Sprogteknologi.Google Scholar
Anderson, Anne H. & Barbara Howard
(2002) Referential form and word duration in video-mediated and face-to-face dialogues. In Johan Bos, Mary Ellen Foster, & Colin Matheson (Eds.), Proceedings of EDILOG 2002. Edinburgh: Cognitive Science Centre, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Ariel, Mira
(1990) Accessing noun phrase antecedents. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1988) Referring and accessibility, Journal of Linguistics, 241, 65–87. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aylett, Matthew & Alice Turk
(2004) The smooth signal redundancy hypothesis: A functional explanation for relationships between redundancy, prosodic prominence, and duration in spontaneous speech. Language and Speech, 471, 31–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2006) Language redundancy predicts syllabic duration and the spectral characteristics of vocalic syllable nuclei. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119 (5), 3048–3058. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baker, Rachel E. & Ann R. Bradlow
(2009) Variability in word duration as a function of probability, speech style, and prosody. Language and Speech, 521, 391–413. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bard, Ellen G., Anne H. Anderson, Catherine Sotillo, Matthew Aylett, Gwyneth Doherty-Sneddon, & Alison Newlands
(2000) Controlling the intelligibility of referring expressions in dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 421, 1–22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bard, Ellen G. & Matthew Aylett
(2005) Referential form, duration, and modelling the listener in spoken dialogue. In John C. Trueswell & Michael K. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Approaches to studying world-situated language use: Bridging the language-as-product and language-as-action traditions (pp. 173–191). Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Douglas
(2013) Linear mixed model implementation in lme4. University of Wisconsin–Madison.Google Scholar
Bavelas, Janet & Nicole Chovil
(2000) Visible acts of meaning an integrated message model of language in face-to-face dialogue. Journal of Language and social Psychology, 19 (2), 163–194. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bavelas, Janet, Jennifer Gerwing, Chantelle Sutton, & Danielle Prevost
(2008) Gesturing on the telephone: Independent effects of dialogue and visibility. Journal of Memory and Language, 58 (2), 495–520. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bavelas, Janet & Sara Healing
(2013) Reconciling the effects of mutual visibility on gesturing: A review. Gesture, 13 (1), 63–92. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beattie, Geoffrey & Rima Aboudan
(1994) Gestures, pauses and speech: An experimental investigation of the effects of changing social context on their precise temporal relationships. Semiotica, 99 (3–4), 239–272.Google Scholar
Beattie, Geoffrey & Jane Coughlan
(1999) An experimental investigation of the role of iconic gestures in lexical access using the tip‐of‐the‐tongue phenomenon. British Journal of Psychology, 90 (1), 35–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beattie, Geoffrey & Heather Shovelton
(2005) Why the spontaneous images created by the hands during talk can help make TV advertisements more effective. British Journal of Psychology, 96 (1), 21–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bell, Alan, Jason M. Brenier, Michelle Gregory, Cynthia Girand, & Dan Jurafsky
(2009) Predictability effects on durations of content and function words in conversational English. Journal of Memory and Language, 601, 92–111. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bybee, Joan
(2001) Phonology and language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2002) Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change. Language Variation and Change, 141, 261–290. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chafe, Wallace
(1976) Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics and point of view. In Charles N. Li (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp.25–55). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chawla, Purnima & Robert M. Krauss
(1994) Gesture and speech in spontaneous and rehearsed narratives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 301, 580–601. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chovil, Nicole
(1991) Discourse-oriented facial displays in conversation. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 251, 163–194. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clark, Herbert H. & Thomas B. Carlson
(1982) Hearers and speech acts. Language, 58 (2), 332–373. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clark, Herbert H. & Catherine R. Marshall
(1981) Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In Aravind K. Joshi, Bonnie Webber, & Ivan A. Sag (Eds.), Elements of discourse understanding (pp. 10–63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Herbert H. & Edward F. Schaefer
(1989) Contributing to discourse. Cognitive Science, 13 (2), 259–294. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clark, Herbert H. & Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs
(1986) Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition, 22 (1), 1–39. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Akiba A. & Randall P. Harrison
(1973) Intentionality in the use of hand illustrators in face-to-face communication situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28 (2), 276–279. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Du Bois, John W.
(1980) Beyond definiteness: The trace of identity in discourse. In Wallace Chafe (Ed.), The pear stories: Cognitive, cultural, and linguistic aspects of narrative production (pp. 203–274). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Fisher, Cynthia & Hisayo Tokura
(1995) The given-new contract in speech to infants. Journal of Memory and Language, 341, 287–310. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Carol A.
(1988) Differential shortening of repeated context words produced in various communicative contexts. Language and Speech, 311, 307–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Carol A. & Jonathan Housum
(1987) Talkers’ signaling of “new” and “old” words in speech and listeners’ perception and use of the distinction. Journal of Memory and Language, 26 (5), 489–504. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Carol A., Elena T. Levy, & Julie M. Brown
(1997) Reductions of spoken words in certain discourse contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 37 (1), 24–40. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frank, Austin F. & T. Florian Jaeger
(2008) Speaking rationally: Uniform information density as an optimal strategy for language production. In Bradley C. Love, Kenneth M. McRae, & Vladimir M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 939–944). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
Freeman, Valerie
(2014) Hyperarticulation as a signal of stance. Journal of Phonetics, 451, 1–11. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frick-Horbury, Donna & Robert E. Guttentag
(1998) The effects of restricting hand gesture production on lexical retrieval and free recall. The American Journal of Psychology, 111 (1), 43–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Galati, Alexia & Susan E. Brennan
(2010) Attenuating repeated information: For the speaker, or for the addressee? Journal of Memory and Language, 621, 35–51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2013) Speakers adapt gestures to addressees’ knowledge: implications for models of co-speech gesture. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29 (4), 435–451. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gerwing, Jennifer & Janet Bavelas
(2004) Linguistic influences on gesture’s form. Gesture, 4 (2), 157–195. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2013) The social interactive nature of gestures: Theory, assumptions, methods, and findings. In Cornelia Müller, Alan Cienki, Ellen Fricke, Silva S. Ladewig, David McNeill, & Sedinha Teßendorf (Eds). Body – language – communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 11, pp. 821–836). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Charles
(1981) Conversational organization: Interaction between speakers and hearers. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hilliard, Caitlin & Susan W. Cook
(2015, June 29) Bridging gaps in common ground: Speakers design their gestures for their listeners. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Advance online publication. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hoetjes, Marieke, Ruud Koolen, Martjin Goudbeek, Emiel Krahmer, & Marc Swerts
(2011) GREEBLES Greeble greeb. On reduction in speech and gesture in repeated references. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), July 2011, Boston, Massachusetts (pp. 3250–3255). Austin, TX: Cognitive. Science Society.Google Scholar
(2015) Reduction in gesture during the production of repeated references. Journal of Memory and Language, 79–801, 1–17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hoetjes, Marieke, Emiel Krahmer, & Marc Swerts
(2014) On what happens in speech and gesture when communication is unsuccessful. Proceedings of the 36th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), July 2014, Québec City, Canada (pp. 2369–2374). Austin, TX: Cognitive. Science Society.Google Scholar
Holler, Judith & Rachel Stevens
(2007) The effect of common ground on how speakers use gesture and speech to represent size information. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(1), 4–27. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holler, Judith & Katie Wilkin
(2009) Communicating common ground: how mutually shared knowledge influences the representation of semantic information in speech and gesture in a narrative task. Language and Cognitive Processes, 241, 267–289. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011) An experimental investigation of how addressee feedback affects co-speech gestures accompanying speakers’ responses. Journal of Pragmatics, 43 (14), 3522–3536. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Horton, William S. & Boaz Keysar
(1996) When do speakers take into account common ground? Cognition, 59 (1), 91–117. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hostetter, Autumn B. & Martha W. Alibali
(2007) Raise your hand if you’re spatial: Relations between verbal and spatial skills and gesture production. Gesture, 7 (1), 73–95. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008) Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15 (3), 495–514. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2010) Language, gesture, action! A test of the Gesture as Simulated Action framework. Journal of Memory and Language, 63 (2), 245–257. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Isaacs, Ellen A. & Herbert H. Clark
(1987) References in conversation between experts and novices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116 (1), 26–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Iverson, Jana M. & Susan Goldin‐Meadow
(1997) What’s communication got to do with it? Gesture in children blind from birth. Developmental Psychology, 33 (3), 453–467. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2001) The resilience of gesture in talk: Gesture in blind speakers and listeners. Developmental Science, 4 (4), 416–422. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Naomi & Alan Garnham
(2007) The role of conversational hand gestures in a narrative task. Journal of Memory and Language, 56 (2), 291–303. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jaeger, Florian T.
(2010) Redundancy and reduction: Speakers manage syntactic information density. Cognitive Psychology, 611, 23–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jelec, Anna & Dorota Jaworska
(2014) Thoughts on the table: Gesture as a tool for thinking in blind and visually impaired children. Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting, 1 (1), 73–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kapatsinski, Vsevolod
(2010) Frequency of use leads to automaticity of production: Evidence from repair in conversation. Language & Speech, 53 (1), 71–105. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kendall, Tyler
(2013) Speech rate, pause and sociolinguistic variation: studies in corpus sociophonetics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kendon, Adam
(1994) Do gestures communicate? A review. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27 (3), 175–200. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2004) Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kimbara, Irene
(2006) On gestural mimicry. Gesture, 6 (1), 39–61. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008) Gesture form convergence in joint description. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 32 (2), 123–131. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kita, Sotaro
(1993) Language and thought interface: A study of spontaneous gestures and Japanese mimetics. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. University of Chicago.Google Scholar
(2000) How representational gestures help speaking. In David McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture: Window into thought and action (pp. 162–185). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kita, Sotaro & Aslı Özyürek
(2003) What does cross-linguistic variation in semantic coordination of speech and gesture reveal? Evidence for an interface representation of spatial thinking and speaking. Journal of Memory and Language, 48 (1), 16–32. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krauss, Robert M.
(1998) Why do we gesture when we speak? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 71, 54–60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krauss, Robert M., William Apple, Nancy Morency, Charlotte Wenzel, & Ward Winton
(1981) Verbal, vocal, and visible factors in judgments of another’s affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40 (2), 312–320. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krauss, Robert M., Yihsiu Chen, & Purnima Chawla
(1996) Nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication: What do conversational hand gestures tell us? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 281, 389–450. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krauss, Robert M., Yihsiu Chen, & Rebecca F. Gottesman
(2000) Lexical gestures and lexical access: a process model. In David McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture: Window into thought and action (pp. 261–283). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krauss, Robert M., Robert A. Dushay, Yihsiu Chen, & Frances Rauscher
(1995) The communicative value of conversational hand gesture. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31 (6), 533–552. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krauss, Robert M., Palmer Morrel-Samuels, & Christina Colasante
(1991) Do conversational hand gestures communicate? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (5), 743–754. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kuhlen, Anna K. & Susan E. Brennan
(2013) Language in dialogue: When confederates might be hazardous to your data. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 201, 54–72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kuhlen, Anna K. & Mandana Seyfeddinipur
(2007) From speaker to speaker: Repeated gestures across speakers. Presentation held at Berlin Gesture Center Colloquium, Berlin.Google Scholar
Lam, Tuan Q. & Duane G. Watson
(2010) Repetition is easy: Why repeated referents have reduced prominence. Memory and Cognition, 381, 1137–1146. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Levelt, Willem J.
(1992) Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes and representations. Cognition, 42 (1), 1–22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lewis, David
(1969) Convention: A philosophical study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn
(1990) Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of H&H theory. In William J. Hardcastle & Alain Marchal (Eds), Speech production and speech modeling (pp. 403–439). Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Masson-Carro, Ingrid, Martijn Goudbeek, & Emiel Krahmer
(2013) The influence of cognitive load on repeated references in speech and gesture. Proceedings of the Tilburg Gesture Research Meeting (TiGeR 2013). June 2013, Tilburg, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
(2014) On the automaticity of reduction in dialogue: Cognitive load and repeated multimodal references. In Paul Bello et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 976–981). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
McNeill, David
(1992) Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
(2005) Gesture and thought. Chicago: Chicago University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Melinger, Alissa & Willem J. M. Levelt
(2004) Gesture and the communicative intention of the speaker. Gesture, 4 (2), 119–141. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mol, Lisette, Emiel Krahmer, Alfons Maes, & Marc Swerts
(2009a) Communicative gestures and memory load. In Niels Taatgen & Hedderik van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1569–1574). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
(2009b) The communicative import of gestures: Evidence from a comparative analysis of human–human and human–machine interactions. Gesture, 9 (1), 97–126. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2012) Adaptation in gesture: Converging hands or converging minds? Journal of Memory and Language, 661, 249–264. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morrel-Samuels, Palmer & Robert M. Krauss
(1992) Word familiarity predicts temporal asynchrony of hand gestures and speech. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18 (3), 615–623.Google Scholar
Özyürek, Aslı
(2002) Do speakers design their cospeech gestures for their addressees? The effects of addressee location on representational gestures. Journal of Memory and Language, 46 (4), 688–704. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Parrill, Fey
(2010) The hands are part of the package: Gesture, common ground, and information packaging. In Sally Rice & John Newman (Eds.), Empirical and experimental methods in cognitive/functional research (pp. 285–302). Stanford: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Pederson, Eric
(2014) Listener head gestures and the co-construction of narrative timing. Talk given at the meeting of the International Society for Gesture Studies (ISGS 6), San Diego.Google Scholar
Pluymaekers, Mark, Mirjam Ernestus, & R. Harald Baayen
(2005) Articulatory planning is continuous and sensitive to informational redundancy. Phonetica, 621, 146–159. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
R Development Core Team
(2014) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from: [URL]
Rauscher, Frances H., Robert M. Krauss, & Yihsui Chen
(1996) Gesture, speech, and lexical access: The role of lexical movements in speech production. Psychological Science, 7(4), 226–231. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rimé, Bernard
(1982) The elimination of visible behaviour from social interactions: Effects on verbal, nonverbal and interpersonal variables. European journal of Social Psychology, 12 (2), 113–129. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Ruiter, Jan
(1995) Why do people gesture at the telephone? In Proceedings of the CLS opening Academic Year 1995–1996 (pp. 49–56). Nijmegen: Center for Language Studies.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C.
(1960) The strategy of conflict. Cambridge; MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Walter, Amy Eschman, & Anthony Zuccolotto
(2012) E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools, Inc.Google Scholar
Singer, Melissa A. & Susan Goldin-Meadow
(2005) Children learn when their teacher’s gestures and speech differ. Psychological Science, 16 (2), 85–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sloetjes, Han & Peter Wittenburg
(2008, May) Annotation by category: ELAN and ISO DCR. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2008).Google Scholar
Stave, Matthew & Eric Pederson
(2015) Is the listener really listening? Exploring the effect of verbal and gestural speaker cues on backchanneling. In David C. Noelle, Rick Dale, Anne Warlaumont, Jeff Yoshimi, Teenie Matlock, Carolyn Jennings, & Paul P. Maglio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 3088–3095). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
Tabensky, Alexis
(2001) Gesture and speech rephrasings in conversation. Gesture, 1 (2), 213–236. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tannen, Deborah
(2007) Talking voices: Repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vajrabhaya, Prakaiwan & Vsevolod Kapatsinski
(2011) There is more to the story: First-mention lengthening in Thai interactive discourse. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Vol. 171, pp. 2050–2053).Google Scholar
(2013) Modeling the listener? What resets acoustic durations of repeated English words. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 134 (5), 4203–4203. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vajrabhaya, Prakaiwan & Eric Pederson
(2012) Have I told you this before? Reduction in magnitude over repetition in co-speech gestures. Poster presented at the meeting of the International Society for Gesture Studies (ISGS 5), Lund, Sweden.Google Scholar
(2013) Repetition vs. listener accommodation: A case study of co-speech gesture in retellings. Poster presented at the meeting of New Ways of Analyzing Variation, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
(2015) “The baking stick thing”: Automatization of co-speech gesture during lexical access. In David C. Noelle, Rick Dale, Anne Warlaumont, Jeff Yoshimi, Teenie Matlock, Carolyn Jennings, & Paul P. Maglio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (p. 3101–3107). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
Wagner, Petra, Zofia Malisz, & Stefan Kopp
(2014) Gesture and speech in interaction: an overview. Speech Communication, 571, 209–232. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Holler, Judith, Janet Bavelas, Jonathan Woods, Mareike Geiger & Lauren Simons
2022. Given-New Effects on the Duration of Gestures and of Words in Face-to-Face Dialogue. Discourse Processes 59:8 ► pp. 619 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.